Mercury, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and boron as geochemical indicators for geothermal areas

From 1982 to 1983, 131 soil samples were collected within an area of 60 km² in known geothermal field and their vicinities in Tengchong, Yunnan Province. Distinct anomalies of Hg, As, Sb and Bi were found on the known geothermal fields. The contour of the multiplicative anomaly of Hg × As × Sb encircled the two known geothermal fields, Reshuitang and Rehai, within its extent, disclosing the interrelation between these two fields, and enlarging their future prospects. The B anomaly is related to structural features. Significant correlations among Hg, As and Sb are shown by correlation analysis. It was concluded that a geochemical survey with a density of two samples per km² could be carried out effectively to delineate promising targets of geothermal resources.     

The use of geochemical indicator elements in the exploration for hot water sources within geothermal fields

Soils, rocks, altered rocks, hot and cold waters, and hot spring precipitates were sampled within and on the outskirts of geothermal fields in China. The contents of thirty trace elements in soils and rocks show that Hg, As, Sb, Bi, Li, Rb, Cs, Au, Ag, B, W, Sn, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni and Co can serve as direct and indirect indicators for geothermal field exploration. Large amounts of data indicate that Hg, As and Sb are the best indicators of hot water sources. Altered rocks contain higher Hg, As, Sb, Bi and Be than unaltered rocks. Based on their abundances in hot waters, it is suggested that the following elements may be used as hydrochemical indicators of high-temperature hot-water geothermal systems: K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO²⁻₄, HCO⁻₃, F⁻, Cl⁻, SiO₂, HBO₂, CO₂, pH, total dissolved solids and hydrochemical types, as well as Hg, As, Sb, Be, Li, Rb and Cs. Modern precipitates associated with hot springs have high contents of Ba, Be, Fe, Ti, Hg, As, Sb and Bi. Using these geochemical data, the authors have had much success in locating hot water drill sites within geothermal fields. Case histories are described for five geothermal areas.     

西藏羊八井热田的碱金属元素研究

本文研究了西藏羊八井高温地热田及毗邻90km²范围内土壤中碱金属元素的地球化学特征,结果表明,碱金属元素锂、铷和铯可以作为一组新的地球化学指标用于热田勘查,圈定热田范围,其作用与已提出的汞、砷、锑和铋地球化学指标相类似。文章对碱金属元素在地热系统中的分布及地球化学行为、异常形成原因进行了初步的讨论。相关分析表明,这些地球化学指标有密切的相关关系,反映了具有共同成因。利用热水中的钠、钾元素作为地热温标对羊八井热田地下热水的温度进行了估算。     

根据多时相夜间MODIS LST推断的腾冲地区新生代火山岩岩浆囊分布与活动特征

腾冲火山地热区位于印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲-碰撞带的弧后活动区,是我国新生代火山-地热最为活动的地区之一.本文利用MODIS夜间月平均地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)数据,计算了研究区2001～2011年132个月的月平均地表温度,圈定了地温异常区;分析了异常区年内及年际间的平均地表温度变化趋势,推测了可能的地下岩浆囊分布位置及活动特征.研究结果表明,腾冲地区现今地下可能存在3个岩浆囊:第1个位于五合-新华-蒲川-团田一带,面积约为537km2,地温异常最明显;第2个位于朗蒲-热海-马鞍山地区,面积约为226km2,地温异常次之;第3个位于马站-曲石之间,面积约为28km2,地温异常较为明显.3个地温异常区在年内的地表温度变化趋势基本一致,而且周期性明显,均在5～6月份和8～9月份出现2个温度峰.其中朗蒲-热海-马鞍山异常区的地温变化波动最大,可能反映地下岩浆囊地热系统与地表地下水系统的对流交换活动性更强.MODIS夜间月平均地表温度数据得出的结果与测震、GPS形变、He同位素比值及最大相对地热梯度等方法推测的地温异常区范围具有很好的一致性,特别是地温异常区年内温度周期性变化的发现,表明卫星热红外遥感技术应用于地热异常实时监测与研究的巨大潜力.     

