中国海相碳酸盐岩评价中有关有机质丰度下限的几点讨论

综述了中国海相碳酸盐岩有机质下限研究的若干进展,认为针对不同需求,应提出碳酸盐岩烃源岩最低下限、有效烃源岩下限、战略选区下限3个不同的下限标准.高成熟碳酸盐岩原始有机质丰度恢复一直存在争议,根据生烃动力学,结合热史,可实现原始有机质总量的恢复.碳酸盐岩中泥质与有机质丰度、排烃能力是否相关仍存在争论,认为碳酸盐岩中泥质的作用仍有待进一步研究.     

中国海相碳酸盐岩评价中有关有机质丰度下限的几点讨论

综述了中国海相碳酸盐岩有机质下限研究的若干进展,认为针对不同需求,应提出碳酸盐岩烃源岩最低下限、有效烃源岩下限、战略选区下限3个不同的下限标准。高成熟碳酸盐岩原始有机质丰度恢复一直存在争议,根据生烃动力学,结合热史,可实现原始有机质总量的恢复。碳酸盐岩中泥质与有机质丰度、排烃能力是否相关仍存在争论,认为碳酸盐岩中泥质的作用仍有待进一步研究。     

Characterization of low-molecular-weight organic acids isolated from the Toarcian argillite pore water (Tournemire site,France)

Bacterial activity in the near-field environment of radioactive waste disposal facilities in deep argillaceous rocks is currently under investigation. Bacterial development could be enhanced by the availability of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOA) dissolved in the pore water of clayey rocks. This study firstly aimed at isolating and characterizing the LMWOA of the Toarcian argillite from the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory (France, Aveyron). It also aimed at assessing the disturbing effects that could be induced by a disposal facility on the type and release of LMWOA (exposure to oxygen, alkaline pH, temperature increase). Under the experimental conditions investigated at 60 °C, the mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is about 15 mg L⁻¹ with a LMWOA proportion of 35 %. The main LMWOA are composed of formate, fumarate, propionate, acetate, and lactate. DOC is mainly influenced by both temperature and pH increases, whereas the LMWOA type nature and release are more specifically affected by the exposure to oxygen.     

东昆仑造山带大水沟中酸性侵入岩的形成时代及岩石地球化学特征

对东昆仑造山带东段大水沟一带开展锆石U-Pb测年和岩石地球化学研究.获得英云闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年为(402±2)Ma,属早泥盆世华力西期.岩石地球化学特征显示:Al饱和指数A/CNK集中在0.946~1.077之间;轻重稀土比值LREE/HREE在2.94~18.93范围,显示轻稀土富集;δEu在0.01~0.85之间,属于Eu亏损型;δCe在0.95~1.23之间,反映出无异常—轻微富集.岩体整体显示以I型花岗岩为主的特点,结合构造环境判别图解,综合判断大水沟一带中酸性侵入岩属东昆仑东段早泥盆世后碰撞造山花岗岩.     

低程度勘探区有效烃源岩的识别与平面成图——以塔里木盆地孔雀河地区为例

塔里木盆地孔雀河低勘探区有效烃源岩的识别是在潜在烃源岩的基础上进行的。孔雀河地区的潜在烃源岩包括古生界的暗色泥岩、灰岩、泥灰岩和中生界的暗色泥岩和煤层,当潜在烃源岩满足w(TOC）Ro＞0.5%,0.5%＜Ro＜4.0%时为有效烃源岩。井点上依地化参数可准确识别出有效烃源岩,并确定有效烃源岩形成的沉积环境,建立有效烃源岩-沉积环境模式。将这种模式应用于井间区域,确定井间有效烃源岩的分布和厚度,实现有效烃源岩的平面成图。同时,通过古地温的恢复,剔除未成熟和过成熟的不具有生烃能力的烃源岩,进一步确定有效烃源岩的分布。采用此方法编制了孔雀河地区有效烃源岩平面图, 预测结果得到新钻井的验证。     

