柳江致洪暴雨及其影响系统统计特征分析

通过对柳江流域历年25个致洪暴雨过程进行统计分析,发现柳江流域致洪暴雨主要发生于6~7月,20世纪90年代后柳江致洪暴雨的发生频率和强度都有增加的趋势,柳江东北部流域和西部流域是柳江洪水的主要来源地,分析还发现柳江致洪暴雨的主要影响系统有高空槽(南支槽)、低涡、低层切变线、地面静止锋、低空急流、副热带高压等6种,可分为低槽切变类、低涡切变类和低空急流切变类三种类型。     

柳江致洪暴雨及其影响系统统计特征分析

通过对柳江流域历年25个致洪暴雨过程进行统计分析，发现柳江流域致洪暴雨主要发生于6～7月，20世纪90年代后柳江致洪暴雨的发生频率和强度都有增加的趋势，柳江东北部流域和西部流域是柳江洪水的主要来源地，分析还发现柳江致洪暴雨的主要影响系统有高空槽（南支槽）、低涡、低层切变线、地面静止锋、低空急流、副热带高压等6种，可分为低槽切变类、低涡切变类和低空急流切变类三种类型。     

柳江致洪暴雨及其影响系统统计特征分析

通过对柳江流域历年25个致洪暴雨过程进行统计分析，发现柳江流域致洪暴雨主要发生于6～7月，20世纪90年代后柳江致洪暴雨的发生频率和强度都有增加的趋势，柳江东北部流域和西部流域是柳江洪水的主要来源地，分析还发现柳江致洪暴雨韵主要影响系统有高空槽（南支槽）、低涡、低层切变线、地面静止锋、低空急流、副热带高压等6种，可分为低槽切变类、低涡切变类和低空急流切变类三种类型。     

长江上游大范围致洪暴雨的成因分析

使用1981～1996年6～8月长江上游19站日降水资料以及同期500hPa、700hPa、850hPa天气图资料，分析了其间长江上游113个暴雨日的主要影响系统。结果表明，按500hPa环流形势划分，可将长江上游大范围致洪暴雨分为北槽南涡类、低涡切变类、河西小槽类等三种类型，其中北槽南涡类和低涡切变类对长江致洪影响极大。同时，以1981～1996年6～8月08时500hPa、700hPa、850hPa资料为初始场，结合日本数值预报产品，归纳出了长江上游未来24小时内大范围暴雨的预报判据。     

陕西历史最早暴雨成因初步分析

利用天气学原理和T213提供的物理量场分析了2004-02-20发生在陕西历史上最早的暴雨过程，发现此次暴雨是在新疆分裂冷空气、高原槽、低涡切变和地面倒槽的共同影响形成的，环流形势为“东高西低”和“北槽南涡”．西南低空急流、低涡切变是此次暴雨的直接影响系统，动力结构为高层强辐散和低层强辐合．能量场具有典型的“Ω”中尺度结构，700hPa层SW低空暖湿急流是主要水汽和能量输送系统，暴雨区水汽辐合强烈，暴雨发生在水汽通量的最大梯度处，与夏季暴雨水汽特征相似。     

三都县一次特大致洪暴雨成因分析

利用常规天气图、物理量场和雷达回波等资料,对2006-06-26三都水族自治县的特大致洪暴雨天气过程进行综合分析.结果表明:此次特大暴雨过程的发生与500 hPa两高切变、中低层(低涡)切变和地面中尺度辐合线的共同作用密切相关.中低层偏南气流维持时间长、西南低空急流的建立和维持、对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及喇叭口地形的强化作用为特大暴雨的产生提供了充足的水汽、大量不稳定能量和持久的动力条件.     

2007年6月12～13日柳州市特大暴雨过程分析

运用常规天气图、气象卫星资料、新一代天气雷达资料等资料对2007年6月12～13日柳州市的特大暴雨过程进行分析,发现这次大暴雨过程的最主要的影响系统是低层的低涡切变和低空急流.柳州市、柳江县的短时大暴雨、特大暴雨产生时低层切变在附近维持,而切变南侧低空急流加强并向北推进致使低层辐合大大加强.随着急流轴的东移,切变线东移南压,地面弱冷空气补充南下,强降水过程趋于结束.     

贵州省2011年5月11日暴雨天气过程分析

该文根据贵州省七要素自动气象站雨量资料、区域自动气象站雨量资料、Micaps常规资料,应用天气学原理和方法对2011年5月10日20时—11日20时（北京时下同）发生在贵州省东南部的区域性暴雨天气过程进行综合分析,期望加深对低空急流与低涡切变共同导致贵州暴雨的认识,丰富这类天气系统配合下的贵州暴雨天气分析个例,为将来建立低空急流与低涡切变配合型贵州暴雨天气模型积累个例档案,为今后此类贵州暴雨预报与服务提供参考。结果表明：西南低空急流、低层切变辐合是形成此次暴雨的直接影响系统。低空急流向暴雨区提供了大量的水汽、能量和垂直上升运动条件,对此次暴雨天气过程的产生起主导作用。暴雨落区位于：六盘水市东部、黔西南州东部及南部,安顺地区南部,黔南州中部及南部,黔东南州大部,此天气系统配置对贵州暴雨落区预报具有指导性。此次区域性暴雨具有明显的MCC特征。     

不同类型华南暖区暴雨过程的环流特征

在对34年华南暖区暴雨的筛选和客观分类研究的基础上,继续深入研究不同类型暖区暴雨的环流特征与对流发生环境变量特征的异同。主要结果如下:大部分切变线型、低涡型和回流型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性较强,其中回流型暖区暴雨在关键区斜压性最强,而南风型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性相对较弱;所有类型暖区暴雨发生时对流层中高层的中纬度基本为平直西风气流控制,降水区主要位于西风带短波槽槽前,低层均有低空急流的影响。各类暖区暴雨的主要差异在于高层南亚高压、中层短波槽和副热带高压的位置和强度差异以及低层低空急流的位置、强度、风向和水汽输送条件的不同。切变线型暖区暴雨发生时0～3 km垂直风切变最强,低涡型暖区暴雨对流有效位能最大,两类南风型暖区暴雨的动力和热力强迫都较弱,对其发生发展机理需要开展更深入研究。     

黄河中游一次MCC致洪暴雨综合诊断分析

为了提高对MCC致洪暴雨的预报和预警能力,利用卫星云图、MICAPS系统提供的资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对2006年7月2日黄河中游发生的一次中尺度对流复合体(MCC)和黄河中游暴雨天气过程进行了大尺度环境场和物理量的诊断分析以及三维流场结构分析.结果表明:MCC是造成暴雨的直接影响系统;对流层中低层深厚暖湿切变辐合的形成,配合对流层高层急流分支出口处生成中-α尺度强辐散、对流层低层华北冷空气南下倒灌锋生产生的动力抬升作用,形成有利于MCC生成发展的环流背景;MCC发生在高能、弱对流不稳定区;700hPa西南低空急流、850hPa分支南风气流为MCC的生成发展提供了充足的水汽和能量;涡度场和散度场的耦合、强烈上升运动的形成,成为MCC发生发展和维持的动力机制;多普勒雷达径向速度场显示,东南低空急流、配合西南低空急流的生成和稳定,西南低空急流左侧有气旋性辐合的维持、配合对流层中高层径向强辐散,构成MCC致洪暴雨的三维流场结构.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.