华北平原新生界盖层地温梯度图及其简要说明

本文报道新编比例尺为1:1500000的华北平原新生界盖层地温梯度图。该图以近4000口钻井的温度资料和对地温场控制因素的分析为基础,并结合地温场数学模拟计算结果编制而成。圈定全区地温梯度G>4℃/100m及大地热流q>62mw/m²的局部地热异常区44片,总面积为25000km²,为地热能勘探、开发远景规划提供了重要的科学依据。     

Geochemical constraint on origin and evolution of solutes in geothermal springs in western Yunnan,China

Geothermal resources are very rich in Yunnan, China. However, source of dissolved solutes in geothermal water and chemical evolution processes remain unclear. Geochemical and isotopic studies on geothermal springs and river waters were conducted in different petrological-tectonic units of western Yunnan, China. Geothermal waters contain Ca–HCO₃, Na–HCO₃, and Na (Ca)–SO₄ type, and demonstrate strong rock-related trace elemental distributions. Enhanced water–rock interaction increases the concentration of major and trace elements of geothermal waters. The chemical compositions of geothermal waters in the Rehai geothermal field are very complicated and different because of the magma chamber developed at the shallow depth in this area. In this geothermal field, neutral-alkaline geothermal waters with high Cl, B, Li, Rb Cs, As, Sb, and Tl contents and acid–sulfate waters with high Al, Mn, Fe, and Pb contents are both controlled by magma degassing and water–rock interaction. Geothermal waters from metamorphic, granite, and sedimentary regions (except in the Rehai area) exhibit varying B contents ranging from 3.31 mg/L to 4.49 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L to 1.24 mg/L, and <0.07 mg/L, respectively, and their corresponding δ¹¹B values range from −4.95‰ to −9.45‰, −2.57‰ to −8.85‰, and −4.02‰ to +0.06‰. The B contents of these geothermal waters are mainly controlled by leaching host rocks in the reservoir, and their δ¹¹B values usually decrease and achieve further equilibrium with its surrounding rocks, which can also be proven by the positive δ¹⁸O-shift. In addition to fluid–rock reactions, the geothermal waters from Rehai hot springs exhibit higher δ¹¹B values (−3.43‰ to +1.54‰) than those yielded from other areas because mixing with the magmatic fluids from the shallow magma. The highest δ¹¹B of steam–heated waters (pH 3.25) from the Zhenzhu spring in Rehai is caused by the fractionation induced by pH and the phase separation of coexisting steam and fluids. Given the strong water–rock interaction, some geothermal springs in western Yunnan show reservoir temperatures higher than 180 °C, which demonstrate potential for electricity generation and direct-use applications. The most potential geothermal field in western Yunnan is located in the Rehai area because of the heat transfer from the shallow magma chamber.     

北京小汤山地热田地热资源量及地热水储存量计算与评价

文章简述了小汤山地热田的开发利用历史,描述了该地热田的地质、地热地质条件。对地热井的有关参数进行了统计分析,将热田分为两个分区,采用热储法计算出基础资源量、地热资源量和地热水的静储量分别为1746．03×10^12kcal、1290×10^12keal和25．43×108m^3。     

