西藏高原高寒草地的多功能性及其阈值（英文）

生态系统可以同时提供多种功能和服务。对生态系统多功能性的认知有助于我们准确评估系统承载能力,并对维持系统可持续发展至关重要。但是,由于单个功能之间往往存在显著的相关性,且彼此非独立,使得准确量化生态系统多功能性具有很大的挑战。我们根据实地调查和遥感收集的NDVI数据,通过整合四个重要的单个功能,量化了青藏高原高寒草地多功能性的空间格局。在此基础上,对沿青藏高原北部样带分布的四种主要草地类型的多功能性值进行提取,区分了气候和放牧强度对多功能性的影响。结果表明多功能性在高寒草甸具有很高的值。多功能性的低值在不同草地类型中是具有可比性的。年降水量可以解释多功能性沿四种不同草地类型的较大变异,即对多功能性有显著正向影响。放牧强度可以进一步解释多功能性的变化,即对四种草地类型的多功能性有显著负向影响。地下生物量、有机碳以及物种丰富度的持续快速下降导致了多功能性的急剧衰退,此时,裸土覆盖率达到了75%,对应的多功能性值为0.233。我们的研究结果首次展示了高寒草地多功能性的空间格局。多功能性的迅速下降表明,在植被覆盖率降低到25%之后,多功能性可能会崩溃,还会伴随着物种和其他个别功能的快速丧失。本研究可为高寒草地的可持续发展和退化草地恢复提供依据和指导。     

高寒矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）草甸能量平衡和闭合状况的初步研究

在青藏高原北部海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区，利用涡度相关法观测的2002年和2003年净辐射通量（Rn）、潜热通量（LE）、显热通量（H）、土壤热通量（G）等数据，分析了该地区能量分配的日、季节变化特征及能量闭合状况。结果表明，高寒矮嵩草草甸Rn、LE、H和G均呈现出日、季节变化规律。在能量分配过程中，不同季节LE、H和G占Rn的比例有所不同，降水丰富的暖季表现出LE〉H〉G，降水稀少的冷季表现出H〉LE〉G。就2a平均来看LE、H、G分别占Rn的34．0％、33．6％和-0．34％。能量平衡比率（EBR）日变化呈现白天高夜晚低，年变化呈现弱的季节趋势，全年平均在0．68，其中冷季稍大，暖季稍小。EBR与土壤容积含水量具有一定的负线性相关，与气温则呈现指数负相关关系。     

铵态氮沉降对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草地CO_2通量的影响（英文）

大气氮沉降可能会影响陆地生态系统的碳通量。本文主要目的是探讨在氮素缺乏的草地生态系统中,氮素添加是否会增加CO2通量。本研究于2008和2009生长季进行,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究CO2通量对氮沉降增加的响应。结果表明,2年的氮素添加并没有显著影响土壤NH4+含量,NO3-含量只是在2009年生长季后期有所增加。高氮处理增加了CO2通量,而低氮处理在2008年抑制了CO2通量,2009年后期增加了CO2通量。而且氮素添加显著增加了地上生物量和根系的生物量。CO2通量与土壤水分、土壤温度的关系并没有因为氮素的添加而改变,但是氮素添加增加了CO2通量对土壤水分和土壤温度的敏感性。这些结果表明,在未来大气氮沉降增加的背景下,呼伦贝尔草甸草原CO2通量有可能会增加。     

草盛期不同类型高寒草甸CO2释放速率的比较研究

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2 emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm^-2h^-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41±191.99 mgm^-2h^-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm^-2h^-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm^-2h^-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm^-2h^-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia hurnilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m^-2h^-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm^-2 and 243.89 gm^-2 respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture maybe the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research     

长期实验增温对藏北高寒草甸群落营养品质的影响（英文）

草地营养品质与家畜和野生草食动物的幼畜补充和种群动态密切相关。然而,在青藏高原特别是藏北高原,高寒草甸营养品质对气候变暖的响应还没有得到充分的认识。本研究调查了藏北三个高寒草甸样地(A:4313 m、B:4513 m和C:4693 m,实验从2008年开始)的长期实验增温对群落营养品质的影响。基于2018–2019年的粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗脂肪(EE)和水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量,发现实验增温仅使样地B 2019年的CP含量增加了27.25%,ADF增加了89.93%,NDF增加了41.20%,Ash含量减少了57.76%。CP和WSC的含量均随土壤含水量(SM)的增加而增加,CP含量随饱和水汽压差(VPD)的增加而降低。SM和VPD对CP含量、ADF含量和营养品质变异的总的解释度大于气温。与气温相比,VPD更能解释NDF和Ash的变化。因此,气候变暖对藏北高原高寒草甸群落营养品质的影响随着地点和年份的不同而不同;与温度相比,水的有效性对藏北高原高寒草甸群落营养品质的影响更大。     

