2015年春季长江口表层沉积物生源要素分布和来源

根据2015年5月对长江口及其邻近海域的生态环境调查资料, 探讨长江口春季表层沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和生源硅(BSi)4类生源要素的空间分布和来源。结果表明: 2015年春季长江口表层沉积物TOC、TN、TP和BSi平均含量分别为0.315%、0.041%、0.066%和0.450%, 其中, 沉积物中TOC、TN受到陆源输入和海洋自生输入双重影响, 且海洋自生组分的贡献较大, 二者空间分布均呈现南部分布最高并沿西北方向递减趋势; TP分布主要受陆源输入影响, 并呈西北向东南递减趋势; BSi来源于生物沉积, 总体呈现南部高、北部低的分布趋势。与2007年相比, 长江口表层沉积物有机碳、氮含量降低, 东南外海区域替代浑浊区域成为表层沉积物生源要素含量最高区域, 且陆源输入对长江口表层沉积物生源要素的贡献趋于减弱。     

三沙湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布及生态风险评估

研究了三沙湾沉积物重金属的分布和污染情况,分别使用了主成分分析(PCA)、富集因子分析和潜在生态风险指数法对研究区域沉积物中重金属的来源、富集水平和生态风险这3个方面进行了探讨.主成分分析的分析将调查海域沉积物中金属元素分为自然来源和人为来源2类.其中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As和Ni均为人为来源,该来源可能与沿岸的人类活动有关.富集因子法的分析结果表明,研究区域As、Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg处于低富集状态.这说明该地区由工业活动所导致重金属污染还处于初级阶段,其污染状况的发展需要及时关注.潜在生态风险指数法分析结果表明,研究区域80%站位(1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9、10、11、12和14)处于中等污染的生态风险水平,沉积物中Hg、Cd、As和Ni为主要生态危害的重金属元素.     

亚北极太平洋边缘海表层沉积物地球化学特征

对鄂霍次克海和白令海及其毗邻区40个站位表层沉积物样品的粒度和43种地球化学元素分析表明,表层沉积物类型及地球化学组成在空间上分布存在显著差异。因子分析显示,表层沉积物元素地球化学存在陆源、生源(Ba,Ca和Sr等)和自生源(Mn,Mo和Cd)三种来源。沉积物粒度与主微量元素分布没有显著的相关性。主微量元素地球化学散点图揭示表层沉积物碎屑物质存在来自火山和上地壳风化产物的贡献。白令海陆坡流和东萨哈林流对于底层沉积物分选有重要的影响。聚类分析显示,在空间分布上,鄂霍次克海以及底特律海山表层沉积物由陆源碎屑和火山物质混合构成;堪察加半岛东侧表层沉积物主要来自堪察加半岛,以火山碎屑贡献为主;白令海西北陆坡和鄂霍次克海西部陆坡表层沉积物主要来自阿纳德尔河和黑龙江(俄罗斯境内为Amur河)的输入,以陆源碎屑为主。研究区表层沉积物地球化学空间分异性与碎屑物质的来源、搬运动力、区域水动力条件密切相关。     

长江口表层沉积物中正构烷烃的高分辨分布特征及有机碳来源解析

于2014年3月对长江口及邻近海域的表层沉积物进行了高分辨率采样,分析了沉积物粒级组成、比表面积、总有机碳含量及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)、正构烷烃及其相关分子指标,讨论了此区域沉积有机碳和正构烷烃的高分辨分布特征,并结合基于主成分分析?蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型,对沉积有机碳的来源进行了定量解析。结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中总有机碳含量为0.45%±0.16%,近岸泥质区总有机碳含量较高,外海砂质区含量较低。总正构烷烃(C₁₄?C₃₅)的绝对含量和相对于总有机碳的含量分别为(1.42±0.73) μg/g和(0.34±0.21) mg/g。泥质区以长链正构烷烃占优势,具有较强的奇碳优势;砂质区以短链正构烷烃占优势,且具有一定的偶碳优势。长江输入、老黄河口输入、闽浙沿岸小型河流输入和水动力分选等因素制约了正构烷烃的输运和分布特征。模型结果显示此区域沉积有机碳来自海源、土壤和高等植物的混合输入,其中以海源为主,其贡献为42.70%±18.18%,由陆地向外海贡献逐渐升高,其次是土壤和高等植物,其贡献分别为28.99%±15.37%和28.31%±17.12%。在水动力分选作用的影响下,两种陆源有机碳在入海之后的输运过程中存在明显的分异,土壤有机碳主要与细颗粒物结合,并沿闽浙沿岸向南输运,而高等植物来源有机碳则在长江口存在东北方向的输运。     

近10年三门湾海域表层沉积物重金属含量变化及来源解析

为了解三门湾海域表层沉积物重金属的含量和分布特征，本研究对三门湾海域2019年82个站位海域表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As及Hg共7种重金属元素的含量进行测定，并对比10年前的数据，分析了元素含量的变化情况，追溯了其主要物质来源。结果表明，三门湾海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的平均质量浓度分别是31.33、96.46、29.86、0.116、91.54、13.09、0.06 mg/kg,Cu、Cr的含量相对较高。与2009年相比，2019年三门湾海域表层沉积物Cu、Zn与Cd的含量大体上保持一致，Pb、Cr与As的含量有所上升，Hg的含量显著降低。沉积物重金属含量由近岸向外海依次降低，高值区主要集中在蛇蟠水道口、力洋港与健跳镇附近。运用主成分分析与因子分析对重金属物质来源进行解析的结果表明，重金属物质的来源与人类活动的影响密切相关。     

