东亚沙源地与下游影响区沙尘天气频数变化对比分析

基于1999—2019年地面气象观测资料,对东亚主要沙尘源地(蒙古国、中国新疆和内蒙古)及中国沙源地下游地区的沙尘天气频数演变特征进行了分析,结果表明：蒙古国是沙尘天气发生最严重的地区,且有明显增加的趋势,扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴均远高于其他区域。中国整体沙尘天气数量显著减少,新疆快速增多,内蒙古和下游地区明显减少。新疆浮尘发生频次最高,近21 a线性倾向呈明显上升趋势;内蒙古扬沙频次最高,强沙尘暴最少,4类天气均呈逐年减少趋势;我国下游地区多发浮尘和扬沙,沙尘暴和强沙尘暴发生次数很少,全部沙尘天气呈减少趋势。1999—2004年为我国沙尘天气高发期,2005—2019年明显减少,其中2010—2014年减少速度最快。沙尘源地对我国沙尘天气总数的贡献持续增大,从2000年初的39%增长到2015年之后的71%。作为沙尘源地,蒙古国对沙尘天气产生的作用有所增强,而内蒙古则在减弱;国内沙尘源地导致的能够影响并扩展至中国下游地区和下游国家的强沙尘天气显著减少。     

南疆西部沙尘天气长期变化及突变特征分析

利用南疆西部15个国家气象站1961—2019年逐日沙尘天气资料，采用气候倾向率和统计检验等方法对南疆西部沙尘天气的时空变化特征进行分析。研究表明：春季为南疆西部沙尘暴及浮尘天气出现最多的季节、扬沙天气出现次多的季节，分别占全年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘的49%、38%、43%；夏季为扬沙天气出现最多的季节、是沙尘暴、浮尘天气出现次多的季节，分别占全年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘的35%、43%、35%；冬季为低频季节，发生占比分别为7%、6%、14%。南疆西部沙尘天气呈东多西少特征，山区沙尘天气日数明显少于平原，浮尘天气平原地区分布均匀，沙尘暴、扬沙平原东部和南部区域多于平原腹地。沙尘天气日数年际变化振幅较大，沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘日数整体呈明显减少趋势。浮尘年际变化周期显著，其次为扬沙与沙尘暴，1984和1977年为沙尘暴、浮尘统计定义上的突变年份，扬沙存在2个突变点，分别为1982和1992年。沙尘暴和扬沙的主导风向为偏西北风，浮尘主导风向为偏东北风，主导风向与地形影响关联密切。     

1953-2018年惠阳高温变化特征分析

基于惠阳国家气象观测站1953—2018年逐日的日平均气温和日最高气温观测资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall突变检验、相关性分析等统计方法,分析了惠阳高温天气特征及其年代际变化特征。结果表明:1953—2018年惠阳年平均气温呈显著上升趋势(0.017℃/年),年平均气温在1995年发生升温的突变;高温天气出现在5—10月,以7—8月最多;1953—2018年惠阳年平均高温日数为13.8 d,高温日数气候倾向率为0.28 d/年,上升趋势明显,暖期年平均高温日数比冷期年显著增多131%,高温热浪频次则增加160.7%,同时高温热浪强度也呈现显著增长趋势,特别是中度以上高温热浪过程明显增多。     

库尔勒市主汛期降水日变化特征分析

利用库尔勒市2010—2016年主汛期(5—8月)逐时自动降水资料,得出主汛期共出现降水371次,累计降水量393.5 mm,进而分析了库尔勒市主汛期降水日变化特征,结果表明:降水日峰值在17:00,次峰值区在08:00—12:00,最低值出现在21:00;一天中降水频次最高的时刻为10:00,最低时刻在17:00和20:00。降水强度高值区出现在16:00—17:00,最低值出现在21:00和07:00。≥0.1 mm、≥1 mm、≥3 mm降水出现频次整体均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,分别在10:00、08:00和10:00、09:00达到最大,其中,≥0.1mm降水出现频次最多、≥3 mm出现频次最少。定时时次≥8成低云量出现频次和定时时次累计降水量变化均表现为02:00—08:00呈上升趋势,到08:00达到最大,随后逐渐降低。     

浙江省短时强降水的时空分布特征

利用2010～2019年浙江省基准气象站和自动气象站逐小时降水的观测资料,对浙江省短时强降水的时空分布特征进行了统计分析,结果表明:1）2010 ～2019年浙江短时强降水累计发生频次为72601站次,随雨强增大呈指数式衰减。2）短时强降水空间分布不均匀,沿海向内陆发生频次减少,出现频次最高的地区位于温州西南部。夏半年随时间推进和影响系统演变,短时强降水的空间分布亦存在差异:5～6月浙西地区短时强降水多发,7月短时强降水全省分散分布无明显的区域集中特征,8～10月则主要在沿海地区多发。3）总体而言短时强降水的日变化峰值出现在17:00（北京时间,下同）,且高强度短时强降水更倾向发生在午后到傍晚时段。夏秋季节短时强降水在午后到傍晚最为多发,峰值出现在17:00至18:00,这与副热带高压强盛,午后到傍晚热力和不稳定条件好,易触发强对流天气有关;春季除午后到傍晚外夜间和凌晨亦为短时强降水多发时段,可能与低空急流多在夜间和早晨发展加强有关。短时强降水的月变化特征呈现类双峰型分布,8月最为多发（26.0%）（主要由台风降水造成）,其次为6月和7月。不同强度的短时强降水月变化特征存在较明显差异。而短时强降水的年际分布不均,2015年之后年际变化幅度增大,其中 2016 年短时强降水发生频次最高达8728站次,2017 年为发生频次最低仅5581站次。     

