塔里木河中游绿洲盐漠带典型盐生植物光谱指数分析

盐生植物对于维持干旱区绿洲生态系统平衡起着核心作用。该文以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲盐漠带典型盐生植物为研究对象,利用Field Spec Pro FR便携式地物波谱仪,对2010年10月盐生植物的野外光谱数据进行采集并取相应土样。首先,采用光谱学分析方法分析光谱特征变化,并对土壤理化特性(含盐量、TDS、电导率、pH值)进行室内测定分析,获得盐生植物光谱特征数据和土壤理化特性数据。其次,利用实测光谱数据对盐生植物高光谱植被指数NDVI705、VOG1、ARI1和CRI1进行反演,用高光谱影像和TM影像分别对VOG1和NDVI705进行反演,并与土壤理化特性进行相关性分析。研究表明:高光谱植被指数NDVI705、VOG1、ARI1与土壤理化特性之间相关性均较低(0.266R0.449),但CRI1与含盐量、TDS的相关性较高(R=0.668);用高光谱影像反演的VOG1与电导率的相关性较高(R=0.536),用TM影像反演的NDVI705与TDS相关性较高(R=0.695)。通过精度验证,发现高光谱反演数据(VOG1)比TM反演数据(NDVI705)精确,说明遥感数据空间分辨率的不同影响了反演植被光谱指数的精度。该研究不仅可为干旱地区盐生植物的遥感识别奠定基础,而且对维持绿洲生态系统稳定提供一定的科学依据。     

矿区植被物化参数高光谱遥感估算研究

基于高光谱遥感数据Hyperion和植物冠层反射光谱,应用指数法、回归统计法和基于光谱位置变量的方法对矿区植被生物量和叶绿素浓度(SPAD)进行估算.结果表明:植被指数R752/R548与植物鲜重相关性最高,相关系数为0.88;选用植物像元光谱,基于植被指数R752/R548,利用三次函数法构建植物鲜重估算模型精度较高,多重判定系数R2达0.883;植被指数DVI[752,640]与植物干重相关性最高,相关系数为0.42;基于植被指数DVI[752,640],应用线性回归法构建植被干重估算模型精度较低,多重判定系数R2为0.177;基于四点内插法提取的红边位置与叶绿素浓度显著相关,相关系数为0.433;Datt(1)和Datt(2)植被指数与叶绿素浓度存在显著相关,相关系数分别为0.871和0.868;基于红边位置(REP)、Datt(1)和Datt(2)植被指数构建植物叶绿素浓度估算模型精度较高,多重判定系数R2分别为0.814、0.805和0.781.应用高光谱遥感技术可有效地检测矿区受损生态环境下的植被,为矿区植物生态修复工程提供本底资料.     

基于模糊集分析的土壤质量指标高光谱反演

通过对横山县84个土样350~2 500 nm波段的光谱曲线分析,进行土壤质量12项指标的光谱反演。为获得有效光谱反演指标,利用单相关分析方法计算土壤质量指标与光谱反射率的相关系数并绘制相关系数曲线,根据极大相关性选择最佳波段作为光谱反演指标;剔除异常样本后,利用模糊识别理论建立土壤质量指标反演模型,通过优化得到模型的最佳参数。土壤质量12项指标光谱反演模型的平均检验误差均小于15%,说明模型的精度较高。     

基于实测光谱的潮滩土壤含水量遥感反演模型研究

以王港潮滩为研究区,采集土壤样品,测量土样的光谱,分析不同含水量土壤的光谱特征;利用统计相关法,建立TM遥感影像各波段对应波长处的光谱反射率与土壤含水量之间的关系模型.研究结果表明,在干燥条件下,土壤颗粒越细小,土壤表面越光滑平整,土壤光谱反射率越高,随着土壤含水量的增加,土壤反射率呈下降趋势;波长越长,土壤光谱反射率与含水量的相关性越高,其中2 220 nm处的土壤光谱反射率与含水量具有最高的相关性;通过不同的波段组合,建立新的土壤含水量反演因子,其中由490 nm与2 220 nm处光谱反射率的差值建立的因子与土壤含水量具有较高的相关性;由单波段与波段差值因子建立的土壤含水量反演模型的预测误差分别为4.590和5.147,反演精度较高.因此所建模型可以用于获取潮滩土壤含水量的空间分布,能够为研究潮滩土壤含水量与潮滩地形地貌之间的关系提供数据支持.     