云南腾冲热海高温地热水中汞的地球化学异常及其指示意义

汞是环境中典型有害组分,深部地热系统可能是环境中汞的重要来源之一,但当前地热成因汞的研究程度很低。本文以腾冲火山带热海水热区为研究区,开展了热泉中汞的水文地球化学研究。热海水热区内排泄的中性热泉含有异常高浓度的汞,但酸性热泉则绝大多数未检出汞。热海热泉中的汞与典型的岩浆来源组分氯相同,均主要来源于岩浆流体的混合。在中性热泉中,Hg(II)是汞的占优势地位的价态,Hg²⁺与不同形态硫化物的配合则是决定Hg(II)的形态分布的直接因素,但pH可通过控制水中硫化物的形态分布来影响Hg(II)的形态分布。Hg(II)不易挥发,故中性热泉中汞含量普遍较高;但酸性热泉中的汞受泉口氧化还原电位较高的影响,以Hg(0)为主要价态,且因Hg(0)易挥发而导致总汞含量极低。就中性热泉而言,其汞含量对水热区断裂分布有重要指示作用,原因为沿不同断裂上升的中性地热水经历的冷却方式不同,最终导致热泉汞含量也表现出显著差异。热泉汞含量对水热系统结构研究有借鉴意义。     

Geothermal potential of Egypt

One hundred and sixty samples of groundwater from nearly all parts of Egypt have been collected and chemically analyzed in order to assess the country's geothermal potential. The samples considered to be thermal include 20 wells (T > 35°C), 4 springs (T > 30°C) and 1 spring not included in the present inventory. The remaining samples, together with data from the literature, establish background chemistry. The hottest springs are located along the east shore of the Gulf of Suez: Uyun Musa (48°C) and 'Ain Hammam Faraoun (70°C). Additional warm springs are located along both shores of the Gulf of Suez and this region is the most promising for geothermal development. The Eastern Desert of Egypt, particularly the coastal area adjacent to the Red Sea has above normal heat flow ( ~ 72.0 < mWm⁻²) and therefore some geothermal potential although only one thermal well (Umm Kharga: 35.8°C) could be located, In the major oases of the Western Desert (Kharga, Dakhla, Farafra and Bahariya), the regional temperature gradient is low (< 20°C/km), but many of the wells tap deep artesian aquifers and produce large volumes of water in the 35–43°C range. Such wells constitute a low temperature geothermal resource. None of our samples in northern Egypt can be considered thermal including several reported “hot springs.” Application of the silica, NaKCa. and NaKCaMg geothermometers does not indicate the presence of a high temperature geothermal resource at any area we visited.     

冀中牛驼镇凸起地温场的特点及地下热水的开发利用

牛驼镇凸起是冀中拗陷中一个显著的次级正向构造,其地理位置见图1。1973—1978年进行石油普查和勘探时,在该区相继发现了地下热水,引起了人们的注意,先后对热水的分布有过报道和论述^[1,2]。鉴于牛驼镇凸起(包括容城凸起)地热异常在华北平原具有代表性,我们在石油部门的协助下,在本区较系统地开展了地温测量并收集有关资料进行研究。本文试图剖析这个典型地区地温场的特点,作为圈定和预测华北平原地热异常区以及分析地下热水分布规律的基础。     

综合物化探方法在朱拉扎嘎金矿的应用

朱拉扎嘎金矿,经综合物化探普查,在大面积覆盖区发现0.5km²高视极化率、中低视电阻率激电异常和低缓磁异常。已施工的8个钻孔均见矿,估算黄金储量大于30t。沿走向,激电异常在北东、南西两端有大幅度向外延伸趋势,可能是深部硫化物矿层向外延伸的反映。     

Thermal regime at the Upper Stillwater dam site, Uinta mountains, Utah: Implications for terrain, microclimate and structural corrections in heat flow studies