西藏南部早第三纪钙质超微化石及东特提斯在西藏境内的封闭时限

研究了西藏南部定日地区曲密巴剖面早第三纪遮普惹组上页岩段的钙质超微化石 ,自下而上划分出 3个超微化石组合 :N annotetrina fulgens-Chiasmolithusgigas组合 ;Discoaster bifax-Chiasmolithussolitus组合及 Sphenolithuspseudoradians-Reticulofenestra bisecta组合 ,确定了上述3组合可与 Martini( 1 971 )超微化石分带的 NP1 5、NP1 6及 NP1 7带对比。还确认了第三超微化石组合的层位是西藏地区海相第三纪目前已知的最高层位 ,它的时代应为中始新世晚期 ,即属 Bartonian期。根据超微化石属种的时限分布的分析 ,东特提斯在西藏境内的封闭时间大约在3 8Ma左右 ,即至该时期 ,海水完全退出青藏高原 ,印度板块和欧亚板块完全拼合 ,青藏高原开始大幅度的隆升。     

东海陆架泥质区沉积有机质的物源分析

色谱和色谱／质谱分析表明，济州鸟西南泥质区正构烷烃、姥鲛烷、植烷、藿烷和甾烷等生物标志物的特征与现代长江口、老黄河口和新黄河口的河流沉积物均区别很大，该泥质区的沉积有机质主要来源于海洋低等生物（如细菌和藻类等）以及陆源高等植物的输入，表现为不同来源和成熟度的生物标志物的混合，同时该泥质区沉积有机质与矿物碎屑沉积物来源不尽相同。长江口泥质区正构烷烃高相对分子质量部分与长江口沉积物相似，正构烷烃和藿烷所反映的有机质成熟度高于现代长江和老黄河口沉积物，甾烷的成熟度与长江相仿而明显高于老黄河口沉积物。长江口泥质区的沉积有机质主要来源于长江输入的陆源高等植物碎片和海洋源的低等生物。东海陆架近岸与远端泥质区沉积有机质的物源很不相同。     

Origin and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Yangtze estuary, East China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） is an important chemical component in natural water. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter （CDOM）, a fraction of optical properties, plays art important role in the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients in aquatic environment. People realized that DOM cycle is crucial in the global carbon and nitrogen flux, and also is inherently related to nutrients and trace metal elements. Therefore, CDOM was concerned by scientists in global oceanography and limnology fields. Water samples were collected from three sections （North Channel, South Channel and Zhuyuan） of the Yangtze （Changjiang River） estuary in March 2006 Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix （3-DEEM） fluorescence spectra were analyzed for those filtrates through Whatman GF/F filters. Dissolved organic carbon （DOC） was also measured by TOC analyzer. The tidal variety was also taken into account. The 3-D EEM fluorescence scans suggested the fluorescence characteristics of humic acid （Ex=332-344 nm, Em=439-451 nm） and fulvic acid （Ex=250-254 nm, Em=472-478 nm） were obvious, and the fluorescence group of protein-like and tyrosine （Ex=230 nm, Em=283 nm） was also found. They are mainly composed of CDOM in the Yangtze estuary. Further data analysis, especially the fluorescence index （f 450/500）, showed that terrestrial signal was rather strong （1.41-1.65） in the surface water, however, some terrestrial CDOM signals of bottom water showed excursions （1.28-1.39）. On the other hand, anthropogenic sign was impressed in the waters of Zhuyuan, which is one of the main drain outlets of Shanghai Metropolis. DOC concentrations ranged from 2.2 mg/L to 3.4 mg/L in Zhuyuan and South Channel, and from 2.0 mg/L to 2.4 mg/L in North Channel. The tide effect played a role in the composition of the CDOM measured by 3-D fluorescence scan technology.     

Early Jurassic anoxic conditions and organic accumulation in the eastern Tethys

The Bilong Co oil shale, located in the South Qiangtang depression, northern Tibet Plateau, may record the Early Jurassic anoxic event in the eastern Tethys. New geochemical data from the Bilong Co oil shale section are presented in order to determine the mechanism of organic accumulation and to evaluate Early Jurassic anoxia in the eastern Tethys. In organic-rich oil shales, many redox proxies including the relationship of Mo to total organic carbon (TOC), Re/Mo ratios, and pyrite framboid size distribution suggest deposition under euxinic conditions. However, the correlation between TOC and P and Mo contents indicates that organic matter accumulation was controlled mainly by primary productivity. The Sr/Al ratios and clastic influx proxies such as Si, Ti, Th, Zr, and Al concentrations suggest a continuous supply of fresh water from a nearby continent during oil shale deposition. This supply could have initiated stratification of the water so that the upper zone became favourable for marine life. Increased primary productivity could have led to formation of anoxic/sulphidic bottom waters, which enhanced the preservation of organic matter. Deposition of organic-rich oil shales terminated when primary productivity decreased, leading to more oxic bottom water conditions.     

