The dynamic mechanism of post-rift accelerated subsidence in Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

A 1-D unloaded tectonic subsidence (air-loaded tectonic subsidence) model is proposed and applied to the Qiongdongnan Basin. Results show that three episodes of subsidence exist in Cenozoic, that is, syn-rift rapid subsidence (Eocene–Oligocene) with subsidence rate at 20–100 m/m.y., post-rift slow thermal subsidence (early-middle Miocene) around 40 m/m.y., and post-rift accelerated subsidence (since late Miocene) 40–140 m/m.y., which is substantially deviated from the exponentially decayed thermal subsidence model. For exploring the mechanism of post-rift accelerated subsidence, the faulting analyses are conducted and results show that there is a dramatically decrease in the numbers of active faults and fault growth rate since 21 Ma, which indicates that no active brittle crust extension occurred during post-rift period. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that the stretching of the upper crust is far less than that affecting the whole crust. Therefore, we infer that the lower crust thinned during the post-rift period and a new model of basin development and evolution is put forward to explain the post-rift accelerated subsidence and depth-dependent crust thinning in the Qiongdongnan Basin, which is supported by gravity data.     

Subsidence and evolution of Nigeria's continental margin: implications of data from Afowo-1 well

The Afowo-1 well is situated west of Lagos on the onshore part of the Dahomey basin. Biostratigraphic data from this exploratory well have been used to determine the subsidence history of the western part of the Nigerian continental margin. The formation of the Dahomey basin is associated with rifting and break-up of the African and South American plates. Lithospheric cooling and contraction probably produced post break-up subsidence of the basin. This concept of a thermally controlled isostatic subsidence is supported by reconstructed subsidence curves. After the component of subsidence due to sediment loading has been removed, it is found that the tectonic subsidence y_t varies directly as √t, where t is the time since subsidence began.The time/temperature/depth relations for sediments in this part of the Nigerian continental margin have been reconstructed from the subsidence and palaeotemperature data. The results clearly indicate that most post-Turonian sediments have hardly been subjected to temperatures higher than 75°C at any time. Insight into the level of maturation of the organic matter contained in the sediments has been provided by the extent of ‘cooking’ to which these sediments have been subjected. The hydrocarbon prospects of this part of the Nigerian continental margin are poor.     

Normal faulting vs regional subsidence and sedimentation rate

Normal faults occur in a variety of geodynamic environments, both in areas of subsidence and uplift. Normal faults may have slip rates faster or slower than regional subsidence or uplift rates. The total subsidence may be defined as the sum of the hangingwall subsidence generated by the normal fault and the regional subsidence or uplift rate. Positive total subsidence obviously increases the accommodation space (e.g., passive margins and back-arc basins), in contrast with negative total subsidence (e.g., orogens). Where the hangingwall subsidence rate is faster than the sedimentation rate in cases of both positive and negative total subsidence, the facies and thickness of the syntectonic stratigraphic package may vary from the hangingwall to the footwall. A hangingwall subsidence rate slower than sedimentation rate only results in a larger thickness of the strata growing in the hangingwall, with no facies changes and no morphological step at the surface. The isostatic footwall uplift is also proportional to the amount and density of the sediments filling the half-graben and therefore it should be more significant when the hangingwall subsidence rate is higher than sedimentation rate.     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的填海造陆区地表形变监测与分析——以天津港为例

为了探究SBAS-InSAR技术在海岸带填海造陆区形变监测的适用性,本文基于28景Sentinel-1A影像,利用SBASIn SAR技术获取了天津港填海造陆区2018年1月至2019年11月的地表形变信息,揭示天津港填海造陆区的地表形变特征,并分析了沉降速率与填海造陆的时间、土地利用类型的关系。结果表明：天津港填海造陆区具有沉降速率范围跨度大、不均匀沉降和含多个沉降漏斗等特点,沉降速率范围为-74.9～19.7 mm/a;沉降速率与填海造陆时间成反比,早期填海造陆区沉降速率较小,新填海造陆区沉降速率较大;不同土地利用类型的沉降速率差异大。该研究验证了SBAS-InSAR技术在填海造陆区形变监测应用的可行性,为海岸带、海岛礁、滩涂等沿海地区地面沉降的监测与分析提供了思路。     