模拟增温对青藏高原高寒草甸群落碳氮计量学的影响（英文）

低温是影响青藏高原生态系统的重要限制因子。本研究基于青藏高原三个海拔(4300 m、4500 m、4700 m)上的模拟增温实验平台(开顶式增温箱,open top chambers,OTC),观测了2011年8–9月和2012年8月的高寒草甸生态系统的群落地上和地下碳氮计量学特征。结果表明:模拟增温显著增加了21.4%的2011年9月4500 m的群落地上氮含量,显著降低了3.9%的2012年8月4300 m的群落地上碳含量,而对其他情况下的群落碳氮计量学特征无显著影响;模拟增温显著增加了5.5%的2011年8月4500 m的群落地下碳含量,显著增加了28.0%的2011年9月4300 m的群落地下碳氮比,显著降低了15.7%的2011年9月4700 m的群落地下氮含量,显著降低了34.3%的2012年8月4700 m的群落地下碳含量,显著降低了37.9%的2012年8月4700m的群落地下碳氮比,而对其他情况下的群落碳氮计量学特征无显著影响。因此,模拟增温对不同海拔高度和不同月份的群落碳氮计量学的影响不一致,土壤铵态氮与硝态氮含量是影响植物群落碳氮计量学的主要因子。     

西藏高寒草甸冠层光合参数的遥感估算：站点研究（英文）

太阳辐射驱动的植物光合作用是所有生物圈功能的基础。高寒草甸生态系统范围广,土壤碳密度高,气候变化剧烈,因此是高寒生态系统关键过程响应气候变化的指示器。然而,对高寒草甸生态系统光合作用的主要参数,包括被冠层吸收的光合有效辐射占比(FPAR)、冠层消光系数(k)和冠层叶面积指数(LAI)季节动态的研究较为缺乏。利用2009–2011年太阳辐射各组分和植被叶面积指数观测,分别估算了位于西藏自治区当雄县一个典型的高寒草地生态系统的这三个光合参数,并与最新MODIS(collection6)遥感FPAR(FPAR_MOD)和LAI产品(LAI_MOD)进行了对比。此外,基于比尔–朗伯吸收定律和MODIS植被指数产品(归一化植被指数NDVI和增强型植被指数EVI),本研究介绍了一个纯遥感手段估算高寒草甸生态系统植被冠层光合参数季节动态的方法。结果表明:2009–2011年该研究区高寒草甸日均FPAR分别是0.33、0.37和0.35,所有4个基于遥感的FPAR产品,包括FPAR_MOD、基于比尔–朗伯吸收定律(常数化消光系数为0.5)估算的FPAR_LAI,以及2个利用MODIS植被指数产品与FPAR地面观测(FAPRg)建立非线性统计模型估算的FPAR(FPAR_NDVI和FPAR_EVI)均对FPARg的年内季节变异做出了很好的解释。相比而言,FPAR_MOD严重低估了FPARg,低估量超过了FPARg本身的40%;FPAR_LAI也明显低估了FPARg,低估量将近20%,这主要是由于比尔–朗伯吸收定律中k值在整个生长季都被设置为常数0.5,因此用FPAR_LAI去校准FPAR_MOD在该高寒草甸不是一个科学合理的方法。通过遥感估算,该高寒草甸的k值存在明显的季节变异,变异范围是0.19–2.95。考虑k值的季节变化后,FPAR_NDVI和FPAR_EVI明显地提高了对FPARg的估算精度,二者对FPARg虽然有轻微的高估,但高估量均不到5%(RMSE=0.05)。基于植被指数(NDVI和EVI)模拟的FPAR和k的季节动态,利用比尔–朗伯吸收定律估算的植被叶面积指数(LAI_NDVI和LAI_EVI)明显提高了遥感LAI_MOD产品的准确度。本研究揭示了基于比尔–朗伯吸收定律,植被指数构建的遥感模型可以提供该高寒草甸FPAR、k和LAI季节动态简单而有效的估算方法。     

