RAINFALL-RUNOFF ESTIMATION USING DIGITAL RADAR*

Storm runoff is a concern to meteorologists and hydrological forecasters.A radar basin-based runoff algorithm is presented.The algorithm is based on the relationship between the rainfall over the basin and the discharge response at the gauge station.The algorithm is designed to provide runoff as a function of time for a given input(s) of rainfall.With known overflow levels,flood potential can also be evaluated.The runoff algorithm examined outflow at five basins within the operating scope of the Pittsburgh National Weather Service(NWS) radar.A comparison of the observed runoff was made with the algorithm generated discharge.In general,hydrograph accuracies improved with increasing rainfall excess.Possible reasons for discrepancies are examined.     

雷达估测降雨水平分辨率对径流模拟的影响——以西苕溪流域为例

天气雷达估测降雨是径流模拟和洪水预报的重要信息之一。由于雷达网格降雨存在误差,且误差随着网格水平尺度的增大而减小,因此对于径流模拟,高分辨率的雷达降雨数据并不意味着径流模拟的精度更高。采用FSS(Fractions Skill Score)方法和HEC-HMS模型(Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System)分析江苏省西苕溪流域雷达估测降雨水平分辨率对径流模拟的影响。在2010年和2011年夏季两场降雨实例中,雷达估测降雨在不同降雨阈值情况下,FSS达到目标精度值对应的最小有效水平尺度为2~8 km,分别以2、4、6、8 km水平分辨率的雷达估测降雨和雨量站测雨作为HEC-HMS模型输入进行径流模拟,结果表明:基于不同水平分辨率的雷达估测降雨的径流模拟结果与实测径流资料基本吻合,雷达估测降雨2、4、6、8 km水平分辨率的变化对径流模拟效果的影响不明显。      

Experimental results on rainfall estimation in complex terrain with a mobile X-band polarimetric weather radar

In this work the capability of reliable rainfall measurements with small weather radars in complex terrain for flood forecasting purposes is examined. Rain measurements were carried out during winter–spring 2007 with a mobile X-band dual-polarization radar in the northwestern mountainous part of the island of Crete in Greece. In this area a 2D-video disdrometer and a network of raingauges was installed for radar calibration and evaluation of rainfall measurements, respectively. The complex terrain of the experimental site may significantly reduce the performance of rain measurements due to ground clutter and partial or total beam blockage. A beam blockage algorithm using high resolution terrain data was applied in order to find areas with significant terrain effects and estimate correction of the radar measurements. Rain attenuation correction was based on modern sophisticated algorithms using differential phase measurements. The accuracy of rainfall estimation from standard or polarimetric algorithms at plan position indicator (PPI) scans was examined for high-temporal resolution (1 min) rainfall rates and accumulated rainfall values for winter and spring time rain events. For high elevation measurements, which were required in order to avoid terrain effects in large areas of interest, a correction for the vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) was also applied to the radar data. An average VPR model used in the corresponding correction of reflectivity was constructed based on range–height indicator (RHI) scans. It was concluded that quantitative high resolution X-band radar observations of rainfall in complex terrain is possible after careful application of all the above processing steps.     

雷达雨量计资料用于径流模拟(英)

利用测雨雷达结合稠密和稀疏雨量站网估计流域降水分布,将小同方法获得的降水分布输入降水径流模型TOPMODEL,模拟1998,1999夏季GAME/HUBEX试验区梅山和鲇鱼山集水区的径流,并与实测径流进行比较和分析,结果表明:1)雷达结合集水区内雨量计网模拟径流的精度优于传统的用稠密雨量计网模拟径流的精度;2)利用雷达结合集水区外相对稀疏的雨量计网模拟径流的精度和用集水区内稠密雨量计网模拟径流的精度相当,显示了测雨雷达在径流模拟和洪水预报中极大的应用潜力。     

TOPMODEL模型在重庆市开县温泉小流域径流模拟中的应用研究

以重庆市开县温泉流域(984km2)为研究区域,利用自动雨量站资料作为TOPMODEL(TOPography based hydrological MODEL)降水一径流模型的输入,以08:00 BST观测的流域出口流量作为模型率定的依据,探讨了用小时面雨量和08:00流量资料和TOPMODEL水文模型进行小流域流量模拟的可行性.结果表明,以08:00流量为依据对TOPMODEL水文模型进行率定后,模型效率系数达到0.872.结果表明,TOPMODEL在所研究的流域基本上是适用的.此工作是自动雨量站资料、天气雷达定量测量降水产品等用于小流域山洪预报的基础工作之一.     