Chemical variation from biolipids to sedimentary organic matter in modern oceans and its implication to the geobiological evaluation of ancient hydrocarbon source rocks

Understanding the dynamics of organic matter in modern marine water columns greatly favors the geobiological evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks. Biolipids could make great contribution to petroleum hydrocarbons due to their comparable chemical components and the slightly refractory characteristics of biolipids during the microbial/thermal degradation. A variety of environmental factors such as temperature, CO₂ and salinity could affect the biochemical contents in microorganisms. As a result, microorganisms living in a changing environmental condition might have a different contribution to the petroleum formation. Organic carbon flux is shown to bear a positive correlation with the primary productivity only within a certain range of biomass volumes in a specific biohabitat. Furthermore, organic matter is degraded much quickly in a water column with oxic conditions. Therefore, the anoxic condition, along with the enhanced biological productivity, would be one of the significant factors in the formation of high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks. The formation of biofilms and microbial mats favors the preservation of sedimentary organic matter by decreasing the degradation rate of organic matter. Identification of biofilms and microbial mats in sedimentary rocks will thus greatly help to understand the depositional processes of organic matter finally preserved in hydrocarbon source rocks. __________ Translated from Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2007, 32(6): 748–754 [译自: 地球科学—中国地质大学学报     

松辽盆地松科1井青山口组沉积有机质特征及生烃潜力

对松辽盆地陆相白垩系科学钻孔松科1井青山口组连续取芯剖面开展了一系列有机地球化学分析,从有机质丰度、烃类组成、萜类生物标志物及岩石热解参数等方面对该层段沉积有机质组成分布特征和生烃潜力进行了系统研究。结果显示,松辽盆地青山口组有机质类型、丰度组成具有明显的阶段性分布;松科1井所在区域的青一段和青二三段底部总厚153．64m的沉积层段有机质丰度高,有机碳含量在2．32％～5．24％之间,有机质类型以腐泥质I型为主。IH指数在355～594mg／g之间,生烃潜力指数在11．8—27．0mg／g之间,是具有极高生烃潜力的优质烃源岩;青二三段中上部有机碳含量相对较低,岩石热解参数显示有机质类型以Ⅱ-Ⅲ型为主,其中顶部以Ⅲ型为主,中部以Ⅱ型为主;综合生烃潜力指数表明青二三段中下部仍具有一定的生烃潜力,属于中等至良好烃源岩。TOC与,H相关性显示有机质特征在剖面上的阶段性变化可能主要受原始有机质埋藏保存条件的控制,即在沉积环境条件不利于有机质埋葬保存时,有机质被大量氧化分解,造成有机质丰度降低、有机质类型变差;而当水体沉积环境有利于有机质埋藏保存时,大量有机质的堆积保存导致优质烃源岩的形成。要强调指出的是,松科1井所在区域青二三段底部厚达80m富有机质沉积是与青一段性质、厚度相当的优质富有机质烃源岩,应作为松辽盆地扩大油气资源潜力的重点勘探评价方向予以重视。     

Palaeogeography of radiolarite and organic-rich deposits in Mesozoic Tethys

Siliceous and marine organic-rich deposits are sometimes associated, sometimes separate in space and time; however, both are generally accepted to be the result of high planktonic productivity. Among the siliceous marine deposits, the phtanite family facies is distinguished from the radiolarite family facies by several characteristics: They contain organic material and as a result are blackish (vs red/green for radiolarite facies), their time of deposition corresponds with strong faunal modifications and they are deposited generally in shallower environments. A palaeogeographic analysis of locations of Tethyan biosiliceous and marine organic-rich rocks, both resulting from a high planktonic palaeoproductivity, for three Mesozoic high sea-level intervals, Toarcian, Kimmeridgian and Cenomanian, show: (a) during Jurassic times these Tethyan deposits were dissociated, the siliceous deposits being closer to open ocean waters than the organic-rich ones. This is a common disposition in modern upwelling systems and suggests a common process; (b) during Cretaceous times these Tethyan deposits were often associated, i.e. both occur at the same site, and are probably the result of a different process from that in the Jurassic.     

