声子波及其在地震波资料分解中的应用

声子波是由声波波动方程的解构成的一种物理子波,如果不考虑吸收和散射,声子波的传播是相当简单的;相反地,数学子波的传播即使在均匀介质中也是极其复杂的.作为波动方程的解,声子波比一般的数学子波更能有效地应用于复杂声波和地震波的分解和分析.本文从Kaiser的声子波理论出发,给出了通过分别引入点源波形的复时间函数和点源虚时间坐标来构成声子波的两种解释,并对点源模型的合成地震图和实际复杂模型的地震波资料进行了时-空域的声子波变换,说明了声子波应用于地震波资料分解的有效性.     

井中相控声源激发的声场

用不同的声源激发,可以得到不同的声波测井波形.根据唯一性定理和叠加定理,由多个位于不同位置且发射时间有一定差别的声源构成的相控声源激发的声场是叠加声场.本文先用一些实验结果肯定了相控声源激发声场的指向性随相控参数改变,而后用数值模拟的方法计算了井中相控声源激发的声场.发现井内相控声源在地层中激发的声场能够在一个确定的方向形成声束.改变相控参数,该声束的方向和能量均发生改变.     

贴井壁声波测井仪的有限差分模拟研究

贴井壁声波测井仪在石油勘探开发中具有广泛的应用.它能够避开泥浆的影响而直接检测井壁附近的地层性质.但目前对此进行的数值模拟研究还仅局限于比较简单的模型.有限差分法可以模拟比较复杂的井眼模型,然而贴井壁声源的频率较高（80kHz左右）,使有限差分法计算量过大.本文应用局部加密交错网格有限差分方法解决了这类数值模拟中计算精度和计算量之间的矛盾.用这种算法模拟了井中有仪器时贴井壁声源激发的声场,并将其与无仪器时的声场作了比较.对模拟结果的验证和分析显示,该有限差分方法能够正确模拟贴井壁声源激发的声场.通过考察井中仪器本体对贴井壁声源激发声场的影响发现,测井仪器本体能够对直达波进行衰减而对环绕井壁传播的面波影响不大.     

基于简化的Pride理论模拟声电效应测井响应

针对声电效应测井问题，提出了一种全波列数值模拟方法.该方法忽略声电效应测井 时转换电场对声场的影响,并将电场视为似稳场.采用点声源模型，依据Biot理论得出了井外 孔隙介质声场的表达式，运用这些表达式和似稳电场近似方法，导出了声电效应测井时转换 电场的计算公式.在计算出的转换电场波形中，有伴随斯通利波的电场、伴随纵波和横波的 电场、和临界折射电磁波场.在25kHz以下的频率范围内，依据这种方法计算出来的声电转换 波波形与依据完整Pride理论计算的波形一致.     

全波声测井理论研究中的声源模型及其影响

首先推导了弹性柱源和流体环流模型下，井外地层为双相介质时的井内外声场，将它们与点源和刚性柱源模型下的井内外声场作了比较，并把这４种声源模型条件下的井内外声场的数学表达式写成统一形式。弹性柱源模型下的井内外声场可以分别过渡到刚性柱源、流体环点源模型下的井内外声场。     

薄圆管压电换能器瞬态响应及其在井中激发声场

针对声波测井中采用的柱状薄圆管压电换能器,提出一种研究换能器响应的解析方法.该方法考虑了轴向与径向振动之间的耦合作用,导出置于耦合液体中压电换能器径向位移满足的微分方程和频域传递函数,比较分析了不同激励源作用下换能器的位移响应特性.利用波数域实轴积分法,计算了换能器在弹性地层井孔中激发的声场,研究了不同地层中的波形差异.与前人在假定声源强度的模型下只能求出波场的相对幅度不同,本文得出在一定激励电压作用下换能器在井孔中激发声场的幅度值.这为说明声波测井响应信号的强弱及仪器的声系设计提供了依据,对估计动电效应测井信号的强弱有参考意义.     

声波测井中的广义反射、透射系数方法

本文将广义反射、透射系数矩阵方法推广用于研究声法测井中的声波传播问题.结果表明,测井中的声场解可以表示成无数条广义声线的叠加.任意一条广义声线的积分表达式,则可根据每一条声线段的性质,由各反射界面上的广义反射、透射系数直接给出.这种表示方法特别适用于研究和识别声波记录图中各种“震相”的性质.当计算全波声场时,由于本文将声场计算中的被积函数形式上分解成一系列（2×2）子矩阵的乘积,并给出了相应的迭代公式,从而可以用较快的速度进行计算.     

