Conditioning of the stationary kriging matrices for some well-known covariance models

In this paper, the condition number of the stationary kriging matrix is studied for some well-known covariance models. Indeed, the robustness of the kriging weights is strongly affected by this measure. Such an analysis can justify the choice of a covariance function among other admissible models which could fit a given experimental covariance equally well.     

枪马金矿金品位统计分布特征及其地质意义

地质变量的变化与地质体的特征密切相关,通过地质变量的研究可以揭示地质体某一特征的规律性。多次地质事件的数理统计特征表现为多个总体叠加的混合分布,因此通过研究混合分布和单一分布的特征,对矿床的矿化成因、矿化过程和矿化特征认识有指导意义。研究发现,枪马金矿的金品位主要由2个对数正态分布总体叠加而成,并对应于本区2次主要的成矿事件。对金的特征参数垂直空间上的研究表明,金矿化强度向深部逐渐增高,深部找矿远景很大。     

中国金矿成矿地质特征、预测模型及资源潜力

为了摸清全国金矿资源潜力,科学合理地部署金矿地质勘查工作,在全国金矿资源潜力评价成果的基础上,总结了金矿成矿规律、时空分布及资源潜力特征,跟踪金矿勘查进展,提出金矿勘查部署建议。中国金矿床虽以小型居多,但大中型金矿床的资源储量约占80%。金矿床在中生代呈大规模成矿特征,其矿床数和资源储量均居主要地位,其次为新生代、晚古生代、中新元古代、早古生代。金矿床在空间上呈区域集中分布特征,根据成矿地质背景、成矿条件和金矿床空间分布,结合地球物理、地球化学特征、预测资源量,修订了金矿成矿区带划分方案,确定了57个Ⅲ级金矿成矿区带,其中胶东、小秦岭-伏牛山、滇黔桂、西秦岭、燕辽、松潘-摩天岭、东秦岭、长江中下游、丽江-哀牢山和吉南-辽东成矿区带,其查明资源储量和预测资源量在全国均居前列。以服务于矿产资源潜力评价为目的,提出了金矿预测类型划分方案,将金矿床类型归纳为12类,分别为与中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、微细浸染型、构造破碎蚀变岩型、陆相火山岩型、变质碎屑岩地层中热液型、斑岩型、夕卡岩型、砂金型、花岗绿岩型、海相火山岩型、风化壳型、砾岩型,其中以前5种矿产预测类型为主。在总结金矿床地质背景、地质特征和找矿标志的基础上,建立主要类型金矿预测评价模型。全国金矿资源潜力评价预测金资源量31 125.6 t,预测深度大多小于1 000 m,50%的预测资源量分布于已知矿床外围及深部。根据资源潜力评价成果,结合近年来金矿勘查取得新的找矿进展,找矿主攻矿床类型为中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、微细浸染型、构造破碎蚀变岩型、陆相火山岩型;中国东部胶东、小秦岭-伏牛山、西秦岭、滇黔桂为金矿重点勘查区带,已知矿床深部和外围仍是金矿重点找矿地段;西部地区如东昆仑、巴颜喀拉、冈底斯、班公湖-怒江、丽江-哀牢山等区带的金矿勘查突破,基础性地质勘查和科研工作投入,为西部地区金矿勘查开发提供理论和技术支撑,有利于开创西部地区金矿勘查的新局面。     

甘肃马泉金矿金品位分布特征

通过对马泉金矿床主体（三、四号矿带）及外围矿带矿石品位分布资料的研究后认为：四号矿带金品位高于三号矿带,夹石含量少予三号矿带,易选矿石多于三号矿带,因而矿石质量优于三号矿带;外围矿带品位低于矿床主体品位．以低品位矿石为主。通过对矿石品位分布直方图（数学模型）的偏度系数和峰度系数概率（〉95％）假设检验后认为：矿床主体品位分布概率曲线基本符合对数正态分布规律。通过对矿床平均品位算术平均值和变异系数的研究后认为：矿床属品位均匀型矿床,建议矿床的氧化矿石边界品位为0．5×10^-6原生矿石边界品位为1．0×10^-6;特高品位下界为29．0×1^-6。     