使用遗传算法优化雷达测量降水Z-R关系

将遗传算法应用到雷达测量降水的Z-R关系参数优化问题中,通过引入改进的误差函数加入总降水量误差控制,对1998年6月28日~7月2日阜阳地区的两次降水过程进行了参数优化试验,并和常规的最小二乘法、最优化方法及M-P参数法进行了对比,试验结果表明:新方法在总降水量估测方面具有更高的准确性和更好的动态适应性。     

CHILL、NEXRAD雷达测瞬时暴雨数据的质量评估

雷达可以获取较高时空分辨率的瞬时降水信息,这对河流流量、洪水预报等至关重要.但由于雷达测雨本身的复杂性,使得测雨结果仍存在误差.本文针对美国丹佛机场附近范围内2008年8月9日的一场降雨,对CHILL及NEXRAD雷达获取的降雨数据,利用METv3.0软件,采用l km×1 km网格及UW-MEAN插值方法,对测雨数据质量进行评估.结果表明:利用METv3.0软件可以进行雷达测雨数据质量评估,能得到测雨可靠的统计分析结果,CHILL雷达的RZK反演模式中研究区的测雨效果最好,降雨强度高估或低估的趋势减弱.所给出的结果对雷达测雨效果的进一步研究及METv3.0在雷达测雨数据分析中的应用研究有重要参考价值.     

A Composite Approach of Radar Echo Extrapolation Based on TREC Vectors in Combination with Model-Predicted Winds

Extending the lead time of precipitation nowcasts is vital to improvements in heavy rainfall warning, flood mitigation, and water resource management. Because the TREC vector (tracking radar echo by correlation) represents only the instantaneous trend of precipitation echo motion, the approach using derived echo motion vectors to extrapolate radar reflectivity as a rainfall forecast is not satisfactory if the lead time is beyond 30 minutes. For longer lead times, the effect of ambient winds on echo movement should be considered. In this paper, an extrapolation algorithm that extends forecast lead times up to 3 hours was developed to blend TREC vectors with model-predicted winds. The TREC vectors were derived from radar reflectivity patterns in 3 km height CAPPI (constant altitude plan position indicator) mosaics through a cross-correlation technique. The background steering winds were provided by predictions of the rapid update assimilation model CHAF (cycle of hourly assimilation and forecast). A similarity index was designed to determine the vertical level at which model winds were applied in the extrapolation process, which occurs via a comparison between model winds and radar vectors. Based on a summer rainfall case study, it is found that the new algorithm provides a better forecast.     

Operational Evaluation of the Quantitative Precipitation Estimation by a CINRAD-SA Dual Polarization Radar System

In this paper, the quantitative precipitation estimation based on hydrometeor classification (HCA-QPE) algorithm was proposed for the first operational S band dual-polarization radar promoted by the CINRAD/SA radar of China. The HCA-QPE algorithm, the localized Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification of Rainfall (CSU-HIDRO) and Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE) algorithms, and the dynamic Z-R relationships based on variational correction QPE (DRVC-QPE) algorithm were evaluated with the rainfall events from March 1 to October 30, 2017 in the Guangdong Province. The results indicated that even though the HCA-QPE algorithm did not use the observed rainfall data for correction, its estimation accuracy was better than that of the DRVC-QPE algorithm when the rainfall rate was greater than 5mm h^(-1); and the stronger the rainfall intensity, the greater the QPE improvement. And the HCA-QPE algorithm worked better than the localized CSU-HIDRO and JPOLE algorithms. This study preliminarily verified the improved accuracy of QPE by a dual-polarization radar system modified from CINRAD-SA radar.     

C波段双偏振天气雷达降雨和部分地形遮挡衰减订正研究

天气雷达可为中尺度对流系统研究提供高时空分辨率资料, 但降雨衰减和地形遮挡等因子会对雷达信号产生严重影响。针对广东省韶关市新丰县C波段双偏振天气雷达, 选取了2018年6月8日台风“艾云尼”、8月30日华南季风降水和9月16日台风“山竹”三次降雨过程, 采用基于差分相位(Φ_DP)数据的扩展自适应降雨廓线算法对雷达反射率因子(Z_H)数据进行了降雨衰减和部分地形遮挡衰减订正研究, 并将订正结果与广州S波段双偏振天气雷达探测结果进行了直接对比检验, 与中国气象局龙门云物理野外科学试验基地的4台二维视频雨滴谱仪(2D Video Distrometer, 2DVD)实测雨滴谱数据反演的雷达仿真探测量及国内外Z_H-K_DP经验统计公式进行了间接对比检验, 获得较好结果。最后选择具体降雨个例, 订正结果清晰展现了台风螺旋雨带中对流单体雷达回波强度从地面到高空的垂直结构特征, 提高了复杂地形区域雷达对极端天气的近地面探测能力。      

