气象为构建社会主义和谐社会服务调研报告

党的十六届六中全会作出《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》,是党中央顺应历史发展变化,全面分析和把握我国发展面临的机遇和挑战,为推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业作出的重大战略举措。构建社会主义和谐社会,对气象部门提出了新的更高的要求,是各级气象部门义不容辞的职责。为充分发挥气象科技业务服务在构建和谐社会中的作用,认真贯彻党中央关于构建和谐社会的重大战略部署,按照中国气象局党组的要求,内蒙古气象部门就气象为构建社会主义和谐社会服务工作开展了深入、细致的调查研究,现报告如下。     

对市场经济体制下气象部门基层台站深化改革的思考

党的十四次代表大会在总结我国14年改革开放伟大实践的基础上,提出了建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标模式。这一理论上和认识上的重大突破,必然给气象部门当前“以气象事业结构调整和建立完善相应运行机制为重点”的深化改革提供新的外部环境。希望与困难同在,机遇和挑战并存。“抓住时机、深化改革、加速发展”是摆在各级气象部门面前的中心任务。笔者通过学习建设有中国特色社会主义的理论,提出一些不成熟的思考,旨在与基层台站能够在某些方面取得共识。     

气象部门党的建设、文化建设和廉政建设的空间与范式取舍——以金坛市气象局实践探索为研究案例

文章以金坛市气象局实践探索为研究案例,对党的建设、文化建设和廉政建设与气象层级,确立气象部门党的建设、文化建设和廉政建设主项,气象部门党的建设、文化建设和廉政建设向度,建构气象部门党的建设、文化建设和廉政建设范式四个问题进行研究,探索和建立气象部门科学、客观、系统的党的建设、文化建设和廉政建设的空间与范式取舍体系。     

加强社会主义精神文明建设促进新疆气象事业持续快速健康发展

党的十四届六中全会指出：建设社会主义精神文明,关系跨世纪宏伟蓝图的全面实现,关系我国社会主义事业的兴旺发达。十一届三中全会以来,新疆气象部门大力加强社会主义精神文明建设,坚持改革开放,积极推动气象事业现代化建设,成功地走出了一条有气象特色、有新疆特色的气象事业的发展路子,促进了新疆气象事业发展。王新回气象部门社会主义征神文明建设的回顾和主要成组建设社会主义精神文明,创建文明气象行业,是新疆气象部门一项跨世纪的战略任务。多年来,新疆气象部门的精神文明建设有了很大的发展,取得了丰硕的成果。在建国50周…     

1994年气象宣传要点

１９９４年气象宣传要点气象宣传工作要深入贯彻党的十四大、十四届三中全会和中央农村工作会议精神，全面准确地宣传建设有中国特色的社会主义理论，把《邓小平文选》第三卷的学习、宣传作为重要的任务；切实加强气象部门深化改革、加快发展、大力推进气象事业结构调整的...     

黑龙江省气象科技服务集约化发展研究与对策

正1黑龙江省气象科技服务的现状近年来,黑龙江省气象服务中心以新发展理念为统领,围绕全面推进气象现代化、全面深化气象改革、全面推进气象法治建设和全面加强气象部门党的建设四项重点任务,主动适应经济发展新常态,认真分析公共气象服务发展面临的新形势、新需求,深化气象服务供给侧改革,着力解决关键问题和重点难点问题,在开拓具有龙江特色的公共气象服务方面取得了一定成绩。     

2018年全省气象局长会议总结讲话

<正>(2018年2月8日)同志们:在大家的共同努力下,为期2天的全省气象局长会议暨全省气象部门全面从严治党工作会议即将圆满结束。这次会议安排紧凑、有序,会议务实、高效,达到了把握方向、明确任务、凝聚共识、提振信心的预期目标,开得很成功!下面,受省局党组委托,我对会议作简要总结。本次会议是在十九大召开后我国迈入中国特色社会主义新时代,气象事业开启新征程关键期召开     

提高气象系统经济实体效益刍议

提高气象系统经济实体效益刍议席国耀气象部门兴办经济实体，是适应改革和建立社会主义市场经济的需要，是发展中国特色气象事业的需要。气象部门是一个从事高科技公益服务、依靠国家财政全额拨款的事业单位。但近年来由于国家财政困难，气象事业费增加较少，国家主渠道拨...     