漠河盆地北部中侏罗统烃源岩有机质评价

通过漠河盆地北部油气地质调查,圈出了与油气形成密切相关的烃源岩层（含炭泥岩）的分布范围,为下一步寻找油气资源提供了靶区。研究表明：漠河盆地烃源岩类型为黑色泥岩,烃源岩w（TOC）为0.20%~30.30%。圈出26处烃源岩区,面积134.69 km²。烃源岩样品的最高热解温度（T_max）平均值为442℃,烃源岩演化处于成熟-过成熟阶段。漠河盆地西北部的成烃地质条件：中侏罗统沉积岩系为油气储藏提供了良好的空间和气源;中生代岩浆活动及韧性剪切作用为烃源岩成气作用提供了良好的温度条件;张性断裂、裂隙和碎裂岩化构造为油气运移和储存提供了运移通道和储存空间。     

Sedimentary environments of organic matter from Middle Permian source rocks in northern Xinjiang, China

1IntroductionThe formation of the Junggar,Turpan and Ili ba-sins is ascribed to Hercynian orogeny between theJunggar and Tianshan Mountains during the MiddlePermian.The rock assemblage of thick and stable sedi-mentary dark muddy shales interbedded with th…     

岩溶区土壤有机质空间变异性分析

采用GIS和地统计学研究土壤有机质（SOM）的空间分布、影响因素和预测是指导农业生产、环境治理和土壤碳储计量的重要手段。基于广西马山县北部岩溶区表层土壤 (0~20 cm)的441个SOM数据,建立普通克里格(OK)、回归克里格（RK）,以及结合辅助变量的地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)、残差均值（MM_OK）和中值（MC_OK）均一化克里格的5种模型,并比较其预测精度,旨在探讨岩溶区SOM制图中地统计学方法的适用性。结果表明：（1）SOM的变异系数为37.30%,属于中等空间变异;（2）岩溶区SOM空间变异受土地利用方式、土壤类型和地形因子等因素共同影响,SOM高值区分布在西北部、西部和东部等石灰土分布的岩溶区和水田,低值区位于北部红水河沿岸的冲积土地带;（3）RK、GWRK、MM_OK和 MC_OK对SOM解释能力均较优,可用于岩溶区SOM预测制图。结合辅助变量因子的GWRK预测模型能有效消除空间变异因素的影响,克服岩溶区SOM含量的空间非平稳性,从而提高SOM含量模型的稳定性和精度,同时MC_OK模型能提高预测的准确度。     

黄海和东海沉积物有机质活性及营养盐再生潜力初探

2000年秋季和 2001年春季,对黄海和东海 6个站位的水柱和沉积物样品进行了营养盐、沉积有机碳、有机碳同位素和氨基酸分析.结果表明, 表层沉积物的有机碳含量和有机质活性存在较明显的季节性变化,这主要由春秋两季表层水体生物量的差异引起.在泥质堆积区 E2、 E4、 E5站,春季表层沉积物有机碳的含量与活性均较高,而同期底部沉积物向上的营养盐梯度也明显增大, 显示有机碳的含量及活性与营养盐再生有密切关系.     