A detailed study of the subsurface thermal regime at the Upper Stillwater dam site, Uinta Mountains, northeast Utah, has been made. Temperature measurements were made in 36 drillholes located within a 1 km² area and ranging in depth from 20 to 97 m. Holes less than about 40 m deep were used only to obtain information about spatial variations in mean annual surface temperature. Several holes in or near talus slopes at the sides of the canyons have temperature minima approaching 0°C between 10 and 20 m indicating the presence of year-round ice at the base of the talus. Another set of holes show transient thermal effects of surface warming resulting from clearing of a construction site 3.5 years prior to our measurements. Most of the remaining holes show conductive behavior and have gradients ranging from 13° to 17°C km⁻¹. Measurements made on 44 core samples yield a thermal conductivity of 5.6 (std. dev. 0.35) W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ for the Precambrian quartzite present. Surface heat flow estimates for these holes range from 70 to 100 mW m⁻². However, the local disturbance of the thermal field by topography and microclimate is considerable. A finite difference method used to model these effects yielded a locally corrected Upper Stillwater heat flow of about 75 mW m⁻². A final correction to account for the effects of refraction of heat from the low conductivity sedimentary rocks in the Uinta Basin into the high conductivity quartzite at the dam site, produced a regionally corrected Upper Stillwater heat flow between 60 and 65 mW m⁻². This value is consistent with the observed heat flow of 60 mW m⁻² in the Green River Basin to the north and the Uinta Basin to the south.     

高温热田上金矿化的初步研究

本文首次描述了云南热海热田和西藏羊八井热田上Au、Ag的试验成果,发现热田上方土壤和岩石中Au、Ag有较高的含量,并伴有Hg、As、Sb、Bi、Pb、Tl等元素异常,指出热田上可能有金矿化存在以及热田上找Au是有利的。     

江苏地温水温场特征及地热异常分布规律与控制条件探讨

江苏地温分布的一般规律是：坳陷区地温高于隆起区，坳陷区中次级正向构造高于负向构造，隆起区中则相反，此外，地温随深度加大而增高，全省的第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ含水层中，共划盼出热水异常３５个，按平面分布的重叠性归并为２１个地热异常，其中大部分可归纳为个异常带，扬子准地台区是本省地热异常的主要分布区。     

北京地区地热资源特征与区划研究

北京市地热资源属于沉积盆地型中低温地热资源,目前已有50年集中开发利用历史。经过多年开发利用,已突显出一系列问题。为合理确定北京市地热资源开发利用方向,服务首都城市功能,建设宜居城市,本文通过资料收集分析、野外地热地质补充调查及水化学取样,分析了北京地区地温场分布特征、水化学特征、同位素特征,其中研究表明热储顶板温度高于80℃的地区主要分布在北京凹陷中心和大兴迭隆起南部的凤河营附近;北京地区地热水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na型水。并开展了地热资源温度区划、地热资源开发利用方案区划及开发利用潜力区划。综合考虑地热田划分、地热资源特征、地热资源潜力区划,结合开采程度、资源条件及地区经济发展的需要,进行了地热资源保护区划,将其划分为限制开采区、控制开采区、鼓励开采区和其他地区,其面积分别为378.65 km2、562.88 km2、1612.07 km2、3722.31 km2。本文分析研究,对掌握北京市地热资源总体特征、了解地热流体补给来源、制定地热资源保护区划、合理开发利用地热资源具有重要指导意义。     

Preliminary assessment of the geothermal potential of Rosario de la Frontera area (Salta,NW Argentina): Insight from hydro-geological,hydro-geochemical and structural investigations

This work is part of a project aimed to the development and application of hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical and geological methodologies for the study of the geothermal system of Rosario de La Frontera (NW Argentina).The surface thermal manifestations of this area, whose temperatures range from 22.6 to 92.6 °C, are mainly located in the northern sector of Sierra de la Candelaria anticline. This regional structure crops out between the provinces of Salta and Tucuman (NW Argentina), at the foothills of the central Andean retro-wedge.The present investigation focuses on hydrogeological and structural data, and isotopic compositions (¹⁸O, D and ³H) of thermal springs.Preliminary results allowed to define: i) the meteoric origin of spring water and their long (more than 50 years) residence time at depth, ii) a positive water balance, ranging between 2 and 4 millions of m³/yr, and iii) a conservative geothermal reservoir volume of about 39 km³, iv) a geothermal potential with Er = 5.6*10¹⁸ J and Ef = 0.8*10¹⁸ J.     