点源干扰源定位方法及其在地电场观测中的实际应用

我国地震地电场观测时的漏电干扰问题会影响到观测质量和地震监测效能。针对这一实际问题,本文提出了点源干扰源定位方法。该方法首先建立地表点源对地电场观测影响模型,根据模型计算点源对地电场观测的干扰幅度,然后求解干扰源相对于中心电极的位置。将定位方法应用于高邮地震台和汉王地震台实际干扰源排查工作中,定位结果与实际干扰源位置基本一致,测区外干扰源定位误差小于2%,测区内干扰源定位误差小于20 m,并对影响计算误差的因素进行了分析。两个台站的实际应用表明：本文提出的定位方法为地电观测实践中查找点源漏电干扰源提供解决方案,能够有效地定位点源干扰源位置,提高干扰排查效率。     

基于热声成像的天然气水合物相变界面监测的方法研究

在天然气水合物(简称水合物)钻采过程中,动态监测水合物沉积物具有非常重要的现实意义和应用价值.常规探测方法只能判断水合物分解前的大致分布情况,很难获得水合物分解过程中固-液交界面的动态变化和图像.本文将热声耦合引入到水合物的钻采监测中,首次提出了在瞬态强脉冲激励下水合物产生瞬态相变、并激发相变热声信号的物理机制,导出了脉冲激励与声源之间的耦合方程,提出了基于滤波反投影算法的相变界面成像方法.建立了三维仿真模型,开展了电场和声场耦合分析,在强脉冲激励下求解出了热函数及声压分布.然后模拟超声换能器接收到的声信号,利用声信号对不同半径的水合物重建声源的分布,从声源图像得到水合物的相变界面位置信息.为水合物松散沉积物的研究提供了一种全新的探测方法.     

植被电磁散射的半空间模型研究

本文给出了地面植被电磁散射的半空间模型研究方法.在以往的相关文献中,均采用自由空间格林函数求解单个叶片散射体的散射场,本文利用半空间并矢格林函数求出了单个散射体的散射场,然后运用Monte Carlo方法模拟生成地面植被层,得到了在半空间下植被层的电磁散射特性,计算出了单、双站雷达散射截面,并与自由空间下的散射场做了相互对比.结果表明,在半空间格林函数下得到的散射场更为适用于描述地面植被的电磁散射特性.     

Dynamic response of an offshore pile to pseudo-Stoneley waves along the interface between a poroelastic seabed and seawater

A coupled model is developed to investigate the dynamic interaction between an offshore pile, a porous seabed and seawater when subjected to the pseudo-Stoneley wave along the seabed and the seawater interface. The pile and the seabed are treated as the porous medium governed by Biot's theory, while the seawater is considered as an acoustic medium and is described by the conventional Helmholtz equation. The free field solution of the incident pseudo-Stoneley wave is obtained using Biot's theory and the potential method. Based on the boundary element method (BEM) for the porous medium and the acoustic medium, three BEM formulations are constructed for the pile, the seabed and the seawater, respectively, which are combined together using the continuity conditions between the pile, the seabed and the seawater to formulate the coupled model for the system. As shown in numerical examples, when the system is subjected to the pseudo-Stoneley wave, the maximum pore pressure of the seabed usually occurs at the region near the interfaces between the seabed and the seawater.     

Multifocusing revisited ‐ inhomogeneous media and curved interfaces*

We review the multifocusing method for traveltime moveout approximation of multicoverage seismic data. Multifocusing constructs the moveout based on two notional spherical waves at each source and receiver point, respectively. These two waves are mutually related by a focusing quantity. We clarify the role of this focusing quantity and emphasize that it is a function of the source and receiver location, rather than a fixed parameter for a given multicoverage gather. The focusing function can be designed to make the traveltime moveout exact in certain generic cases that have practical importance in seismic processing and interpretation. The case of a plane dipping reflector (planar multifocusing) has been the subject of all publications so far. We show that the focusing function can be generalized to other surfaces, most importantly to the spherical reflector (spherical multifocusing). At the same time, the generalization implies a simplification of the multifocusing method. The exact traveltime moveout on spherical surfaces is a very versatile and robust formula, which is valid for a wide range of offsets and locations of source and receiver, even on rugged topography. In two‐dimensional surveys, it depends on the same three parameters that are commonly used in planar multifocusing and the common‐reflection surface (CRS) stack method: the radii of curvature of the normal and normal‐incidence‐point waves and the emergence angle. In three dimensions the exact traveltime moveout on spherical surfaces depends on only one additional parameter, the inclination of the plane containing the source, receiver and reflection point. Comparison of the planar and spherical multifocusing with the CRS moveout expression for a range of reflectors with increasing curvature shows that the planar multifocusing can be remarkably accurate but the CRS becomes increasingly inaccurate. This can be attributed to the fact that the CRS formula is based on a Taylor expansion, whereas the multifocusing formulae are double‐square root formulae. As a result, planar and spherical multifocusing are better suited to model the moveout of diffracted waves.     

