新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井数值模拟与响应特性

在现有侧向测井仪器基础上,提出了一种新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井电极系,该仪器能提供径向和周向方位电阻率测量.该电极系采用贴井壁测量方式,提供5种径向探测深度.利用三维有限元方法模拟了阵列方位侧向测井电极系的井眼影响特性、径向探测特性、纵向分层能力、方位分辨能力,并模拟其对井周地层、水平井非对称泥浆侵入和倾斜地层的响应.在导电泥浆中最大探测深度为1.23m,纵向分辨率为0.3m,可以识别出0.1m薄层,方位分辨率为20°.贴井壁测量时,纵向分辨率不受泥浆和围岩电阻率的影响,能够准确测量井周方位电阻率,较不贴井壁测量具有很大优势,同时利用12条方位电阻率曲线能够反映出水平井泥浆非对称侵入特性,倾斜地层倾角和倾斜方向.     

斜井泥浆侵入仿真及其阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟

为了研究斜井泥浆侵入储层的井周岩石物理特征,采用广义曲线坐标系统模拟斜井泥浆侵入特性,进而研究泥浆侵入过程的阵列侧向测井响应.数值仿真表明,采用广义曲线坐标系消除了笛卡儿坐标系统在斜井边界处网格划分的锯齿现象;储层非均质造成泥浆侵入不均匀,储层渗透性越好,泥浆滤液侵入越深;泥浆滤液侵入使得井周地层饱和度、孔隙水矿化度的分布发生变化,进而造成斜井井周岩石电阻率分布剖面复杂变化;泥浆侵入过程中阵列侧向视电阻率变化以及深浅视电阻率的幅度差异,有效反映了斜井泥浆侵入特性;文中采用了基于Marquardt方法的阵列侧向测井四参数反演,有效恢复了斜井储层侵入剖面,得到了原状地层电阻率.斜井泥浆侵入特征及其阵列侧向测井响应模拟分析,有助于正确认识斜井井周岩石物理特征和利用阵列侧向测井进行斜井储层评价.     

裂缝性地层方位侧向测井响应数值模拟

为研究井周裂缝发育特征,本文提出一种新型方位侧向测井方法,利用三维有限元法,模拟裂缝的方位侧向测井响应.结果显示,深浅侧向电阻率幅度差异受裂缝倾角的控制,低角度缝为负差异,高角度缝为正差异;倾斜裂缝张开度的增大使测井响应值减小,方位电阻率差异增大;井周方位电阻率可反映裂缝方位产状,单一缝或裂缝密度较小时,沿裂缝走向的方位电阻率小,沿裂缝倾向的方位电阻率大;裂缝发育地层的测井响应显示宏观各向异性特征,但方位电阻率的差异显示发生反转现象,即沿裂缝走向/层理方向的方位电阻率大,沿裂缝倾向/垂直层理方向的方位电阻率小;对方位电阻率测井响应进行井周成像,直观显示了裂缝的产状和发育特征.

     

碳酸盐岩洞穴型储层双侧向测井数值模拟和响应特征(英文)

洞穴型碳酸盐岩地层具有显著的非均质性和测井预测难度大的特点,如何利用双侧向测井对识洞穴进行准确识别与定量评价,是当前的一个研究难点与热点。利用数值模拟方法计算电测井响应,可为洞穴识别与评价提供理论依据。本文根据双侧向测井原理,采用有限元素法,研究了球状洞穴模型的测井响应特征,并考察了不同尺寸的洞穴对电测井响应的影响;然后,系统研究了不同充填程度的洞穴模型的测井响应,得出了电阻率与充填程度之间的关系;最后,研究了洞穴中充填泥质、灰质、砾岩和砂泥岩薄互层等多种充填物的测井响应特征。研究结果对碳酸盐岩洞穴型储层的识别与评价具有较高的应用价值和研究意义。     