A note on the subsidence history of the northern margin of the Alboran Basin

Backstripping of four marine wells on the northern margin of the Alboran Basin reveals a tectonic subsidence history that varies laterally along the margin from east to west. The well on the eastern margin (AndA1) records a fairly steady, continuous subsidence for most of its history, whereas wells on the western margin (AndG1 and AlbA1) show two distinct phases in their subsidence curves. The form of the subsidence curve for DSDP well 121 reflects its position on a structural high. Beta values for the tectonic subsidence curves range between 1.3 and 1.6.     

ELEVATION AND SUBSIDENCE OF COASTAL ZONE OF SOUTHERN PUTIAN, FUJIAN 3600 YEARS BP

This paper describes the elevation and subsidence of coastal zone of southern Putian 3600 years BP, having basic characteristics of large magnitude, high frequency and fast rate. Among five times of elevation and subsidence ascertained so far, the largest magnitude of the subsidence is 12.5m, the largest magnitude of the elevation is 35.5 m, the difference of the magnitude of the elevation of beach rocks formed at the same time is 23.5 m, the average rate of the elevation and subsidence is from 5cm to 8 cm per year. The coastal elevation and subsidence over the last scores of years are of the faulted uplift zone in the south, of the faulted depression zone in the north, the average rates of the elevation and subsidence are respectively 6 cm per year and 8cm per year. In addition, it is found that the strong subsidences occurring in the past often have something to do with the big earthquakes.     

福州市地热田地面沉降机理及对策

本文从地质地层结构、新构造运动和人为（过量抽取地下热水）两方面因素探讨地面沉降的形成机理，并提出控制地面沉降的对策。     

珠江口盆地?琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析

南海北部陆缘记录了南海形成演化的历史,但是其新生代构造沉积演化特征在东段和西段的差异及其原因目前还不太清楚。本文分别在珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地的深水区选择了数口构造地理位置相似的井通过精细地层回剥分析,重建了两沉积盆地的沉积速率和沉降速率并结合前人研究成果进行了对比分析。研究结果发现,两沉积盆地在裂陷期的沉积和沉降特征基本相似,但是两者在裂后期的构造沉积演化特征差异明显。珠江口盆地深水区沉积和沉降速率都表现为幕式变化特征,其中沉积速率表现为“两快三慢”的特征而沉降速率表现为“两快一慢”的特征。琼东南盆地深水区的沉积速率表现为“地堑式”变化特征,但是沉降速率表现为“台阶式”上升的变化特征。琼东南盆地“台阶式”上升的沉降速率推测主要是受到海南地幔柱伴随红河断裂的右旋走滑而向西北漂移的影响,这也与南海西北部的岩浆活动以及周围盆地的沉降特征吻合。红河断裂在2.1 Ma BP的右旋走滑控制了琼东南盆地1.8 Ma BP以来的快速沉积和加速沉降分布。     

现代黄河三角洲地面沉降及其原因分析

为全面和具体地了解整个黄河三角洲的地面沉降状况,收集了现代黄河三角洲地区1956、1967、1980年1∶5万比例尺的地形图资料,利用地理信息系统软件进行数字化、建立高程数据库,生成数字高程模型。通过对不同时期数字高程进行空间运算发现,1956—1980年间黄河三角洲地区地面沉降现象普遍,沉降区年平均沉降数厘米。基于数字高程空间分析结果,探讨了诱发三角洲地面沉降的自然和人为因素。     

应用INSAR进行黄河三角洲地面沉降监测研究

在分析黄河三角洲的地面沉降状况及其对国民经济造成的影响的基础上,说明了对黄河三角洲进行地面沉降研究的必要性。综述了合成孔径雷达干涉测量的基本原理,针对近年来国内外干涉合成孔径雷达(INSAR)技术在地面沉降方面的研究和应用成果,分析了合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术应用于黄河三角洲地面沉降研究的可行性。     