基于示踪试验及动态数据的北京小汤山地区地热资源量评价

北京市地热资源丰富,开发历史悠久,用户众多。为科学合理评价地热资源潜力,更好地可持续开发利用地热资源。结合实际开采利用情况,充分考虑了回灌的影响,并以小汤山热田详细勘察资料和长序列的监测数据为基础,采用示踪试验和数值计算方法,给出了典型地热井要保持100 a温度不下降可持续开发利用的地热流体资源量为340 m3/h;结合地热流体温度监测数据,发现年均净开采量与年均水位下降成对数相关性,且在保持地热流体温度不发生显著变化的前提下,年均水位下降2.0 m,可以保障的最少年均可开采量为365.1×104m3。结合小汤山热田多年的开发利用资料和经验,提出合理科学可持续的开发利用地热资源,必须坚持“以热定采,以灌定采”模式。     

Occurrence and evolution of the Xiaotangshan hot spring in Beijing, China

Thermal groundwater occurs in bedrock aquifers consisting of the dolomite of the Wumishan Group of the Jixianin System and the Cambrian carbonate in the Xiaotangshan geothermal field near the northern margin of the North China Plain, China. The hot water in the geothermal field of basin-type discharges partly in the form of the Xiaotangshan hot spring under natural conditions. The hot water has TDS of less than 600 mg/L and is of Na·Ca-HCO₃ type. The geothermal water receives recharge from precipitation in the mountain area with elevation of about 500 m above sea level to the north of the spring. Thermal groundwater flows slowly south and southeast through a deep circulation with a residence time of 224 years estimated with the Ra–Rn method. The Xiaotangshan hot spring dried up in the middle of the 1980s owing to the increasing withdrawal of the hot water in the geothermal field in the past decades. The water level of the geothermal system still falls continually at an annual average rate of about 2 m, although water temperature changes very little, indicating that the recharge of such a geothermal system of basin-type is limited. Over-exploitation has a dramatic impact on the geothermal system, and reduction in exploitation and reinjection are required for the sustainable usage of the hot water.     

北京北部地区深层热水开发对浅层冷水的影响

北京北部有小汤山和沙河2个地热田,呈三角形展布,东部边界为黄庄-高丽营断裂,西部边界为南口-孙河断裂．北部边界为阿苏卫-小汤山断裂。热储层为蓟县系雾迷山组、铁岭组和寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙含水层．热储盖层为青白口系页岩、石炭系-二叠系砂页岩和侏罗系火山岩隔水层。该区雨水、浅层基岩冷水和深层基岩热水的H、O同位素组成基本上都落在克雷格降水线上,表明区内冷水与热水均来源于大气降水。热水的^3H值表现出北高南低的特点．说明热水与冷水一样自北向南流动。重点分析了深层热水开采对浅层地震观测井中冷水动态的影响,以及这种影响在不同的水文地质条件、离开采井不同距离和不同测项方面表现出的差异。结果表明,北京北部深层热水开采对浅层冷水动态的影响距离约为5km．对位于导水断裂带附近的观测井的影响最为明显。     

北京小汤山地区第四系高氟地下水与地热水关系研究

北京小汤山地区第四系深层地下水氟含量普遍超标, 严重制约区域供水。在收集整理基础地质、水文地质、地热地质资料基础上, 开展第四系高氟地下水与地热水之间关系研究工作。研究表明: 小汤山地区位于复式背斜的核部区域, 该区热储层与第四系地层直接接触并形成水力“天窗”, 受构造应力影响在热储层发育大量张性裂隙, 加之上覆第四系盖层结构松散且厚度较薄, 导致该区成为地热富集带; 在高温高压环境下, 地热水中氟化物含量普遍较高, 地热水上涌同第四系深层地下水发生热流-冷流的混合作用, 导致第四系深层地下水中氟化物含量升高, 形成第四系高氟地下水。