基于高光谱植被指数的叶片净光合速率Pn反演

植物净光合速率是衡量植被生产力、体现植物整体长势的重要指标。该文在分析植被光谱指数VI、光合有效辐射PAR与净光合速率Pn关系的基础上,建立了基于高光谱遥感数据的净光合速率反演模型。采集武汉市4种常见植被叶片共124个样本作为研究对象,在分析比较9种不同光谱指数与SPAD相关性的基础上选择3种相关性较高的植被指数对不同的植被类型进行净光合速率反演模型建立。结果表明:实验中CIrededge、NDVI705和RVI7003种植被指数与SPAD相关性较高,R2值均在0.7以上,最高达到0.88;在建立净光合速率反演模型时,若仅考虑叶片净光合速率(Pn)与植被指数的关系,其相关性较差;而将植被光谱指数、光合有效辐射(PAR)乘积后再与净光合速率(Pn)分析时,发现其相关性显著提高;以上3种植被指数中CIrededge*PAR vs.Pn反演效果最优,但农作物与园林植物净光合速率反演最优模型存在差异。因此,利用高光谱遥感技术可以了解和掌握植物叶片的光合效应,以此评价植物固碳释氧能力以及估测农作物产量是完全可行的。     

洪河自然保护区乌拉苔草生物量高光谱遥感估算模型

尝试用不同方法构建洪河自然保护区湿地植被乌拉苔草(Carex meyeriana)的高光谱植被指数,建立水上鲜/干生物量高光谱估算模型,并比较了不同模型的反演精度。通过实测不同覆盖度和水深状况下乌拉苔草的冠层高光谱反射率与水上生物量的数据,采用高光谱可见光—近红外波段及其微分光谱波段(350~1 050 nm)逐波段构建FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI、FDNDVI、FDRVI、FDDVI植被指数,分别找出与水上鲜生物量和干生物量具有最佳相关性波段组合的植被指数,建立乌拉苔草水上生物量的最佳估算模型,并对比分析了反射率光谱植被指数(FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI)模型和微分光谱植被指数(FDNDVI、FDRVI、FDDVI)模型的反演精度。结果显示,微分光谱与乌拉苔草水上生物量的相关性比反射率光谱好;微分光谱植被指数与乌拉苔草水上生物量的相关性比反射率光谱植被指数好,尤其以微分光谱植被指数FDRVI与FDNDVI建立的二次函数模型反演乌拉苔草的水上鲜生物量和干生物量的效果最好,精度分别达74.9%、71.4%,其均方根误差分别为0.074 4和0.026 2,通过了p<0.01极显著验证。这表明,采用微分光谱植被指数FDRVI、FDNDVI对乌拉苔草水上鲜生物量和干生物量的估算可以取得较高的预测精度。     

利用无人机的多光谱参数预测荔枝叶片养分质量分数

以花芽分化期荔枝为例,分析了荔枝冠层叶片养分质量分数的空间分布差异;选用18种光谱变量,研究了荔枝不同冠层叶片养分质量分数与光谱变量的关系及其对无人机多光谱遥感监测模型的影响。结果表明：荔枝不同冠层叶片的氮、钾质量分数随冠层高度降低而明显提高;冠层中、上层叶片氮质量分数与无人机正射数据计算的类胡萝卜素反射指数（CRI）相关性最高（r＝0.86,p＜0.01）;冠层中、下层叶片钾质量分数与无人机正射数据的光谱变量显著相关,且与标准绿波段（NG）指数的相关程度最高（r＝-0.83,p＜0.01）。荔枝冠层叶片养分质量分数空间变化对基于垂直观测遥感数据建立的叶片养分质量分数估算模型精度有影响,无人机多光谱数据具有估算荔枝叶片氮、钾质量分数变化的潜力,但估算精度与冠层高度有关。     