兰州市呼吸道疾病与沙尘天气关系的分析

利用 1996～ 1998年春季兰州市某医院呼吸道门诊逐日病例资料和同期甘肃河西 19站沙尘暴、扬沙及兰州站浮尘逐日资料 ,对兰州市呼吸道疾病发病人数与沙尘天气的关系进行了分析。分析结果表明 ,两者之间呈显著的正相关 ,当甘肃河西发生沙尘暴、扬沙天气或兰州出现浮尘天气且无明显降水后的 1～ 2d ,兰州市呼吸道疾病呈现高发趋势。     

吉林省春季沙尘天气特征分析及其与气象要素的关系

本文利用2002—2008年近7年吉林省50个气象站的春季沙尘观测资料,分析了春季沙尘天气的特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：时间分布上,区域沙尘天气、区域浮尘天气呈现波动减少的趋势,局地沙尘天气呈现波动起伏状态;空间分布上,区域沙尘天气西北多东南少,区域浮尘天气西南多东北少。影响吉林省产生区域沙尘天气的沙源地、移动路径与区域浮尘天气基本相同,但相同的路径产生的影响却不同。3月区域沙尘天气的出现日数与当月平均降水量呈明显的负相关;与当月平均气温关系不明显。春季沙尘日数与上半年冬季（12、1、2月）平均气温有很大的正相关。     

基于ADTD系统的闪电频次分布特征分析

闪电频次是反映雷电活动强弱特征的重要参数。在统计分析重庆市ADTD系统地闪监测资料的基础上,重点分析闪电频次的极性、幅值、雷电流波头陡度和时间分布特征,同时利用GIS软件获取地闪点的高程属性,初步分析了其空间分布特征。结果表明:闪电频次随极性、雷电流幅值和陡度不同而差异显著;闪电雷电流幅值和陡度的频次呈现对数正态分布;闪电频次的月际分布特征表现为正闪集中在4—7月,负闪集中在7—8月;日际分布特征表现为闪电频次主要集中在03:00—07:00和15:00—19:00;在高度空间分布上闪电发生频次最高地区为海拔300~500 m的区域,以后呈现随高度上升而呈递减趋势;在纬度分布中,高频区域分布在28.9~30.3 °N,次高频地区为30.7~31.5 °N之间;经度分布特征来看,呈现双峰双谷（两个峰值区分别为105.9~106.9 °E、108.1~109.1 °E）;高幅值区域正负闪频次比值高于低幅值区域;闪电频次较高地方集中在重庆市东北部、东南部和西部等地。在此基础上获得了重庆地区的雷电流幅值和陡度频次分布表达式,为雷电防护提供了重要的理论基础。      

1951—2011年临沂高温天气特征及高温预警

采用临沂1951—2011年逐日最高气温资料和1997—2011年实况天气图资料,研究了临沂高温天气特征及高温预警制作,结果表明：（1）临沂35ºC以上的高温天气最早出现在5月8日,最晚结束在9月2日;高温日数以7月最多,其次是6月和8月,分别占40%,34.5%和19%;高温日数50年代—80年代呈现由多到少的趋势,80年代至今又开始逐渐增多。（2）35℃以上的高温天气主要影响系统是副热带高压,37℃以上的高温天气多由大陆暖高压脊影响产生;临沂高温预警信号主要为黄色和橙色预警,红色高温天气仅出现过两次。（3）850hPa≧20ºC是高温黄色预警的主要指标;橙色以上级别高温天气的预报预警需根据影响系统区别对待,副热带高压影响时可以更多参考前一日的最高气温和副热带高压是否有进一步加强的趋势;大陆暖高压脊影响时需要综合考虑850hPa,925hPa的温度及湿度、高压脊是否加强、其它影响系统（如东北冷涡对气温的影响）影响、前一日的最高气温等多个要素。     

近30年塔里木盆地浮尘天气及持续浮尘滞空的气候特征

塔里木盆地沙尘天气具有独特的持续浮尘滞空区域特征.目前塔里木盆地浮尘天气的气候学特征认知依然停留在1990年,亟待认知近30年塔里木盆地浮尘天气的变化特征.因此,利用1991—2020年塔里木盆地27个观测站浮尘天气观测资料,分析塔里木盆地近30年浮尘天气的时、空变化特征,并给出盆地持续浮尘天气的频次分布,以加深对塔里...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.