模拟降雨条件下泥沙荷载随坡面侵蚀过程的变化（英文）

It is of great significance to quantify sediment load changing with erosion processes for improving the precision of soil loss prediction. Indoor rainfall experiments were conducted in 2 rainfall intensities(90 mm·h~(-1) and 120 mm·h~(-1)), four slope gradients(17.60%, 26.80%, 36.40%, 46.60%) and 2 slope lengths(5 m, 10 m). Erosion processes are divided into five stages. Results show that sediment yield is mainly sourced from rill erosion, contributing from 54.60% to 95.70% and the duration of which is extended by slope gradients. Sediment load and sediment concentration are significantly different along erosion stages, with the highest values in rill development stage(SIV). Surface flow velocities(interrill and rill) demonstrate less significant differences along erosion stages. Rainfall intensity increases sediment load in all stages, with up to 12.0 times higher when changing from 90 to 120 mm·h~(-1). There is an increasing trend for sediment load and sediment concentration with the rising slope gradient, however, fluctuations existed with the lowest values on 26.80% and 36.40%, respectively, among different treatments. The slope gradient effects are enhanced by rainfall intensity and slope length. Results from this study are important for validating and improving hillslope erosion modelling at each erosion stage.     

青藏高原高寒沼泽化草甸总初级生产力的遥感估算:多模型比较（英文）

青藏高原沼泽化草甸是土壤有机碳密度最高,对气候变化最敏感的高寒生态系统。对其生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)持续准确的量化是掌握站点到全球尺度的碳循环的关键。涡度相关技术(EC)是测量生态系统碳通量的最佳途径,而遥感模型可以实现从生态系统迹点(footprints)到区域乃至全球的尺度扩展。但是,大多遥感估算模型的适用性在这种高寒沼泽化草甸上并没有得到验证。本研究选取了四个近年来被广泛运用的遥感估算GPP的模型,即MODIS算法(MOD)、植被光合模型(VPM)、光合能力模型(PCM)和高寒植被模型(AVM)对青藏高原中部的一个典型高寒草甸生态系统的GPP进行了估算。结果显示:所有遥感模型对GPP的年内季节变异都有很好的解释(R20.89,P0.0001),但很难解释其年际变化。与日均EC_GPP相比,VPM严重的低估了该生态系统的GPP,其估测值大约仅为EC观测值的54%。但是,其他三个模型可以较准确地进行GPP估算:相比之下,AVM可以反演94.5%的EC观测,相对于EC观测的均方根误差(RMSE)最小(1.47 g C m~(-2));PCM对EC_GPP有微小的高估(约12.0%的EC观测值),而MODR对EC_GPP有微弱的低估(约8.1%的EC观测值),但二者的偏差都不显著。本研究表明AVM对该高寒沼泽化草甸的GPP估算比其他较复杂的GPP估算模型更有优势。     

不同气候情景下汉江上游洪水调节服务时空变化特征（英文）

Extreme rainstorm and the subsequent flood increasingly threaten the security of human society and ecological environment with aggravation of global climate change and anthropogenic activity in recent years. Therefore, the research on flood mitigation service(FMS) of ecosystem should be paid more attention to mitigate the risk. In this paper, we assessed FMS in the Upper Reaches of Hanjiang River(URHR), China from 2000 to 2014 using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number(SCS-CN) model, and further simulated the future FMS under two climate scenarios(in 2020 and 2030). The results reveal that the FMS presented a fluctuating rising trend in the URHR from 2000 to 2014. The FMS in southern URHR was higher than that of northern URHR, and the change rate of FMS in the upstream of URHR(western URHR) was higher than the downstream of URHR(eastern URHR). The future FMS under scenarios of Medium-High Emissions(A2) and Medium-Low Emissions(B2) will decrease consistently. As land use/land cover changes in the URHR are negligible, we concluded that the change in FMS was mainly driven by climate change, such as storm and runoff. Our study highlights that climate scenarios analysis should be incorporated into the assessment of hydrologic-related services to facilitate regional water resources management.     