基于ARIMA与LSTM的海岸带地面沉降预测方法

快速的地面沉降是一种地质灾害,它关系到社会的可持续发展,甚至威胁人类的生命财产安全。InSAR技术可以获取地表长时间、大范围的形变数据,可用于分析潜在的地面沉降问题,为预防地质灾害提供了一种可靠手段。如何基于InSAR数据对地面沉降进行预测,一直是研究人员关注的重点方向和难题。为此,本文在前人对地面沉降预测研究的基础上,提出了一种将差分移动平均自回归(ARIMA)模型与深度学习中的长短期记忆单元(LSTM)模型相结合的地面沉降预测方法,即利用InSAR得到的形变量数据与ARIMA模型预测结果作差,然后利用LSTM对该差值进行训练与预测。以杭州湾2017—2019年InSAR监测数据为例验证了该方法,结果表明,与传统的单一预测算法相比,本文方法的均方根误差至少减小了2.23 mm,平均绝对误差至少减小了0.98 mm,平均预测精度至少提升了15.19%,验证结果证实了本文方法的可行性,为地面沉降预警工作提供了新的思路和方法。     

黄河三角洲地区地面沉降驱动因素研究

黄河三角洲地区地势低平、生态脆弱, 地面沉降使得海水入侵和风暴潮灾害加剧。弄清该区域地面沉降驱动因素, 对油田安全生产和湿地生态保护都有积极的意义。以20 m 地层为界, 将地面沉降驱动因素分为浅地层和深地层因素。分析了地表荷载增加、地下水和油气开采、沉积物固结压实、新构造运动等对该区地面沉降的驱动作用。此外, 探讨了海平面上升和地震灾害对该区地面沉降的影响。结果表明: 该区地面沉降驱动因素主要为沉积物固结和地下水开采, 但控制范围存在区域性差异;1969 年地震使该区产生明显地面沉降, 海平面上升使该区地面沉降形势更加严峻。     

The Gulf of Suez—northern Red Sea neogene rift: a quantitive basin analysis

Subsidence analysis (backstripping) was carried out on a series of wells from the Gulf of Suez and northern Red Sea region of Egypt in order to examine the interplay between tectonic events, basin subsidence, sedimentation and sea level changes in a young, developing ocean basin and continental margin. Using constraints on chronostratigraphy and paleodepth from various sources combined with stratigraphic and structural information from industry wells and other geophysical sources it has been possible to compile the data necessary to perform geohistory analyses throughout the region.Major subsidence due to crustal thinning began ∼25 Ma with sedimentation initially occurring in isolated sub-basins. These earliest sediments record the transition from continental to marine depositional environments. Subsequently during early and middle Miocene times subsidence was rapid and uniform along and across the entire rift basin. Open marine sedimentation occurred across all structural regimes. The mid-Clysmic tectonic event (16.5 Ma) resulted in structural rearrangement of the rift basin and uplift of the rift shoulders. Rapid subsidence continued as global sea level fell, producing a series of prograding, siliciclastic fan-deltas at the rift margins. At ∼15.5 Ma, opening of the Suez rift was terminated, tectonic subsidence decreased dramatically in the southern rift and ceased entirely in the northern rift. Tensional plate motion probably was transferred from the Gulf of Suez to sinistral strike-slip movement on the Dead Sea transform at this time. The quiescence in subsidence combined with a lowered global sea level resulted in the deposition of a thick (up to 4 km) series of evaporites within the central trough of the rift from the middle to latest Miocene. The accumulation of such a thick sequence of sediments during a phase of decreased tectonic subsidence is interpreted as a ‘filling-in’ of the rift topography which developed during the earlier period of rapid subsidence and rift-shoulder uplift and continued compaction.A rapid global sea level rise concomitant with a subsequent pulse of increased tectonic activity in the latest Miocene—earliest Pliocene returned the rift to dominantly marine conditions.     