Phosphorus features in FT-IR spectra of natural organic matter

Fourier-Transform Infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy has been used extensively to characterize natural organic matter （NOM）. Absorption bands at 1100-1000 cm^-1 in the FT-IR spectra of NOM have been frequently assigned to alcoholic and polysaccharide C-O stretching or to vibrations of SiO2-related impurities. However, these interpretations do not consider that a strong band associated with P-O bonds of phosphate also appears in the same region. We evaluated the correlation between absorbance in this region and P content of 19 NOM samples from terrestrial, aquatic and plant shoot sources. In the spectra of 10 humic and fulvic acid samples, shoulder to minor bands appeared around 1050 cm^-1. Absorbance intensity at 1050 cm^-1 （Y） was linearly related to P content （X） by the following： Y=4.38X＋0.3 l, with R2=0.90. We did not observe such a close correlation between absorbance and P content in two aquatic NOM samples. Apparently, this is because the aquatic NOM samples were concentrated by reverse osmosis, which would have concentrated not only humic and fulvic acids but also other soluble organic solutes present in natural waters. In the FT-IR spectra of seven dissolved organic matter （DOM） samples obtained from dried plant shoots, broad and/or multiple bands around 1075 cm^-1 were observed with a shoulder at 977 cm^-1. These characteristics were more like those of organic phosphate compounds （such as inositol hexaphosphate）. However, solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis showed no significant amount of organic phosphate present in these samples.     

扬子地块西北缘及西南缘卡林型金矿的有机质地质地球化学

扬子地块西北缘，西南缘卡林型金矿床的有机碳含量为０．０５％－８．７３％。含金建造形成的环境不同，其改造成的金矿床的有机碳含量不同；矿化主岩的岩性不同，基有机碳的含量不同。由浊积岩型含金建筑改造成的卡林型金矿床，其干酪根属Ⅱ型酪根，原始有机母质属还原环境沉积的海相菌藻类生物演化成的腐泥型有机质。     

倍半萜类分布和组成与低熟烃源岩有机质热演化研究

通过对低成熟烃源岩中8α(H)-升补身烷和8β(H)-升补身烷以及2-乙基甲基四氢化萘和1-乙基甲基四氢化萘分布和组成特征的剖析,研究了8α(H)-升补身烷/8β(H)-升补身烷比值和1-乙基甲基四氢化萘/2-乙基甲基四氢化萘比值与镜质组反射率R°之间的关系,发现在R°＜0.60%时,这两个比值变化幅度很大,表明这两个比值在低成熟阶段是衡量有机质热演化程度的有效指标.     

天文驱动下的中始新世东营凹陷气候水文演化与有机质富集机理

中始新世是古近纪温室气候到冰室气候的重要过渡期, 对该时期气候演化的认识主要来自海相沉积记录, 而来自陆相沉积记录的证据相对较少, 因此探索该时期陆相气候特征和演化规律具有重要意义。渤海湾盆地东营凹陷始新统沙河街组的沙四段-沙三段富有机质页岩层系不仅是我国东部陆相页岩油勘探的重点层段, 而且为系统研究中始新世陆相气候演化提供了详实的地质记录。本研究以东营凹陷N1井中始新统(沙四下亚段顶部-沙四上亚段-沙三下亚段下部)厚度约253 m的富有机质页岩层系为分析对象, 利用伽马(GR)测井曲线, 结合沉积速率定量估计的相关系数法(COCO), 开展旋回地层学研究, 建立了天文年代标尺。在此基础上, 进一步综合Ca和Ti含量、Fe/Al比值以及TOC含量数据, 探讨天文驱动力对中始新世东营凹陷气候水文演化和有机质富集的控制作用。结果表明, N1井研究目的层段的沉积年龄为45.06 Ma至40.45 Ma, 记录的沙四上亚段延续时间为2.76 Ma, 与具有良好年代框架的东营凹陷FY1井的分析结果一致。通过建立偏心率周期与高频层序的对应关系, 以GR时间序列的405 ka长偏心率周期作为四级层序的参考曲线, 以约100 ka短偏心率周期作为五级层序的参考曲线, 将研究目的层段划分出11个四级层序和45个五级层序。研究结果显示, 在约41.6 Ma之前, TOC含量、Ca含量和Fe/Al比值时间序列的405 ka周期与Ti含量时间序列和La2010d的405 ka周期呈反相关系; 在约41.6 Ma之后, TOC含量、Ca含量和Fe/Al比值时间序列的405 ka周期与Ti含量时间序列的405 ka周期依然是反相关系, 但与La2010d的405 ka周期转为正相关系。这说明在约41.6 Ma前后, 长偏心率周期影响下的东营凹陷的陆源输入、古生产力、氧化还原条件以及有机质富集机理具有显著差异, 这可能与天文驱动力和该时期区域气候变化(总体由干旱转为潮湿)的叠加效应有关。