基于3D-FEM的洞穴型地层双侧向测井数值模拟及响应特征研究

洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强、电测井响应复杂、测井识别和表征难度大,利用数值模拟方法明确该类储层的电测井响应特征,可为洞穴识别与评价提供理论依据.本文基于三维有限元素法（3D-FEM）,引入边界局部加密技术,实现对复杂球形洞穴的精细刻画与响应精确计算;对比分析井眼钻穿型洞穴和井旁洞穴的双侧向测井响应特征和敏感性,进而考察双侧向测井对两者敏感范围的差异.结果表明：洞穴的存在导致双侧向测井响应明显降低,受洞穴边界及仪器探测深度等影响,井眼钻穿型洞穴双侧向测井曲线复杂,而井旁洞穴曲线呈“抛物线”型;双侧向测井对井眼钻穿型洞穴的敏感性远大于对井旁洞穴的敏感性,深侧向和浅侧向测井最大可对洞穴边界距井壁0.5 m和0.3 m的井旁洞穴敏感.

     

Synthetic focusing and simulation of dual laterolog tool in axisymmetric subsurface models

The laterolog tools for electrical resistivity measurement are largely employed by the petroleum industry especially in boreholes filled with salt water-base mud. This work develops a synthetic focusing for many electrical tools, such as LLS, LLD and LL7. This is done by applying the principle of superposition to each normal arrangement. A finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the tool response in axisymmetric subsurface models crossed vertically by the well with constant radius. Also, the logs are corrected for the borehole effects that are, in some cases, important. Despite the application of the synthetic focusing has been accomplished in two-dimensional models, it is possible to apply it in more complex simulations: three-dimensional models with deviated boreholes (or dipping beds) as well as anisotropic systems.     

基于卷积神经网络和MPGA-LM算法的阵列侧向测井快速反演方法

在大斜度井/水平井环境下,阵列侧向测井受钻井液侵入、地层倾角和各向异性等多种因素影响,导致测井响应复杂,需借助反演手段提取地层真实电阻率.然而,阵列侧向测井三维正演效率低,难以满足测井资料快速反演和油气藏快速评价的需求.为此,本文基于深度学习并联合混合多种群遗传(MPGA)与列文伯格马奎特(LM)算法建立了一种快速反演方法.首先从地层参数敏感性出发,基于严格的三维有限元正演算法,依次确定侵入、各向异性和地层倾角的敏感性大小;其次,引入深度学习和模型可视化技术,实现斜井各向异性地层阵列侧向测井响应的快速正演;最后,基于数据集分解技术和混合MPGA-LM算法,实现斜井各向异性地层电阻率剖面快速精确重构.数值模拟结果表明：斜井各向异性地层中,阵列侧向测井响应对侵入深度敏感性最高,各向异性和地层倾角次之;相较于反向传播神经网络(BPNN),二维卷积神经网络(2D-CNN)能够实现阵列侧向测井响应的快速精确计算,计算一个测井点仅需0.36 ms,精度可达99%左右;基于三层反演模型的MPGA-LM混合算法稳定性强,电阻率参数反演精度高的优点,可用于阵列侧向测井资料的快速处理.

     

The design and experimental use of the Mikhnevo 2D small aperture seismic array

The design of a 2D small aperture seismic array (SASA) installed in the central part of the East European Platform (in the area of the village of Mikhnevo, Moscow Oblast’) is discussed. Brief information is provided on the geologic structure of the upper section. The SASA configuration is described along with parameters of the seismological instrumentation used, and the digital seismic data acquisition system. Results are described from a study of the spectral content and the spatial correlation properties of short period microseismic noise and seismic signal coherence. Examples are provided of records of natural and manmade seismic events occurring at different epicentral distances. Experimental data are analyzed to show that this small aperture seismic array can be an effective tool to study low magnitude seismicity in the East European Platform and for solving several other problems arising in contemporary experimental seismology.     

考虑发射波形的瞬变电磁三维模型降阶快速正演算法

瞬变电磁响应受到发射波形的影响,正演计算中需考虑发射波形.基于位移逆Krylov子空间投影的模型降阶算法能够精确模拟三维全波形瞬变电磁正演响应,但该算法计算精确的on-time响应非常耗时.目前实际工作中多数情况下都是对off-time时间段的数据进行处理解释,因此可以将正演问题简化为精确模拟考虑发射波形的off-time时间段的响应.