Spatial and temporal variations in subsidence due to the natural consolidation and compaction of sediment in the yellow river delta,china

ABSTRACT

The Yellow River Delta, which is the second-largest delta in China, has experienced varying degrees of land subsidence since the late 1970s. Although recent studies have identified the natural consolidation and compaction of sediment among the most important contributors to geologic processes, their processes have rarely been quantified. We estimated the sediment compaction over different time ranges to determine the temporal evolution of subsidence parameters (i.e., cumulative compaction). Estimates of primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, and the degree of consolidation in 152 boreholes revealed the spatial–temporal characteristics of sediment compaction and consolidation using geotechnical parameters collected from 152 boreholes, soil mechanics equations and the Kriging interplolation method. In addition, these estimates were partially constrained and cross-validated using the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) results from early 2007 to late 2010 which were provided in a previous study. By performing a comparison analysis between theoretical evaluations of compaction for borehole data and InSAR observations, we were able to quantify subsidence due to sediment compaction. The comparison results suggest that the theoretical solutions agreed well with the measurements recorded by the well-validated, advanced InSAR method and that the deviations between the InSAR technique and geotechnical evaluations ranged from ?22 to 3?mm. The results reveal that the land subsidence of the chosen borehole sites during the investigative period was dominated by the primary consolidation and compaction of sediment. The underprediction of subsidence may be explained by fluid withdrawal, oil exploitation and engineering construction. To speculate, more geological disasters may occur if the current subsidence condition extends into the future.     

南沙海区万安盆地构造演化与成因机制

本文基于地震、钻井和区域地质资料,运用回剥法和平衡剖面技术定量研究了万安盆地的构造沉降和伸展程度,重建盆地的构造演化史并探讨其成因机制。模拟结果表明,万安盆地构造沉降曲线为多段式,其南北部构造沉降差异明显,且沉降中心逐渐向南发展的趋势。晚始新世-渐新世（37.8~23.03 Ma BP）盆地中、北部快速沉降,存在两个沉降中心;早中新世（23.03~16.0 Ma BP）盆地南部也发生快速沉降,整个盆地存在3个沉降中心;中中新世（约16.0~11.63 Ma BP）沉降作用减弱,盆地进入裂后热沉降期。万安盆地的伸展和形成演化呈现北早南晚的特征,与南海海底扩张密切相关,同时受控于万安断裂带交替地右旋-左旋走滑作用,是伸展和走滑双重作用的结果。盆地的构造演化过程可细分为4个阶段:初始裂谷期、主要裂谷期、走滑改造期和裂后加速沉降期。     

盆地沉降分析及其应用

沉积盆地发育过程中，沉降是盆地沉积充填的最基本条件，也是盆地发育的基础。本文所论述的西湖、基隆两凹陷之间的鞍部是东海陆架盆地重要的构造演化带。运用盆地沉降模拟原理，提出以构造沉降比重和相对沉降的概念进行系统分析。通过沉降模拟得出鞍部地区的盆地沉降具有时间及地域上的不均衡性特点，且有构造高点随时间迁移的趋势。进一步分析可见构造沉降比重值的大小与盆地发展演化阶段密切相关。     

沙捞越盆地的盆地类型分析

针对沙捞越盆地盆地类型的不同观点,通过盆地区域构造背景、构造演化阶段、构造沉降曲线的分析以及构造地质事件的恢复,得到以下认识:①盆地的构造演化可划分为晚白垩世—晚始新世,拉让洋壳向婆罗洲基底俯冲,并在婆罗洲中部形成火山岛弧的俯冲增生期;渐新世—早中新世,拉让洋壳俯冲消减完毕,路科尼亚地块与婆罗洲碰撞,并俯冲于婆罗洲基底之下,形成周缘前陆盆地的前陆盆地期;中中新世至今,南中国海开启、婆罗洲碰撞抬升引起盆地稳定沉降的被动边缘期3个阶段。②盆地所选井的构造沉降曲线具有早期缓慢沉降、晚期快速沉降这一前陆盆地的典型特征。③盆地构造地质事件复原图表明,盆地晚期处于被动大陆边缘构造背景。由此,认为沙捞越盆地为复合型盆地,即早期为前陆盆地,晚期则转化为大陆边缘型盆地。     