An indicator kriging model for investigation of seismic hazard

Time domain probabilistic techniques most often are used for assessment of seismic hazard. Such techniques are based on the historic frequency of ground motion. Hazard is expressed as a probability of experiencing a particular level of seismic activity over a given length of time. One of these techniques utilizes frequency of extreme values for assessment of hazard. The major disadvantage of this technique, however, becomes evident when maximum seismic activity for two consecutive years occurs only a few weeks or months apart. In this case, the extreme value approach overestimates seismic hazard. A new approach for hazard assessment is founded on principles of indicator kriging. This technique evaluates seismic hazard as a simple frequency record, which is more realistic for regions of little to moderate seismicity.     

Nonparametric estimation of multivariate joint and conditional spatial distributions

To estimate the recoverable reserves of deposits containing more than one metal, linear combinations of sample grades based on the economic importance of each metal have been employed. These linear combinations, called equivalent grades, have inherent problems at least one of which is that the contribution of an individual metal is confounded with all others. As an alternative to equivalent grades, multivariable joint and conditional spatial distributions may be estimated using indicator variable methods. These spatial distributions may then be used to determine the joint or conditional amounts of the metals in the estimated recoverable reserve.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定高品位金矿石中的金

采用经典火试金法测定高品位金,操作流程长,影响因素多,在铅扣灰吹过程中易挥发选出大量的铅,对实验环境造成严重污染.本文将20.0～100.0 g取样量先分成若干小样量进行焙烧,经50％王水完全分解后分离滤渣,所得若干份滤液定容于同一容量瓶内,分取适量体积进行泡沫塑料富集,将富集金的泡沫塑料灰化后用浓王水复溶,以火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定高品位金矿石中金的含量.方法检出限为0.101 μg/g,通过多个国家一级标准物质和分析样品验证,准确度和精密度满足相关要求.此方法测定灵敏度高,取样量为20.0 ～ 100.0 g,有效地提高FAAS法取样代表性,同时拓展了FAAS法测定矿石中金的含量范围,针对50.0 ～ 550.0 μg/g中高含量段的金结果同样可靠.     

Statistical treatment of outlier data in epithermal gold deposit reserve estimation

A common characteristic of gold deposits is highly skewed frequency distributions. Lognormal and three-parameter lognormal distributions have worked well for Witwatersrand-type deposits. Epithermal gold deposits show evidence of multiple pulses of mineralization, which make fitting simple distribution models difficult. A new approach is proposed which consists of the following steps: (1) ordering the data in descending order. (2) Finding the cumulative coefficient of variation for each datum. Look for the quantile where there is a sudden acceleration of the cumulative C.V. Typically, the quantile will be above 0.85. (3) Fitting a lognormal model to the data above that quantile. Establish the mean above the quantile, Z _H ^* . This is done by fitting a single or double truncated lognormal model. (4) Use variograms to establish the spatial continuity of below-quantile data (Z_L) and indicator variable (1 if below quantile, 0 if above). (5) Estimate grade of blocks by (1*) (Z _L ^* )+(1 – 1*) (Z _H ^* ), where 1* is the kriged estimate of the indicator, and Z _L ^* is the kriged estimate of the below quantile portion of the distribution. The method is illustrated for caldera, Carlin-type, and hot springs-type deposits. For the latter two types, slight variants of the above steps are developed.     

基于SD法估算东安金矿床5号矿体资源储量

资源储量估算是矿产地质勘查工作中的一项重要任务,是估算矿床经济价值和矿山设计的基本依据。SD资源储量估算和审定方法（SD法）,诞生于20世纪80年代,它是一种以SD动态分维几何学为理论,以最佳结构地质变量为基础的资源储量估算方法,适于不同矿种及矿产勘查开采各个阶段,它应用SD精度法,成功量化矿产资源储量的地质可靠程度,...     