时变海面与其上方导体平板的复合电磁散射研究

应用当前的数值方法求解动态海面与目标的复合电磁散射,由于海面的变化,在不同时刻需要对阻抗矩阵各元素及海面表面电流重新求解,因而要耗费大量内存和运算量.为了克服这一问题,本文应用物理光学(PO)近似求解了导体海面表面电流及导体平板的一阶散射场,应用基尔霍夫近似给出了海面的后向散射场,同时借助互易性定理降低了求解平板和海面之间二次耦合散射场的难度,讨论了平板尺寸、风速等对后向复合散射场的影响.另外,本文还推导出了耦合散射场多普勒谱频移的理论公式,详细分析了复合后向散射场的Doppler 频谱特性.     

Invariant properties and rotation transformations of the GPR scattering matrix

We analyze the properties of the scattering matrix associated with the incident and scattered electric fields used in GPR. The elements of the scattering matrix provide information produced by different polarizations of the incident wave field. Rotationally invariant quantities such as trace, determinant and Frobenius norm lead to images that combine the information contained in the four elements of the scattering matrix in a mathematically simple and sound manner. The invariant quantities remove the directional properties implicit in the dipolar field used in GPR allowing the application of standard processing techniques designed for scalar fields, such as those used in seismic data processing. We illustrate the non-directional properties of the invariants using a 3D simulation of the wavefield produced by a point scatterer. The estimation of the azimuth angle of elongated targets is also explored using rotation transformations that maximize alternatively the co-polarized or the cross-polarized responses. The angle estimation is essentially an unstable process, particularly if low amplitudes or noisy data are involved. We apply the Frobenius norm 6S6_F as a criterion for selection of the best amplitudes to use for a more stable and significant angle estimation. The performance of our formulation was tested with synthetic data produced by a 3D model of an air-filled metal pipe buried in a homogeneous halfspace. The images resulting from the invariants show a clear diffraction hyperbola suitable for a scalar wavefield migration, while the azimuth of the pipe is neatly resolved for amplitudes selected with 6S6_F ≥ 0.4. A field experiment conducted above an aqueduct pipe illustrates the proposed methods with real data. The images obtained from the invariants are better than those from the individual elements of the scattering matrix. The azimuth estimated using our formulation is in agreement with the probable orientation of the aqueduct. Finally, a field experiment above a buried air-filled barrel shows that combining the information in the way proposed in this work may lead to an improved image of the subsurface target, the cost to pay is the lost of directional information contained in the scattering matrix. In general, we claim that the methods proposed in this work can be useful to analyze the information acquired by multicomponent GPR surveys using standard scalar wavefield algorithms.     

基于电场总场矢量有限元法的接地长导线源三维正演

电磁场数值模拟的背景场/异常场算法是三维正演的有效策略之一,优点为采用解析法计算电磁场背景场代替场源项、克服了场源奇异性,缺点为不适用于发射源布置于起伏地表或背景模型复杂的情形.总场算法是直接对电磁场总场开展数值模拟,其难点是有效加载场源、保证近区与过渡区数值解精度.本文以水平电偶源形式分段加载接地长导线源,并以电场总场Helmholtz方程为矢量有限元法控制方程,实现了基于非结构化四面体网格剖分的接地长导线源频率域电磁法三维正演.通过与均匀全空间中水平电偶源产生的电场解析解对比,验证了本文算法的正确性,并分析了四面体外接圆半径与其最短棱边的最大比值和四面体二面角最小值对数值解精度的影响规律.通过与块状高导体地电模型的积分方程法、有限体积法和基于磁矢量势Helmholtz方程的有限元法数值解对比,进一步验证了本文算法正确性,同时说明了非结构化四面体网格能够更加精细地剖分电性异常体,利于获得精确数值解.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELING OF COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY TIDAL CURRENT IN PEARL RIVER ESTUARV