雷州半岛滨海湿地表层沉积物中重金属含量分布与生态风险评价

采用多元统计方法分析了雷州半岛滨海湿地表层沉积物中重金属的含量、相关性、空间分布特征和来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。研究区表层沉积物中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cd和Hg的含量平均值分别为10.29±7.80、47.06±28.47、24.74±10.78、41.70±26.25、7.98±4.73、0.042±0.029和0.020±0.027μg·g-1。Cu、Zn和Cr以及Pb、Cd和Hg为2个强正相关群,第一个群中的重金属元素以自然来源为主,第二个群则兼有人为输入和自然2个来源。重金属含量的高值区主要分布在流沙港、湛江港西部、海安港和雷州湾西部海域。对照美国海洋与大气管理局(NOAA)的生物效应标准,研究区绝大部分海域内的表层沉积物中除As含量在约50%的站位的值在"效应范围低"(effect range low)和"效应范围中等"(effect range median)阈值之间,对底栖生物会偶尔发生负面效应外,其他重金属基本不发生负面效应。重金属总体为低污染程度和低潜在生态风险。应重视人类活动较强的区域如湛江港西部、流沙港、海安港等海区的重金属污染,以避免持续累积至能对生物造成危害的水平。     

滦河口沉积物重金属分布及生态风险评价

对2013年滦河口近岸海域33个表层沉积物重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd和Hg)分析,研究了重金属的分布特征和污染状况。结果表明,重金属高值区主要分布在砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂等细粒沉积物覆盖的河口和南部区域,明显受粒径制约,与2007年相比,2013年的重金属含量要高得多,高值区中心更加靠近河口位置。富集因子结果表明,Cu、Zn和Cr主要来源于岩石的自然风化与侵蚀过程,Cd和Hg既有来自岩石的自然风化与侵蚀过程,也有一部分受人为影响,Pb主要受人为活动影响。河流输入和沿岸排放是重金属的主要来源,潜在生态风险评价结果显示,重金属总体污染程度和生态风险程度均较低。     

九龙江口表层沉积物重金属的污染特征与来源分析

为了解九龙江口表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,作者于2013年9月在九龙江口进行了表层沉积物采样调查分析,结果表明：沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的空间分布较为相似,高值区均分布在南溪入海口和海门岛下游海域,Cr含量的高值区也分布在南溪入海口附近。聚类分析将采样点位分为4类：第一类主要分布在河口区外侧,沉积物中油类含量较高;第二类主要分布在南溪出海口,硫化物、Zn和Cr的含量较高;第三类分布在河口区中北部,污染物含量处于中等水平;第四类主要分布在海门岛下游海域,硫化物、TOC、Cu、Pb和Zn含量较高。地质累积系数评价显示：Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As处于未污染到轻度污染水平,Cd为轻度污染到重度污染水平;Zn、Cr、Cd的I_geo指数相对较高,第二类和第四类站位的I_geo指数相对较高。相关分析表明,硫化物与Cu、Zn、Cd正相关性较高,Cu与Zn、Cd、Cr正相关性较高,Pb与Zn、Cd正相关性较高,Zn与Cd、Cr正相关性较高。主成分分析表明,河口沉积物重金属主要有以下几个可能来源：流域和河口的工农业活动和采矿活动、流域水土流失、流域自然风化。针对河口沉积物重金属污染,流域-河口污染控制与生态修复需采取以下措施：工业污染的控制、农业污染控制、养殖污染的控制、植树造林与河岸带绿化和矿山生态恢复。     

渤海湾沉积物重金属的分布特征及影响因素

2012-10-11对渤海湾18个站位(含4个沉积物柱状样站位)的沉积物进行采样分析,结果表明,5种主要的重金属(Cr,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb)有相似的空间(水平方向)分布特征,即渤海湾西北部和渤海湾中部的沉积物重金属质量分数较高。利用地质累积指数法评价沉积物重金属污染程度,结果显示,Cd受到轻度污染。采用相关性分析和主成分分析,对污染物来源进行了探讨,推测渤海湾西北部高质量分数重金属很可能与排污口的排放有关。根据沉积物粒度分布特征,结合渤海湾的环流情况,推测沉积物重金属分布受渤海湾水流及其所导致的粒度变化所影响,进一步分析了放射性核素~(210)Pb活度的空间分布,在渤海湾西北部及中部的重金属高质量分数区域,210 Pb活度随埋藏深度呈现有规律的衰减且沉积速率较低,证实该区域沉积环境较为稳定,有利于携带重金属的悬浮物沉积。     

钦州湾沉积物中重金属的多元统计分析：空间关系、生态风险和来源识别

海湾是海洋和陆地相互作用和人类活动最强烈的区域,沉积物中重金属的含量和分布都受到人类活动的影响。为了探究钦州湾沉积物中重金属的含量水平、污染程度和可能来源,本研究分析了钦州湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量及空间分布,采用地质累计指数（Igeo）和潜在生态风险指数（PERI）定量分析了重金属的污染程度和生态风险,并利用自组织映射(SOM)和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)模型评估了重金属的可能来源。结果表明：钦州湾表层沉积物重金属中Zn的平均含量最高,Hg平均含量最低;除个别站位的Pb含量符合海洋沉积物质量第二类标准外,其他重金属含量均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准;Igeo结果表明钦州湾表层沉积物主要的污染元素为Pb、Hg和Cu;PERI结果表明Hg是钦州湾表层沉积物主要的生态风险元素。SOM和PMF模型结果表明钦州湾表层沉积物重金属主要受自然来源、农业活动、工业生产活动的共同影响,各来源的相对贡献率分别为39.65%、29.15%和31.20%。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.