本文实现了一种改进的基于位移逆Krylov子空间投影的模型降阶算法,能够实现任意发射波形的瞬变电磁off-time时间段的响应的三维快速正演.基于频谱分析理论实现了一种定量化的评价on-time采样波形精度的方法,能够在保证off-time响应精度的同时,极大的减少on-time波形采样点的数量,从而显著的减少正演计算时间.典型的半正弦波、梯形波和复杂的VTEM波的模型的正演结果表明,相比密集采样的正演结果,本文算法在保证off-time响应精度的同时,能够实现5倍以上的正演加速.

     

基于周向磁场有限元方法的双侧向测井影响因素分析

电流线分布是评价双侧向测井仪器探测性能的一种辅助手段.通常采用基于电位的有限元数值模拟方法,通过对电位的微分获得电流线的分布,这种处理方法引入了额外误差.为解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于周向磁场强度的有限元方法,通过对视电阻率和电流线的数值模拟验证了新方法的正确性,且新方法在计算电流线方面优于电位法.在此基础上,针对泥浆低侵和高侵两种情况,模拟了深浅侧向测井的视电阻率响应和电流线的分布,分析了侵入带对双侧向测井响应的影响规律.

     

用正演数值计算方法开展双侧向测井对裂缝的响应研究

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对裂缝的双侧向测井视电阻率与裂缝孔隙度、泥浆电阻率、裂缝倾角和基岩电阻率的关系进行了计算. 在大量正演数据的基础上得出双侧向测井响应反演公式和裂缝孔隙度计算公式,提出更为精细的裂缝倾角的弹性划分模型,用双侧向视电阻率值近似估算裂缝倾角的方法,提高了利用双侧向测井求裂缝产状与裂缝孔隙度（裂缝宽度）的精度.     

三维复电阻率模型电磁场正演模拟研究

复电阻率法是上世纪70年代发展起来的一种激电分支方法,自提出伊始就受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.很多学者开展了复电阻率电磁场正演计算,但缺少对正演结果的深入分析.本文采用体积分方程法,进行了复电阻率模型的正演模拟,通过对正演结果分析,得出三维复电阻率体的电磁响应是由累积电荷,电磁感应和激电效应共同产生的,并总结了三种效应的电磁响应规律,为准确分析异常提供了依据.     

3D DEMAP 数值模拟与观测实验

为推动电磁剖面(EMAP)技术向找矿勘探领域发展, 本文针对密集阵列剖面(DEMAP)测量方式, 利用三维积分方程法对层状介质中赋存三维地质异常体的电性结构进行了数值模拟, 并在青海野马泉铁锌矿集区西部进行了大地电磁(MT)与DEMAP的野外对比观测实验.数值模拟结果显示, DEMAP观测方式获得的结果受偏移距影响, 造成的视电阻率和相位误差与偏移距大小和地下电性结构的复杂性密切相关, 但在整体上, 统计误差≤10%.通过对野马泉矿集区的实验结果分析可得, DEMAP与MT的视电阻率断面和相位断面具有较好的一致性.本文从理论和实验上都表明DEMAP观测技术是一种有潜力的、经济、快速、有效的找矿手段.     

Intercomparison of 3D pore-scale flow and solute transport simulation methods

Multiple numerical approaches have been developed to simulate porous media fluid flow and solute transport at the pore scale. These include 1) methods that explicitly model the three-dimensional geometry of pore spaces and 2) methods that conceptualize the pore space as a topologically consistent set of stylized pore bodies and pore throats. In previous work we validated a model of the first type, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes employing a standard finite volume method (FVM), against magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) measurements of pore-scale velocities. Here we expand that validation to include additional models of the first type based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), as well as a model of the second type, a pore-network model (PNM). The PNM approach used in the current study was recently improved and demonstrated to accurately simulate solute transport in a two-dimensional experiment. While the PNM approach is computationally much less demanding than direct numerical simulation methods, the effect of conceptualizing complex three-dimensional pore geometries on solute transport in the manner of PNMs has not been fully determined. We apply all four approaches (FVM-based CFD, LBM, SPH and PNM) to simulate pore-scale velocity distributions and (for capable codes) nonreactive solute transport, and intercompare the model results. Comparisons are drawn both in terms of macroscopic variables (e.g., permeability, solute breakthrough curves) and microscopic variables (e.g., local velocities and concentrations). Generally good agreement was achieved among the various approaches, but some differences were observed depending on the model context. The intercomparison work was challenging because of variable capabilities of the codes, and inspired some code enhancements to allow consistent comparison of flow and transport simulations across the full suite of methods. This study provides support for confidence in a variety of pore-scale modeling methods and motivates further development and application of pore-scale simulation methods.     