IINTRODUCTIONEstUariesareprominentcoastalfeatUres.Estuariesareofgreateconomicssignificancetomankind.Attheseareas,manyharborsandwaterchannelshavetobebuiltforeconomicpurposes.ThedesignandconstrUctionofcoastalstrUctUresinestUariesrequireknowledgeofhydrodynamicsaswellassedimenttransportinsuchregions.ThenatUreofestuariesiscontrolledbyvariouscoastalhydrodynamicprocesses.Undertheactionofhydrodynamics,sedimentdepositionsorerosionswilloccurinestuariesornearcoastalstrUCtures.Tomaintainnavigati…     

流固边界耦合介质高阶有限差分地震正演模拟方法

本文针对流固边界耦合介质提出了一种高效、稳定的正演数值模拟方法. 首先,从一阶位移-应力弹性波方程出发,基于海底流固边界的位移和应力的连续性条件,采用三次样条海底界面定量表征方法,推导出不规则海底界面下流固边界耦合介质中的地震波波动方程;其次,通过空间微分的高阶差分格式提高数值模拟的空间精度,并结合已推导的地震波波动方程,将四阶时间微分转换至高阶空间微分,进一步提高了数值模拟的时间精度;最后,在与标量波波动方程数值模拟结果对比分析的基础上,分别利用简单的水平层状模型和复杂海底模型,验证和讨论了本文提出的流固边界耦合介质高阶有限差分地震波正演模拟方法的有效性和准确性.      

Multi-beam backscatter measurements used to infer seabed habitats

Backscatter from multi-beam sonar (MBS) was used to discriminate ecologically relevant seabed characteristics based on 62 reference sites sampled with georeferenced video, sediment grab and rock dredge between 50 and 500 m water depth. A simple biotope characteristic of soft (unconsolidated) and hard (consolidated) was used to compare the acoustic backscatter data with the data on mega-epifauna and substrate type obtained from video and physical sampling. Substrate type of homogeneous reference sites was predicted by matching the backscatter incidence angle profile (0–70°) to that of a seabed scattering model. Referencing the seabed backscatter to a consistent incidence angle (40°) gave a metric with high spatial resolution (2.4–20 m), which minimised errors of range, incident angle and beam compensation. This simple metric provided a consistent approach to analyse and interpret the data and was strongly correlated with substrate type and faunal functional groups. The high resolution backscatter metric was a closer match to the small spatial scale of seabed patch lengths observed by video (50% <50 m).     

球坐标系下谱元法三维地震波场模拟

谱元法已成为区域性乃至大陆性尺度地震波场模拟的重要工具.对于区域或大陆尺度层析成像而言,地球曲率不可忽略,此时模拟地震波传播采用球坐标系更为合适.本文从球坐标系下弹性波动方程弱形式出发,基于球坐标系变分原理给出了球坐标系下求解三维地震波方程的谱元法.另一方面,计算Fréchet敏感核是进行全波形反演的关键,本文借助伴随原理,推导了全波走时层析成像三维Fréchet敏感核表达式.为了验证球坐标系下谱元法的精度,我们将数值模拟结果与normal mode方法得到的解析解在1-D PREM模型下进行了对比.同时,我们将此方法应用到华北克拉通区域,以期获得地球内部结构精确成像.基于3-D全球径向各向异性地幔模型S362ANI和3-D地壳模型Crust1.0,我们建立了华北克拉通初始3-D背景模型,并将数值模拟结果与实际观测台站记录波形资料进行对比分析,利用互相关方法提取走时残差,最后给出了Fréchet敏感核在3-D空间中的分布,这些工作为下一步开展球坐标系下三维大尺度全波形反演奠定了基础.     

基于卷积神经网络的地震偏移剖面中散射体的定位和成像

本文提出了一种基于深度学习卷积神经网络(CNN)的全波形反演方法,可对地震散射波场中的散射体进行成像和定位.本文的灵感来自如下猜想:在散射波场剖面上的每个点附近的局部波场与该点到各散射体之间的最小距离有关系,并且这个关系可以被CNN网络所识别.我们将该最小距离定义为散射距离场,并将散射距离场的类别(即大小等级)作为CNN网络的预期输出,而输入就是该点附近的局部波场.最后用上述CNN网络对散射波场进行逐点训练和识别.计算结果证实了我们的灵感猜想,即上述CNN网络能够在复杂散射波场中对散射体进行成像.只通过一个训练模型的学习,CNN网络即可反演多种散射模型的偏移剖面,最后得到"类别函数预测值"和"滤波剖面"两种成像结果,由此可以辨识出在复杂的偏移剖面中各散射体的位置.