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Katja Henjes 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,91(3):367-384
For an extensive turbulent wind speed data set collected on the open ocean, the optimum sampling time is determined to calculate inertial-range spectra. Such spectra are widely used to estimate surface fluxes. The optimum sampling time corresponds to the turbulent memory time, the minimum period after which a given time series can be interpreted as a new independent measurement. In our case, this interval is found to be only about six seconds.Separate spectral levels are calculated from the three measured vector components of the wind. Their ratios are compatible with the assumption of an isotropic inertial subrange, but scatter considerably. Alignment factors are developed based on Kolmogorov's theory, and the aligned spectral levels coincide within a few percent. It is proposed that alignment might be a more reliable test than the ratio of the spectral levels to determine whether observations have taken place in a universal inertial subrange. It is recommended that all three wind components are used to estimate the dissipation rate. 相似文献
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A comparison of momentum fluxes determined by the eddy-correlation method(ECM) and the inertial dissipation method (IDM) has been performed using longterm measurements over the sea. The measurements were made on the island ofÖstergarnsholm in the middle of the Baltic Sea. The results show that a`classical' form of the inertial dissipation method, i.e., assuming that the transportterms are negligible, and using an effective value for the Kolmogorov constant of0.55, can be used with a mean relative difference between the two methods of about15% for -1 < z/L < 0.5 (z being height and L the Obukhov length). The IDMmethod works best for high wind speeds and neutral conditions. For low windspeeds (U < 6 m s-1) the relation between the two methods is morecomplex. IDM then gives higher values than ECM on the average (about 20%),especially for swell conditions, indicating the need for an imbalance function inthe turbulent kinetic energy budget. Calculations of the effective Kolmogorovconstant, a, suggest a dependence upon the wave age, a increasing with increasing wave age, where the value 0.59 fits the data well for saturated waves. 相似文献
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The structure of the marine atmospheric boundarylayer and the validity ofMonin–Obukhov similarity theory over the seahave been investigated using longterm measurements. Three levels of turbulencemeasurements (at 10 m, 18 mand 26 m) at Östergarnsholm in themiddle of the Baltic Sea have beenanalysed. The results show that turbulentparameters have a strong dependenceon the actual height due to wave influence.The wind profile and thus thenormalised wind gradient are very sensitiveto wave state. The lower part of theboundary layer can be divided into three heightlayers, a wave influenced layerclose to the surface, a transition layer andan undisturbed ordinary surfacelayer; the depth of the layers is determinedby the wave state. This heightstructure can, however, not be found for thenormalised dissipation, which is onlya function of the stability, except duringpronounced swell where the actualheight also has to be accounted for. Theresults have implications for the heightvariation of the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) budget. Thus, the imbalancebetween production and dissipation willalso vary with height according to thevariation of wave state. This, in turn,will of course have strong implicationsfor the inertial dissipation method, inwhich a parameterisation of the TKEbudget is used. 相似文献
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Wavelet and quadrant analyses were applied to turbulent velocity data in order to investigate the transition from the anisotropy of energy-containing eddies to the isotropy of the inertial subrange scales. The quadrant analysis of the wavelet coefficients of longitudinal and vertical velocity components allows the evaluation of the velocity structure functions and the momentum cospectrum as a function of the separation distance and of the quadrants. In an isotropic condition the contribution both of ejections and sweeps (even quadrants), and both of reflections and deflections (odd quadrants), has to be equal. The analysis has shown that in neutrally stratified conditions the transition to isotropy occurs in a frequency range (0.2 < r/z < 3) usually referred to as internal to the inertial subrange (r is separation distance, z is height). In the transition region, as in the isotropic region, the velocity structure functions still agree with the 1941 and 1962 Kolmogorov theories; but on the other hand the structure functions of the even and odd quadrants are fitted by power laws of different slopes in the transition region. The proposed analysis allows the investigation within the transition region of the different dynamical structure in the energy transfer from the energy-containing scales to the isotropic scales. 相似文献