小秦岭金矿特富矿段的圈定及合理性研究

小秦岭金矿为一超大型的含金石英脉型矿床,石英脉数量多、规模大、品位富,金的分布极不均匀,局部地段常形成特富矿段,对资源量的估算结果影响很大,因而需要对特富矿段进行合理的圈定和估算。资源储量估算时特高品位的确定和处理非常关键,不同处理方法得到的矿体平均品位和资源储量结果之间差别很大,直接影响到对资源量的合理性评价。     

铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床的品位分形结构特征及其地质意义

文章以冬瓜山铜矿床为研究对象,应用分形理论对矿床品位的分形结构特征进行研究,计算了主矿体整体和不同区段的品位分布的分维数D值,D值变化反映矿体在50～52线之间变化最不均匀,为确定勘探网度和矿床经济价值评估提供有益的参考.     

A nonparametric view of generalized covariances for kriging

Fitting trend and error covariance structure iteratively leads to bias in the estimated error variogram. Use of generalized increments overcomes this bias. Certain generalized increments yield difference equations in the variogram which permit graphical checking of the model. These equations extend to the case where errors are intrinsic random functions of order k, k=1, 2, ..., and an unbiased nonparametric graphical approach for investigating the generalized covariance function is developed. Hence, parametric models for the generalized covariance produced by BLUEPACK-3D or other methods may be assessed. Methods are illustrated on a set of coal ash data and a set of soil pH data.     

黔西南水银洞金矿床矿体数学特征及其勘查意义

水银洞金矿床是黔西南地区著名的特大型微细浸染型金矿床.对矿石品位统计分布特征的分析表明,水银洞金矿床为多次成矿作用叠加的产物.通过矿石品位进行混合总体筛分获得两个单一总体,分别对应两次成矿作用,即沉积成岩期的金预富集和构造-热液期的叠加成矿,其中后者成矿强度大但不均匀,前者成矿强度小但较均匀.对矿体自相关特征的变异函数模拟结果表明,对该矿床进行勘探时可采用沿矿体走向和倾向方向布置的矩形勘探网,提出今后矿山和外围的勘探可以使用比目前网矩更宽的网距,即75 m×190 m网距来控制矿体,这将大大降低勘探成本.矿石品位的趋势面分析结果表明,随着标高的降低,即往深部方向矿石品位的平均值和变化系数均呈现明显的下降趋势,说明往深部矿化强度减小,而矿化变得较均匀.结合矿区目前的勘探情况和趋势面分析结果,认为灰家堡背斜的北翼是矿区及其外围进一步找矿的重点区域.     

沉积变质型铁矿成矿条件及富铁矿形成机制

我国铁矿床类型有沉积变质型、岩浆型、接触交代 热液型(矽卡岩型)、火山岩型、沉积型和风化淋滤型6种,以沉积变质型最为重要。我国的沉积变质型铁矿床主要分布于华北克拉通,以鞍山式铁矿为代表,沉积时代为新太古代末,为阿尔果马型条带状铁建造 (BIF)变质而成;吕梁地区的袁家村式铁矿为苏比利尔型BIF变质而成,BIF沉积时代为2. 384~2. 210 Ga或新太古代末;舞阳、霍邱地区的沉积变质型铁矿可能为苏比利尔型BIF变质产物,BIF沉积时代分别为2. 473~2. 468 Ga、＜2. 54 Ga。BIF的形成与缺氧环境向大氧化事件初期的层化海洋环境过渡有关,海水中巨量溶解的铁质部分氧化,在初始层化海洋氧化还原界面附近的浅海环境以胶体形式沉淀。我国的BIF遭受区域变质变形作用,成为条带状磁铁石英岩,作为沉积变质型铁矿开发利用。BIF经历后期流体改造可形成富铁矿,形成机制有“去硅富铁”、“铁质活化再富集”和“去碳酸盐富铁”3种,弓长岭富铁矿的成矿年龄为1. 85 Ga左右,由BIF“去硅富铁”而成;齐大山富铁矿可能形成于2. 5 Ga,由BIF“铁质活化再富集”而成;袁家村富铁矿形成于1. 41~1. 34 Ga,可能由含碳酸盐的BIF“去碳酸盐富铁”而成。     