深刻理解精神文明建设的战略地位

今年1月在京召开的全国气象部门精神文明建设工作会议指出：深刻理解社会主义精神文明建设的战略地位．必须坚持全面的、历史的、发展的观点，把精神文明建设放在建设有中国特色社会主义整个事业的大局和整个世界的大局中来认识。     

关于省及省以下气象部门产业发展问题的初步探讨

前言社会主义市场经济的建立，促使气象部门向多元化方向发展，气象部门发展以高新技术产业为重点的综合经营是建设有中国特色社会主义气象事业的重要标志之一，也是气象部门走向市场，为社会提供服务的进一步拓宽和发展。建立新型的气象事业结构是气象部门发展战略决策之一，全国各级气象部门深入贯彻改革开放的方针，初步建立了“三大块”事业结构的运行机制，坚持发展以高新技术产业为重点的综合经营体系也将逐步形成。目前气象部门的高新技术产业及以气象科技产品精加工的信息产业已有了长足发展，取得了较好的经济效益，同时为产业发展…     

Rate constants for the reactions of the NO3 radical with HCOOH/HCOO− and CH3COOH/CH3COO− in aqueous solution between 278 and 328 K

The kinetics of the aqueous phase reactions of NO₃ radicals with HCOOH/HCOO^– and CH₃COOH/CH₃COO^– have been investigated using a laser photolysis/long-path laser absorption technique. NO₃ was produced via excimer laser photolysis of peroxodisulfate anions (S₂O ₈ ^2– ) at 351 nm followed by the reactions of sulfate radicals (SO ₄ ^– ) with excess nitrate. The time-resolved detection of NO₃ was achieved by long-path laser absorption at 632.8 nm. For the reactions of NO₃ with formic acid (1) and formate (2) rate coefficients ofk ₁=(3.3±1.0)×10⁵ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂=(5.0±0.4)×10⁷ l mol^–1 s^–1 were found atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l. The following Arrhenius expressions were derived:k ₁(T)=(3.4±0.3)×10¹⁰ exp[–(3400±600)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂(T)=(8.2±0.8)×10¹⁰ exp[–(2200±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO₃ with acetic acid (3) and acetate (4) atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l were determined as:k ₃=(1.3±0.3)×10⁴ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄=(2.3±0.4)×10⁶ l mol^–1 s^–1. The temperature dependences for these reactions are described by:k ₃(T)=(4.9±0.5)×10⁹ exp[–(3800±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄(T)=(1.0±0.2)×10¹² exp[–(3800±1200)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The differences in reactivity of the anions HCOO^– and CH₃COO^– compared to their corresponding acids HCOOH and CH₃COOH are explained by the higher reactivity of NO₃ in charge transfer processes compared to H atom abstraction. From a comparison of NO₃ reactions with various droplets constituents it is concluded that the reaction of NO₃ with HCOO^– may present a dominant loss reaction of NO₃ in atmospheric droplets.     

Kritische Bemerkung zur Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit der Ozonverteilung

Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben in der Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit des Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre aus der Gleichung loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) geschlossen, daß auch die Gleichung loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) gültig sei. Es wird hier nun gezeigt, daß die bei der ersten Gleichung erlaubten Vernachlässigungen bei der zweiten zu großen Fehlern führen können und daß daher von A. undE. Vassy kein Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Beziehunge=J.K(T) erbracht ist.

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Summary In the question of temperature dependence of ozone content of the atmosphere A. andE. Vassy have concluded from the equation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) that also the formula loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) must be valid. In this paper it is proved that the neglections which may be admitted for the first equation, can conduct to great errors. Therefore A. andE. Vassy have not produced a proof for the correctness of the equatione=J.K(T).