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In this study, a detailed model of an urban landscape has been re-constructed inthe wind tunnel and the flow structure inside and above the urban canopy has beeninvestigated. Vertical profiles of all three velocity components have been measuredwith a Laser-Doppler velocimeter, and an extensive analysis of the measured meanflow and turbulence profiles carried out. With respect to the flow structure inside thecanopy, two types of velocity profiles can be distinguished. Within street canyons,the mean wind velocities are almost zero or negative below roof level, while closeto intersections or open squares, significantly higher mean velocities are observed.In the latter case, the turbulent velocities inside the canopy also tend to be higherthan at street-canyon locations. For both types, turbulence kinetic energy and shearstress profiles show pronounced maxima in the flow region immediately above rooflevel.Based on the experimental data, a shear-stress parameterization is proposed, inwhich the velocity scale, us, and length scale, zs, are based on the level and magnitude of the shear stress peak value. In order to account for a flow region inside the canopy with negligible momentum transport, a shear stress displacement height, ds, is introduced. The proposed scaling and parameterization perform well for the measured profiles and shear-stress data published in the literature.The length scales derived from the shear-stress parameterization also allowdetermination of appropriate scales for the mean wind profile. The roughnesslength, z0, and displacement height, d0, can both be described as fractions of the distance, zs - ds, between the level of the shear-stress peak and the shear-stress displacement height. This result can be interpreted in such a way that the flow only feels the zone of depth zs - ds as the roughness layer. With respect to the lower part of the canopy (z < ds) the flow behaves as a skimming flow. Correlations between the length scales zs and ds and morphometric parameters are discussed.The mean wind profiles above the urban structure follow a logarithmic windlaw. A combination of morphometric estimation methods for d0 and z0 with wind velocity measurements at a reference height, which allow calculation of the shear-stress velocity, u*, appears to be the most reliable and easiest procedure to determine mean wind profile parameters. Inside the roughnesssublayer, a local scaling approach results in good agreement between measuredand predicted mean wind profiles. 相似文献
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Local Scales of Turbulence in the Stable Boundary Layer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Zbigniew Sorbjan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,127(2):261-271
Local, gradient-based scales, which contain the vertical velocity and temperature variances, as well as the potential temperature
gradient, but do not include fluxes, are tested using data collected during the CASES-99 experiment. The observations show
that the scaling based on the temperature variance produces relatively smaller scatter of empirical points. The resulting
dimensionless statistical moments approach constant values for sufficiently large values of the Richardson number Ri. This allows one to derive predictions for the Monin–Obukhov similarity functions φ
m
and φ
h
, the Prandtl number Pr and the flux Richardson number Rf in weak turbulence regime. 相似文献
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1. IntroductionRecently, the improvement of accuracy in the out-puts of a numerical mesoscale model by the physi-cal dissipative technique is reached (Liu et al., 2002;Liu and Liu, 2003). The effect of improvement ofthis technique differs not only from model to model,but from scheme to scheme of parameterization em-ployed in the same model. The rapid developmentof the computer technology makes possible the com-plicated numerical experiments by a model with highresolution and multiple domains … 相似文献
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本文根据谐谱展开的水平动量方程,在一定的假设下导出了集时间平均场的涡、散性质于一体的诊断关系式——大气振动频率的优势选择判据,并据此讨论了基本?场的水平不均匀对大气振动的影响。通过这个关系式,利用1982年ECM?WF资料对优势频率进行了计算,给出了对流层高、中、低各层的全球分布。?从而指出在实际大气中存在着基本场对某频率上的振动有选择放大作用。 相似文献
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大气边界层剪切湍流统计特性的风洞实验及其层次相似律 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
对风洞模拟的大气边界层的剪切湍流场的速度脉动时间序列信号以及某一高度位置上的小波变换分解重构的信号进行了系统的统计分析.结果表明, 在非均匀下垫面大气边界层的不同垂直高度上的信号, She-Leveque湍流层次相似律都成立, 层次相似指数β和最高激发态的奇异标度指数γ随垂直高度的变化而变化, 并给出不同尺度的分解重构信号的一些层次结构特点. 相似文献
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We utilize experimental data collected in 2002 over an open field in Hanford, Washington, USA, to investigate the turbulent
kinetic energy (TKE) budget in the atmospheric surface layer. The von Kármán constant was determined from the near-neutral
wind profiles to be 0.36 ± 0.02 rather than the classical value of 0.4. The TKE budget was normalized and all terms were parameterized
as functions of a stability parameter z/L, where z is the distance from the ground and L is the Obukhov length. The shear production followed the Businger–Dyer relation for −2 < z/L < 1. Contrary to the traditional Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), the shear, buoyancy and dissipation terms were found
to be imbalanced due to a non-zero vertical transport over all stabilities. Motivated by this local imbalance, modified parameterizations
of the dissipation and the turbulent transport were attempted and generated good agreement with the experimental data. Assuming
stationarity and horizontal homogeneity, the pressure transport was estimated from the residual of the TKE budget. 相似文献