珠江口盆地东沙隆起的沉降史及其动力机制

根据东沙隆起及其周围钻井资料的一维构造沉降对比分析,结合前人在基底、盖层及断裂等方面的研究,将东沙隆起地区的构造演化分为5个阶段:自垩纪挤压阶段、古新世-早渐新世伸展断陷阶段、早渐新世末期抬升剥蚀阶段、晚渐新世-中新世快速的裂后沉降阶段、晚中新世以来断块升降阶段.认为下地壳高速层是促使早渐新世末期抬升剥蚀的重要因素,而...     

人工回灌控制基坑工程地面沉降的数值模拟

人工回灌是控制基坑降水工程引起地面沉降的有效手段,本文以上海地铁2、4、9号3条地铁线所围区域盛大基坑降水为例,探讨基坑降水地下水回灌控制地面沉降的作用机理,并基于下负荷面剑桥理论,建立水-土耦合的地面沉降数学模型,预测基于人工回灌的深基坑工程地面沉降,与实测地面沉降数据对比,得到比较符合实际的数值模拟结果,真实地反映了基坑开挖、支撑和降水共同作用下的地面沉降,值得基坑降水回灌工程推广。     

Some remarks on the study of subsidence of sedimentary basins Application to the Gulf of Lions margin (Western Mediterranean)

The study of basin subsidence is a helpful geological tool for understanding the tectonic and thermal evolution of sedimentary basins. Subsidence is clearly one major aspect of the geodynamics of ‘rifted’ basins. It is controlled by the inner lithospheric and crustal processes of mechanical, thermal and also tectonic origin. The load of sediments which fill the initial rift depression amplify these vertical movements, according to the laws of isostatic compensation.The purpose of the backstripping method is to separate these two components of subsidence. The subsidence due to both controlling factors (geodynamics and sediments loading), called total subsidence, can be estimated by a precise reconstruction of paleotopography in the basin during past sedimentation. This geohistorical reconstruction is based on observational data, mainly the chronostratigraphy of the sedimentary cover, lithologies and paleoenvironments, all data being constrained by the global geological context in the basin studied.The tectonic subsidence, which corresponds to the driving lithospheric phenomena, is computed according to a model of the response of lithosphere to sediment loading. Two models are considered, the Airy or local isostasy model and flexure models. In flexure models, the main difficulty is to estimate the history of the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere below continental margins and rifted basins. The influence of compensation models on subsidence history will be discussed.The present paper brings out some remarks on the use of backstripping techniques. In particular, the two-dimensional approach is emphasized because it gives better constraints on the geological validity of the paleotopographic reconstruction and the distribution of subsidence in space and time. Discussion is illustrated by the study of the young passive margin of Gulf of Lions, in the northwestern part of the Mediterranean Basin. The rifting was initiated during upper Oligocene and lasted until Aquitanian time. A seismic survey in the Gulf of Lions and on-shore geological studies of the bordering areas (Sardinia, Camargue) have shown that the postrift history mainly consists of a regional subsidence of the whole margin. The hypothesis of a thermal control of the postrift subsidence, as predicted by geodynamical models (McKenzie, 1978), will be discussed. The geohistorical reconstruction deals with two main problems. (1) Determination of paleobathymetry is not accurate enough from observation data. (2) A strong erosional event, known as the Messinian Event, is superimposed to the geodynamic evolution of the margin. Thus, the complete paleotopographic reconstruction will be based on observations and also geological hypotheses, mainly the likely continuity of the geological phenomena during the postrift history of the margin, since they are controlled by the thermal evolution at depth.