不同气候变化情景下亚洲北山羊（Capra sibirica）的响应（英文）

目前很少见到关于气候变化影响亚洲北山羊物种栖息地的研究。通过调查气候变化对塔吉克斯坦东部亚洲北山羊(Capra sibirica)分布的影响,并采用生态位建模比较了亚洲北山羊的适宜栖息地的当前与未来分布情况。预计到2070年,现有适宜栖息地的18%(2689 km^2)将变得不适宜亚洲北山羊的生存,损失的区域主要位于研究区域的东南部和西北部地区。新的适宜栖息地可能会扩展到当前亚洲北山羊范围之外:到2070年将扩展30%(4595 km^2)的范围,这些区域与亚洲北山羊现有的分布有很强的相关性。东南部的损失与该地区当前大多数的亚洲北山羊栖息地重叠,主要出现在比研究区域海拔低得多的区域(3500–4000 m)。当同时考虑损失和收益时,亚洲北山羊可能会净扩展到新的适宜栖息地。到2070年,亚洲北山羊的平均栖息地增加量约为30%(1379 km^2),表明适宜栖息地已向北部低温栖息地转移。研究结果有助于规划气候变化情景下塔吉克斯坦东部山区对生物多样性保护的潜在影响。应该特别注意东南地区的高地山羊种群,那里的栖息地可能由于气候对山区生态系统的影响而变得不适合该物种继续生存。     

中国亚热带混交林土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量对氮、磷和酸添加的响应（英文）

理解土壤可利用性氮(N)如何与土壤酸化和可利用性磷(P)共同作用影响土壤-大气界面CO_2、CH_4和N_2O气体交换,对于揭示生态系统对氮沉降增加的响应机制尤为重要。本研究在中国亚热带地区混交林中设置了N、P和酸添加实验以理清在N添加下酸和P添加如何影响CO_2、CH_4和N_2O气体交换。结果表明,(1)N添加显著增加了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮,对CO_2释放无影响;(2)N、P、N+P和N+P+酸分别降低了21.1%、15.7%、39.1%、26.6%和28.4%的CH_4;相比于N、P单独添加,NP共同添加降低了CH_4吸收,表明N添加和P添加在抑制CH_4吸收上具有加和效应;(3)N、N+P、N+酸和N+P+酸分别增加了158.6%、176.0%、117.2%和91.8%的N_2O释放;N_2O释放在N+P+酸处理中显著低于N+P处理,与N添加和N+酸添加无显著差异,表明在N添加下,仅P丰富的条件下,酸添加才能够缓解N_2O释放。我们的结果证实,在N和P共同限制的酸性土壤森林生态系统,低P将会抑制N沉降引起的土壤CH_4吸收。低P时,N沉降引起的土壤酸化与其引发的N_2O释放无关。     

整合分析增温和增CO_2对土壤微生物的影响（英文）

土壤微生物在陆地生态系统碳氮循环中起着重要作用。气候变暖和CO_2浓度增加是气候变化的两个重要方面。本研究整合分析了实验增温和CO_2浓度增加对土壤微生物量和群落结构的影响。生态系统类型主要包括森林生态系统和草地生态系统。增温方法包括开顶式增温小室和热红外增温。增温时间有全天增温、白天增温和晚上增温。实验增温增加了土壤放线菌和腐生真菌,而CO_2浓度增加减少了土壤革兰氏阳性细菌。实验增温对土壤革兰氏阴性细菌和总的磷脂脂肪酸量的影响随着年均温和年降水量的增加而减少。实验增温对土壤总的磷脂脂肪酸量、细菌含量、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌的量的影响随着海拔的升高而增加。实验增温增加了草地生态系统的土壤总的磷脂脂肪酸量和放线菌含量,并增加了森林生态系统的土壤真菌和细菌的比值。开顶式增温小室增加了土壤革兰氏阴性细菌,而红外增温减少了土壤真菌和细菌的比值。白天增温增加了土壤革兰氏阴性细菌,而全天增温没有改变土壤革兰氏阴性细菌。因此,实验增温对土壤微生物的影响与生态系统类型、实验增温方法、增温时间、海拔和当地的气候条件有关。     