基于S波段双极化雷达的变分法的定量降水估计算法

基于比差分传播相移(K_DP)的降水估计算法R(K_DP)相较于传统基于水平反射率因子(Z_H)的算法R(Z_H)的表现更优。在雷达实际运行中,由于随机误差和后向散射相位(backscattering phase)的影响,可能出现负的K_DP。运用一种基于变分的雷达定量降水估计混合算法(V-RQPE)。该算法用变分拟合方法重构差分相位(Φ_DP),用一种新的稳健的边界条件求解方法,在消除随机误差的同时获得非负的K_DP,进而进行降水估计。随后我们使用2017年5月7日广州S波段雷达的回波数据和地面雨量站观测数据进行验证,同时使用了六种不同的算法进行对比,结果显示,在1小时累计降水估计中,V-RQPE表现最好,在24小时累计降水估计中,V-RQPE和基于变分拟合的K_DP的降水估计算法(R-VKDP)表现最好,实验结果表明变分拟合方法对雷达降水估计能力有显著提升。      

天气雷达定量降水估测不同校准方法的比较与应用

利用天气雷达联合地面雨量计定量降水估测的局地平均校准法和局地分级平均校准法,分布估计2012年7月21日20:00至22日01:00 BT重庆市荣昌县及附近的降水。结果表明,局地分级平均校准法较局地平均校准法对强降水的估测效果好,同时两种方法的降水估测效果均与所取的局地校准半径大小有关。对降水分布及洪水灾情的分析表明,降水分布与河网的结合是进行中小河流洪水气象风险预报的重要着眼点。     

Parameterization of rain cell properties using an advection-diffusion model and rain gage data

To reduce flooding risks and improve urban drainage management, there is a need to increase the forecasting accuracy for rainfall models on small typical urban time and space scales. Increased rainfall forecasting accuracy will in turn improve runoff prediction and thus, prevent flooding hazards, decrease pollution discharge through combined sewers, increase waste water treatment efficiency, etc. For this purpose, we analyzed the parameters of a two-dimensional stochastic advection-diffusion model including a Fourier domain method and an extended Kalman filter algorithm for investigation of motion, shape, size, and intensity distribution of convective rainfall. The resulting set of model parameters (advective velocity, apparent turbulent diffusion, and development/decay of rainfall rate) is used to study convective rainfall variability. It appears that the speed at which the rainfall cell is advected is not dependent on the cell development stage or apparent diffusion. Instead, there is a dependence between the source/sink term and apparent diffusion. This can be explained by the turbulent updraft of warm air which results in large rainfall intensity increase. This strong turbulence results in larger diffusion (and vice versa). The behavior of the model parameters is therefore physically explainable and relevant. The results can be used as first choice of parameter values when modeling convective rainfall over ungaged areas.     

X波段双偏振雷达相态识别与拼图的关键技术

X波段双偏振雷达具有时空分辨率高、易于布网的特点,但散射特性差异和衰减影响使现有S波段雷达的相态识别和拼图算法不适用于X波段双偏振雷达.该文针对X波段相态识别及拼图产品的关键技术开展研究,提出基于准垂直剖面的融化层识别方法、基于数据质量的置信度阈值调整方法、基于统计的隶属函数参数改进方法和基于衰减程度的拼图融合方法.通...     

基于不同海拔高度的雷达降水估测试验

在国内外雷达定量估测区域降水量一些方法基础上,将降水类型、地理位置和海拔高度同时纳入考虑范畴,在成都CINRAD/SC雷达站(海拔高度596.5 m)200 km范围内选择实验区,并按海拔高度将所选区域分为3区。然后利用2010年7—8月的雷达体扫资料以及同时段、同时次的雨量计数据,采用最优化算法分别在每个区域内修订传统Z-I关系中的"A,b"系数,以得到不同海拔地区的Z-I关系和每小时雨量估测值。研究表明,与直接采用传统的Z-I关系定量测量降水相比,各个区域内,经改善后的Z-I关系准确率提高了20%左右,算法相对简单,适合业务使用。     

X波段双线偏振气象雷达反射率的衰减订正

X波段天气雷达的强衰减是影响其探测精度与应用推广的主要问题.本文旨在寻求适用于降水过程中对X波段双偏振雷达进行衰减订正的一种方法.在订正前先对雷达数据进行了质量控制和预处理;在分析了国内外已有订正方法的基础上,选择并改进了自适应约束算法作为雷达反射率进行衰减订正的方法;最后进行方法的效果验证.既对衰减订正前后反射率与同...     