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Résumé A. etE. Vassy en étuidant le problème de la teneur de l'ozone atmosphérique en relation avec la température ont admis que l'équation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) entraînait aussi la relation loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ). On montre ici que les simplifications admises pour la première équation conduisent pour l'application de la seconde à de fortes erreurs, et que par conséquent ces auteurs n'ont pas fourni de preuve de la justesse de la relatione=J.K(T).

     

Characteristics of ionic components in precipitation in Kitakyushu City,Japan

Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO ₄ ^2– : 84.2, NO ₃ ^– : 28.1, Cl^–: 86.3, NH ₄ ⁺ : 45.5, Ca²⁺: 63.3, Mg²⁺: 27.0, K⁺: 3.4, Na⁺: 69.0 µ eq l^–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO ₄ ^2– /NO ₃ ^– exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl^– and Na⁺, ex-SO ₄ ²⁺ and ex-Ca²⁺, NO ₃ ^– and ex-Ca²⁺, and NH ₄ ⁺ and ex-SO ₄ ^2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl^– and Na⁺ with Ca²⁺ was observed. The relationship of H⁺ with (ex-SO ₄ ^2– + NO ₃ ^– ) - (ex-Ca²⁺ + NH ₄ ⁺ ) indicated positive correlation.     

Regional effects of large-scale extreme wind events over orographically structured terrain

Summary ?Above orographically structured terrain considerable differences of the regional wind field may be identified during large-scale extreme wind events. So far, these regional differences could not be resolved by climate models. To determine the relationships between large-scale atmospheric conditions, the influence of orography, and the regional wind field, data measured in the upper Rhine valley within the framework of the REKLIP Regional Climate Project were analyzed and calculations were made using the KAMM mesoscale model. In the area of the upper Rhine valley, ratios of the wind velocity in the Rhine valley at 10 m above ground level, ν_val, and the large-scale flow velocity, ν_lar, are between ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.1 and ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio exhibits a strong dependence on thermal stratification, δ, and decreases from ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1 at δ = 0 K m⁻¹ to ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2 at δ = 0.0075 K m⁻¹. In areas, where the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley is interrupted, the ν_val/ν_lar ratio increases again with increasing stability or decreasing Froude number. This is obviously due to flow around the Black Forest under stable stratification. It is demonstrated by model calculations that a complex wind field develops in the Rhine valley at small Froude numbers (Fr < 1) irrespective of the direction of large-scale flow. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio is characterized by small values in the direct lee side (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2) and high values on the windward side of the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.8). Received October 22, 2001; revised June 18, 2002; accepted June 23, 2002     

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.     

Über die Voraussage zeitlich gemittelter Höhenkarten für Zwecke mittelfristiger Wetterprognosen

Zusammenfassung Eine Überprüfung der vonNamias abgeleiteten Formel zur Konstruktion sogenannter Trendkarten an Hand 20 ausgewählter Höhenkarten in der Zeit vom November 1955 bis Mai 1956 ergab eine vollkommene Bestätigung der vonNamias für Amerika angegebenen Korrelationskoeffizienten und des Faktors der entsprechenden Regressionsgleichung für den mitteleuropäischen Raum, obwohl die Untersuchungen sich auf die 850 mb-Topographie bezogen zum Unterschied vonNamias, der die 700 mb-Fläche zugrunde legte. Durch eine sinngemäße Kombination der in der synoptischen Praxis üblichen Konstruktionsmethode für 24 stündige Vorhersagekarten mit statistischen Überlegungen über die Abweichungen vom Normalwert gelingt die Ableitung einer Prognosenformel für eine dreitägige Mittelkarte, die als Grundlage für mittelfristige Wetterprognosen (Halbwochenprognosen) Verwendung findet. Die Formel weist gegenüber der Trendformel vonNamias den Vorteil auf, daß sie mit praktisch derselben Treffergenauigkeit einen wesentlich größeren Vorhersagezeitraum erfaßt.