围栏封育对不同类型高寒草地植物及土壤养分的影响（英文）

围栏封育是高寒草地最为常见的保育方式,不同类型草地的封育效应可能会存在差异。开展该方面的研究,可以评估围栏封育对草地恢复的效应,为藏北高原不同类型退化草地的恢复措施提供科学依据。本研究以藏北地区的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠3类草地为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析对生物量、叶片–土壤养分含量以及化学计量比进行差异性检验,探讨了围栏封育对这3类高寒草地植物和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,围栏封育能显著提高这3类草地群落的地上生物量,但仅提高了10–20 cm高寒荒漠的地下生物量;围栏封育显著提高了高寒荒漠优势植物叶片的养分含量和10–20 cm土壤中全氮、全钾、有机碳的含量,并显著改变了C、N、P之间的化学计量比;而在高寒草甸和高寒草原围栏封育仅仅显著增加了高寒草原中优势物种叶片的N含量,其他养分指标和化学计量比均没有表现出显著的差异。以上结果表明,从植物和土壤养分来看,围栏封育对高寒荒漠草地的保育作用最为显著。     

长期不同氮添加条件下内蒙古典型草原土壤呼吸动态特征及其影响因素（英文）

为了探讨不同氮(N)添加条件下内蒙古典型草原土壤呼吸(Rs)动态特征及其影响因素。我们选取内蒙古典型草原样地,设置不同氮添加水平(0、2、4、8、16、32 g m~(–2) yr~(–1)),测定土壤呼吸及土壤温、湿度,土壤养分。结果表明:(1)氮添加不改变土壤呼吸的动态变化规律,其日动态与季节动态均呈单峰曲线;(2)氮添加降低了生长季的土壤呼吸,N2、N4、N8、N16和N32处理下的Rs分别比对照N0降低了24.00%、21.93%、23.49%、30.78%和28.20%,然而非生长季各个月份的土壤呼吸在不同氮梯度下均无显著差异;(3)土壤呼吸与土壤温度、湿度均呈显著正相关,温度和湿度分别可解释土壤呼吸速率的72%–97%变异和74%–82%变异。不同氮添加处理的土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q_(10)在2.27–4.16之间,除N8处理下土壤呼吸Q_(10)值略高于对照,其它氮添加水平均降低了Q_(10)。     

青藏高原高寒草地总初级生产力变化的驱动机制及其对草地分类管理的启示（英文）

气候变化和人类活动对植被生产力的相对贡献尚未有足够的认识。本研究基于过程模型模拟了2000–2015年气候因子主导的青藏高原高寒草地的总初级生产力(GPPp),并将MODIS的总初级生产力作为人类活动和气候变化共同作用下的总初级生产力(GPPa)。人类活动消耗的总初级生产力(GPPh)等于GPPp减去GPPa。约75.63%和24.37%面积的GPPa分别表现为增加和减少趋势。气候变化和人类活动分别主导了约42.90%和32.72%面积的GPPa的增加。相反,气候变化和人类活动分别主导了约16.88%和7.49%面积的GPPa的减少。草甸的GPPp和GPPh的变化趋势的绝对值分别大于草原的GPPp和GPPh的变化趋势的绝对值。所有海拔的GPPp的变化都大于GPPh的变化,当海拔≥5000m(草甸)、4600m(草原)或4800m(草甸+草原)时,GPPp和GPPh都表现为降低趋势,这表明气候变化主导着海拔5000 m(草甸)、4600 m(草原)、4800 m(草甸+草原)以下的GPPa,而人类活动的减少主导着海拔5000 m(草甸),4600 m(草原)、4800 m(草甸+草原)及其以上海拔的GPPa。因此,GPPa变化的原因随着海拔、区域和草地类型的变化而变化,草地应该采用分类管理。     

中等排放情景下中国未来不同强度降雨对总降雨贡献的区域差异（2006―2100年）

采用RCP6.0中等排放情景下2006―2100年WRF 30 km×30 km日值降雨数据,根据中国气象局颁布的降雨强度等级划分标准,探究了中国不同强度降雨及其对总降雨贡献的变化趋势的空间差异特征。结果表明：1）在雨量上,中等排放情景下2006―2100年中国不同强度降雨呈现出不同的空间分异格局。小雨和中雨自东北向西南呈“高―低―高”的三块式空间分布特征;大雨、暴雨、大暴雨和总暴雨均呈“东南高,西北低”的分异格局;特大暴雨仅东南沿海的部分地区分布较多;总降雨呈“南方高,北方次之,西北低”的空间分异格局。2）在雨量贡献率上,强降雨对总降雨的贡献率普遍存在“东南高,西北低”特征,而弱降雨对总降雨的贡献率恰恰相反;不同强度暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率也有类似分布特征。3）在雨量变化趋势上,中国不同强度降雨变化趋势呈现出不同的空间分异格局,但强降雨呈增加趋势的区域显著多于呈减少趋势的区域。4）在雨量贡献率变化趋势上,强（弱）降雨对总降雨的贡献率呈增加（减少）趋势的区域占主导,强降雨对总降雨的贡献率呈增加趋势的地区明显多于弱降雨。5）在不同强度暴雨对总暴雨贡献率的变化趋势上,大暴雨和特大暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率呈增加趋势的区域明显多于暴雨。预估结果表明,中国东部降雨在朝着极端化方向发展。     