基于高光谱与多光谱植被指数的洪河沼泽植被叶面积指数估算模型对比研究

以洪河国家级自然保护区为研究区,2009年8月中旬,在研究区野外实测沼泽植物冠层的光谱反射率和叶面积指数(LAI),将地面实测的植物高光谱反射率以Landsat-5 TM波段范围为基准进行波谱重采样,以重采样后的光谱反射率计算多光谱植被指数,用几种常见的高光谱和多光谱植被指数建立估算沼泽植被叶面积指数的统计回归模型,对比这些模型的精度,选出最优模型.研究结果表明,用各植被指数建立的估算沼泽植被叶面积指数的回归模型分别为二次函数、对数函数或指数函数;各模型对沼泽植被叶面积指数的反演精度差别较大;在全波段高光谱植被指数中,用全波段归一化植被指数H-FNDVI(R930,R515)构建的估算沼泽植被叶面积指数的模型最佳;在常规高光谱植被指数中,用修正简单比率H-MSR构建的估算沼泽植被叶面积指数的模型最佳;在多光谱植被指数中,用多光谱归一化植被指数M-NDVI构建的估算沼泽植被叶面积指数的模型最佳.对比发现,由多光谱数据提取的植被指数构建的模型对研究区LAI的估算效果不太理想,而从实测高光谱数据提取的窄波段特有植被指数构建的估算沼泽植被叶面积指数模型表现出较明显的优势,表明窄波段植被指数更适合用来监测沼泽植被叶面积指数.     

基于半监督模糊识别的土壤含水量高光谱估测模型研究

快速估测土壤含水量对发展精准农业具有重要意义。为提高土壤含水量光谱估测精度,该文基于山东省泰安市周边的94个棕壤样本光谱与含水量实测数据,首先对原始光谱进行对数倒数一阶微分变换,利用最大相关性原则选择特征因子,然后利用半监督模糊识别模型建立土壤含水量光谱估测模型。实验结果表明:以波段655 nm、1 235 nm、1 497 nm、1 677 nm、2 059 nm的对数倒数的一阶微分变换数据作为特征因子,所建土壤含水量光谱估测模型的精度较高,其中18个检验样本的平均相对误差为4.406%,模型的决定系数R~2=0.977;半监督模糊识别模型充分利用了训练样本的确定性及不确定性信息,可有效用于土壤含水量估测。     

基于高光谱信息的芦苇和香蒲地上干生物量反演方法研究

植物生物量是反映湿地生态系统功能与健康状况的重要指标,高光谱技术可以为定量监测挺水植物生物量提供快速、无损的数据采集与分析处理方法。利用Field Spec 3野外高光谱辐射仪,获取了北京市门城湖湿地公园内典型挺水植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia)的冠层高光谱数据,同步采集了对应区域两种挺水植物的样品,测定了其地上干生物量;分别采用原始光谱、微分光谱、植被指数、归一化和比值光谱指数、"三边"参数、吸收特征参数6种方法,分析了芦苇和香蒲的冠层高光谱数据与其地上干生物量关系的差异,选择与地上干生物量显著相关的高光谱特征参数,利用一元线性回归、逐步多元回归和偏最小二乘回归方法,建立反演模型;利用交叉检验中的3K-CV(Three K-fold Cross Validation)方法,对反演模型的估测精度进行了检验。结果表明,在通过6种光谱分析方法获得的高光谱特征参数中,与芦苇地上干生物量相关系数最大的高光谱特征参数为550~800 nm波段的吸收深度,相关系数为0.847;与香蒲地上干生物量相关系数最大的高光谱特征参数是由680 nm、735 nm两波段构建的归一化光谱指数,相关系数为0.953。从3种回归模型的反演结果来看,偏最小二乘回归模型的反演结果最好,其次是逐步多元回归模型,而一元线性回归模型的反演结果相对较差。3K-CV法的交叉检验结果显示,反演芦苇和香蒲地上干生物量的3种模型都取得了较理想的估测精度,最小估测精度为90.86%,最大为95.23%。利用挺水植物冠层高光谱信息,可以反演其地上干生物量。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,