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Summary Using 20 different contour charts during the period from November 1955 to May 1956 the formula for the construction of socalled trendcharts, primarily derived byNamias, has been verified for Central Europe though the investigations were based upon data from the 850 mb-level instead of the 700 mb-level used byNamias. Through a combination of the synoptic method for construction of forecast maps 24 hours in advance with statistic considerations about the departure from normals a formula is finally derived for a forecast of a three day mean chart. This formula has been successfully used for an extended forecast half week in advance. The described method shows an essential improvement upon theNamias procedure since a much greater forecast period can be obtained with almost the same accuracy.

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Résumé La formule établie parNamias en vue de construire les cartes d'évolution a fait l'objet d'un examen critique fondé sur la discussion de vingt cartes d'altitude de la période de novembre 1955 à mai 1956. Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation données par cet auteur pour l'Amérique du Nord ainsi que le coefficient de l'équation de régression correspondante ont été confirmés pour l'espace européen, bien que les topographies étudieés n'aient pas été les mêmes (850 mb au lieu de 700 mb). Combinant les méthodes usuelles de construction des cartes de prévision de vingt-quatre heures à des critères statistiques d'écart à la normale, l'auteur établit une formule de prévision destinée à calculer une carte moyenne de trois jours servant de base à la prévision à moyenne échéance. Cette formule présente sur celle deNamias l'avantage d'atteindre une plus longue période de prévision avec une égale exactitude.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Ficker zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Ein Kurzverfahren zur Bestimmung der langwelligen Ausstrahlung dicker Atmosphärenschichten

Zusammenfassung Für eine Reihe von Atmosphärenmodellen, die untereinander gleiche Temperaturschichtung und konstante relative Feuchtigkeit, aber verschieden hohe Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit im festen Niveau haben, wird der NettostrahlungsstromE in 400 mb und am Boden durch Berechnungen in den bekannten Strahlungsdiagrammen bestimmt. Es läßt sich zeigen, daßE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) als Funktion der Temperaturt ₄₀₀ (t _B ) und der Feuchtigkeit bzw. des Taupunktes ₄₀₀ ( _B ) dargestellt werden kann [Abb. 1 und 3, Gl. (1) und (3)], ählich, wie das für die effektive Strahlung des BodensE _B bereits früher durch die Formeln vonÅngström, Brunt u. a. geschehen ist. Wolkenschichten können durch Korrektionsfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Die Abweichungen zwischen den so gewonnenen Strahlungssummen und den durch Planimetrieren im Strahlungsdiagramm berechneten sind im Durchschnitt kleiner als 3,5% (11%), für die Differenz E=E ₄₀₀–E _B sind sie kleiner als 6%.

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Summary For a series of model atmospheres which have the same stratification of temperature and constant relative humidity but different temperatures and humidities at a fixed level, the net radiation fluxE at 400 mb and at the surface are determined by computations in the well known radiation charts. It is shown thatE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) can be represented as a function of the temperaturet ₄₀₀ (t _B ) and humidity resp. dew point ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 and 3, formula (1) and (3)], in a similar manner as the outgoing radiationE _B is already approximated by the formulae ofÅngström, Brunt, a. o. Cloud layers may be accounted for by correction factors. The differences between the radiation fluxes found in this way and those computed by integration in a radiation chart are in the average smaller than 3.5% (11%); with E=E ₄₀₀–E _B , the differences are smaller than 6%.

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Résumé Pour plusieurs modèles de l'atmosphère qui ont la même structure par rapport à la température et une humidité relative constante, mais à un niveau fixe des températures et humidités différentes, on calcule à l'aide de diagrammes de radiation connus le flux net de radiationE pour 400 mb et au sol. On peut montrer queE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) peut être représenté comme fonction de la températuret ₄₀₀ (t _B ) et de l'humidité, resp. du point de rosée ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 et 3, formules (1) et (3)], tout comme cela a déjà été fait pour la radiation effective au solE _B grâce aux formules d'Ångström, deBrunt et d'autres. Par un facteur de correction on tient compte des couches de nuages. Les écarts entre les sommes de radiation ainsi obtenues et celles calculées à l'aide des diagrammes de radiation sont en moyenne plus petits que 3,5% (11%), la différence E=E ₄₀₀–E _B ne dépasse pas 6%.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.