基于Surpac的贵州水银洞金矿Ia2矿体金品位模型及分形结构特征

以贵州贞丰水银洞金矿Ia2矿体为研究对象,整合二维地质资料,利用Surpac软件建立矿体三维地质模型。以此模型为基础,直观地反映矿体的几何特征,有效把握矿体空间特征,通过与构造蚀变体(SBT)形态相比较,可以看出矿体产出受SBT控制。用距离幂次反比法对品位进行估值,建立块体模型,用不同颜色直观展现矿体品位的分布情况。对Au品位的分形结构特征进行研究,多分数维反映了多次矿化时间的叠加,分数维个数与主要矿石类型相对应。研究成果利于更好地利用地质矿产资料和矿产资源。     

胶东北部超高品位金矿黄铁矿热电性研究

对胶东北部超高品位金矿集中区黄铁矿热电标型的时空分布研究表明,Ｐ型黄铁矿出现率和Ｐ型黄铁矿热电系统数平均值及Ｐ型黄铁矿热电系数离散性呈ＮＥ和ＮＮＥ向带状展布,超高品位金矿位于这两级方向交汇部位的Ｐ型黄铁矿出现率大于９０％,Ｐ型黄铁矿热电系数平均值大于２５０μＶ／℃,Ｐ型黄铁矿热电系数离散性小于１．５的区域内,反映了超高品位金矿形成于温度较低,成矿流体中Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｔｅ等的含量较高,且温度和成分变化较小的条件,成矿部位处于成矿本上升通道附近。     

The Discovery of Native Ruthenium in Nuanquanzi and Tuling—Shihu Gold Deposits：Implications for Source of Gold

Native ruthenium and platinum-bearing hedleyite were recognized two gold deposits contained in Archaean metamorphic rocks in northern China.They are coexistent with native gold,quartz and pyrite.The high W content of native ruthenium may reflect the precipitation of ores in a W-rich hydrothermal system at moderate to high temperatures,The presence of platinum-group minerals(PGM)in the two deposits suggests that Au and PGE were both derived from mantle-source rocks.     

内蒙古胜利煤田共生锗矿品位纵向变化规律研究

通过对29个钻孔的 200件煤样锗含量分析,发现20个钻孔锗含量沿煤层纵向有 6种变化形式。特别值得注意的是,大多数钻孔显示锗含量在煤层中部出现高峰值,而有别于以往所报道的锗只在煤层顶、底部相对富集的研究结论。笔者认为,胜利煤田锗的富集主要发生在泥炭化阶段,主要作用机制是有机质的吸附作用;此外,锗的聚集强度还随着原始沉积环境和锗源供给条件而变化。     

俄罗斯内生金矿床勘查的若干问题 ——兼论俄罗斯库顿金矿类型与勘探程度

俄罗斯为世界上六大产金国之一, 金矿床勘查规范独具特点。通过俄联邦自然资源部颁布的《矿床储量与固体矿产预测资源量分类》、《金矿床储量分类方法指南》与中国国土资源部颁布的《岩金矿地质勘查规范》的对比, 剖析中俄两国规范内容的异同。     

长春市兰家金矿外围找矿方向探讨

长春市兰家金矿田位于大黑山断隆中段,属于晚古生代至中生代八台岭—兰家贵金属有色金属成矿带,兰家Au、Cu成矿远景区。通过对该区成矿地质条件、地球物理和地球化学特征、遥感影像特征以及已知矿床成矿特征分析研究基础上,提出了有利的含矿层位、控矿构造及中生代岩体对金、多金属,尤其是对金、铜矿（化）体起着重要的控制作用。从而提出兰家金矿外围找矿方向,同时亦为延长老矿山寿命提供后备基地。