CINRAD-SA偏振雷达定量降水估测算法改进及应用评估

为了提高雷达定量降水估测的精度,建立一套高精度的双偏振雷达定量降水估测方法,并对其在业务应用中的表现进行评估。本文利用雨滴谱仪数据使用非球形粒子的散射模型（T-Matrix模型）进行不同偏振量的模拟计算,根据计算结果对实测雨滴谱数据（DSD）进行分类拟合,实现对CSU-HIDRO（Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification Rainfall Optimization）优化降水估测算法的改进。为了评估改进后CSU-HIDRO优化算法（简称CSU-HIDRO_I）的应用效果,本文选取2016～2017年两年汛期发生于中国华南地区的6次大范围强降水过程为评估对象,分别采用单偏振雷达定量降水估测的R(Z_H)关系法（WSR-88D Precipitation Processing System,简称PPS法）和CSU-HIDRO_I法进行小时降水量估测。按照不同降水率大小以及距离雷达20～60 km和60~100 km范围分别对两种降水估测方法进行评估,并将雷达估测的小时降水量同地面雨量计小时降水量资料进行对比,结果表明:（1）CSU-HIDRO_I法在应用评估过程中取得了较好的评估效果,其估测精度及稳定性均较好。（2）PPS法对小雨（降水率R<2.5 mm/h）存在一定的高估,对大雨及暴雨（R>8 mm/h）存在明显低估,而CSU-HIDRO_I法能够有效的降低强降水的低估情况,同时提高了小雨的估测精度。与PPS法相比,CSU-HIDRO_I法对小雨、中雨、大雨及暴雨的估测偏差分别降低了38%、24%、17%、15%。（3）PPS法在降水估测中对离雷达的距离更为敏感,相同降水率下不同距离处的相对误差波动较大,CSU-HIDRO_I法对距离敏感性较弱,相同降水率强度下,相对误差随距离的变化波动较小。     

Implementation of a surface runoff model with Horton and Dunne mechanisms into the regional climate model RegCM_NCC

A surface runoff parameterization scheme that dynamically represents both Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell together with a consideration of the subgrid-scaie soil heterogeneity, is implemented into the National Climate Center regional climate model （RegCM_NCC）. The effects of the modified surface runoff scheme on RegCMANCC performance are tested with an abnormal heavy rainfall process which occurred in summer 1998. Simulated results show that the model with the original surface runoff scheme （noted as CTL） basically captures the spatial pattern of precipitation, circulation and land surface variables, but generally overestimates rainfall compared to observations. The model with the new surface runoff scheme （noted as NRM） reasonably reproduces the distribution pattern of various variables and effectively diminishes the excessive precipitation in the CTL. The processes involved in the improvement of NRM-simulated rainfall may be as follows： with the new surface runoff scheme, simulated surface runoff is larger, soil moisture and evaporation （latent heat flux） are decreased, the available water into the atmosphere is decreased; correspondingly, the atmosphere is drier and rainfall is decreased through various processes. Therefore, the implementation of the new runoff scheme into the RegCMANCC has a significant effect on results at not only the land surface, but also the overlying atmosphere.     

基于微波成像仪资料反演陆面降水

为了探讨微波亮温与降水的关系,结合时空匹配较好的TRMM卫星测雨雷达(PR)、微波成像仪(TMI)资料,用逐步回归方法,建立统计反演降水的新算式,并对新算式反演结果进行验证.结果表明:对0.1～3 mm/h和3～6 mm/h的降水来说.新算式反演结果与PR雷达反演降水相关较好;对6～10 mm/h的降水来说,新算式反演结果与PR雷达反演降水相关较差;对于大于10 mm/h的降水,新算式反演结果与PR雷达反演降水有较好的相关性,但均方根误差比较大,说明用这种方法反演降水,对于强降水中心的确定有很好的参考价值,但反演结果较实际偏小.通过对2004年7月18日发生的一次特大降水反演结果表明,卫星反演雨带的空间分布、强降水中心位置与PR雷达反演降水以及地基雷达反演降水基本一致.     

春季强降水过程的多普勒天气雷达图像特征剖析

对2004年4月25日出现在华北的一次大范围较强降雨过程进行了分析,介绍了多普勒天气雷达径向速度PPI图像和垂直风廓线(VWP)产品的应用技术,根据这两种产品可以判断冷、暖平流,以及各个高度层风的辐合、辐散,综合这些特征进一步判断气流上升或下沉,从而可以推断降水的生消。通过对此次降水个例的分析,探讨了春季强降雨过程的雷达图像特征,发现在降水发生、发展和消亡的不同时段垂直风廓线产品和径向速度图像都有非常明显地体现,为今后预报春季大面积降水提供一定的参考和依据。