不同利用模式下内蒙古自治区草地生态系统服务供给的对比分析（英文）

Although several previous studies in Inner Mongolia examined the effects of ecological conservation on the delivery of ecosystem services, they were often limited in scope(few ecosystem services were assessed) and often suffered from confounding by spatial variation. In this study, we examined the impact of conservation measures(changes in grassland utilization patterns) on the provision of selected ecosystem services in three types of grasslands(meadow steppe in Hulun Buir, typical steppe in Xilin Gol, and semi-desert steppe in Ordos) in Inner Mongolia. We examined five utilization patterns: no use(natural grasslands), light use, moderate use, intensive use, and recovery sites(degraded sites protected from further use). Through household surveys and vegetation and soil surveys, we measured the differences in ecosystem services among the different grassland utilization patterns. We also identified spatial factors that confounded the quantification of ecosystem services in different types of grasslands. We found that light use generally provided high levels of ecosystem services in meadow steppe and typical steppe, with the main differences in the supporting ecosystem services. Surprisingly, we found no consistently positive impacts of strict conservation activities across the sites, since the results varied spatially and with respect to differences in the land-use patterns. Our study suggests that appropriate grassland utilization patterns can enhance the supply of ecosystem services and reduce negative effects on both household livelihoods and the environment.     

气候变化背景下红火蚁在中国的潜在分布区变化（英文）

The red imported fire ant(RIFA, Solenopsis invicta), a notorious invasive insect, has received considerable attention owing to its impacts on native biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. Under global warming, the inhabitable area of the RIFA may be enlarged. However, few studies have focused on the potential range expansion of the RIFA in East Asia. Using a process-based physiological model, we simulated the potential range of the RIFA in China based on gridded temperature datasets for the current(2004–2012) and future(2090–2100) climates under Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5. It was found that the southeastern part of China(below 32°N) is suitable for RIFA proliferation. The present distribution area of the RIFA corresponds well with the potential range simulated by the model. In the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 warming scenarios, the inhabitable area of the RIFA along the northern boundary would on average extend 101.3±85.7(mean±SD) and 701.2±156.9 km, respectively, by the end of the 21 st century. Therefore, future climate change would significantly affect the inhabitable area of the RIFA. Our results provide the basis for local quarantine officials to curtail accidental introductions of this insect, especially in the certain and possible infestation zones.     

街道网络视角下北京旧城商业中心的演变过程和作用机制（英文）

The synergistic relationship between urban functions and street networks has always been a focus in the field of urban research and practice.From the perspective of street networks,by adopting space syntax,this study analyzed the deep structural characteristics and potential evolution rules of commercial blocks attached to street networks in different periods,as well as the corresponding economic,political,and cultural characteristics of ancient Beijing city over the past 800 years.By combining these with changes in the street network,we further explained the function mechanism of layout and level adjustment in commercial blocks,and the influence of the street network on commercial blocks in the process of historical change.The main conclusions included the following:(1) The urban centripetal-centrifugal siphon effect:the layout form,topological structure,and traffic mode changes in the street network had corresponding guidance for the layout and hierarchical system of commercial blocks,while the centripetal development of the street network could guide the agglomeration effect of commercial blocks,although centrifugal development caused commercial blocks to display outward evacuation.(2) Stage transformation from mutation node to smooth development:the layout of commercial blocks came to depend on the ability to cross the commuting flow center,which originally relied on the accessibility of transportation nodes as local centers.Changes in traffic modes mainly affected the adjustment of the first-level commercial blocks,which easily led to overall layout mutation.Traffic levels have an obvious positive hierarchical relation with the second-and third-level commercial blocks.(3) The adaptation of traditional commercial blocks to the needs of a modern city:affected by the different emerging times and unevenness of the original commercial foundation,commercial blocks have formed various developmental models that meet the needs of modernization,and reach a balance between cultural continuity and functional adaptation.