Seismic response of a wobbling 3D frame

This paper investigates the 3D response of a slab supported by wobbling columns. The columns are not allowed neither to slide nor to roll out of their initial position. An analytical model is proposed, the equations of motion are derived, and they are solved numerically. The paper concludes that the addition of the slab makes the columns more stable. In fact, the system is almost equivalent to the response of a solitary column with the same aspect ratio yet larger size. However, it is also shown that the system is less stable than its planar counterpart and that planar analysis can only qualitatively describe the behavior of 3D structures. A case study shows that the concept could be used as a seismic isolation technique for bridges. However, more research need to be performed on defining proper intensity measures for uplifting structures, as it is shown that there is large record‐to‐record variability, even when intensity measures developed for rocking structures are used.     

基于叠前成像的三维地震观测系统设计

常规三维观测系统设计的主要目的是得到规则采样的叠加数据体,能够用叠后偏移进行成像.叠前偏移成像对地震观测系统提出了更高的要求.基于叠前成像的要求设计观测系统,对于充分发挥叠前偏移技术优势、提高地震成像精度具有重要意义.本文提出了基于叠前成像的观测系统设计方法,首先基于叠前偏移空间采样准则设计观测系统的基本空间采样,然后根据采样均匀和面元属性一致性原则设计观测系统布局,并利用聚焦束、散射点叠前偏移响应、正演模型和波场照明等技术对观测系统逐步优化,得到符合叠前偏移成像要求并能解决地质问题的观测系统.该方法在中原油田近年来的高精度地震勘探中得到了实际应用,取得了良好效果.     

3D numerical simulation of flow field around twin piles

In this study to identify the flow pattern and local scour mechanism around pile groups, the flow field was simulated using FLOW-3D software. A pair of pile on a flat-bed channel with side by side and tandem arrangements was investigated. To establish Navier–Stokes equations, the RNGk-ε turbulence model was used and the results were verified using experimental data. In case of FLOW-3D capability, it was found that the software was able to properly simulate the expected interaction between the pile groups. The results of flow field simulation showed that Reynolds number and the pile spacing are the most influential variables in forming vortices. The flow around tandem pile and the downward flow around wake vortices were more intense and complicate in comparison with side by side arrangements and single pile.     

Lake ice simulation using a 3D unstructured grid model

Ocean Dynamics - We develop a single-class ice and snow model embedded inside a 3D hydrodynamic model on unstructured grids and apply it to lake studies using highly variable mesh resolution. The...     

Wavenumber response of Shanghai Seismic array

Seismic array can be traced back to 1950s when it mainly aimed at detecting and distinguishing the signals of nuclear explosion and seismic signals. The research on seismic array includes seismic array techniques and applications of array in geophysics. Array techniques involve array design and data processing methods (Anne, 1990). Nowadays, the continuous development of seismic array￠s theory could relate to many scientific issues in geophysical field (Tormod, 1989; Mykkeltveit, Bungum, 1984). Seismic array is mainly applied to detect weak events. The response characteristic of array is an important indication of array￠s detection ability. Therefore, when we study an array or construct an array, one of the neces-sary works is to calculate the response characteristics of the array (Harjes, 1990). The aperture and layout of array are two dominating geometrical features. The typical aperture of interna-tional array is generally from several to tens kilometers. For instance, arrays with aperture of dozens kilometers aperture are KSA, WRA, YKA, etc, while arrays with several kilometer aperture are ARC, FIN, GEE, etc. Moreo-ver, in the view of array￠s layout, NOR, GER, etc have circle layout, while WRA, YKA, etc have decussating layout. This paper mainly discusses the relation between deployment of array and wavenumber response. With the example of constructing Shanghai Seismic Array, this paper provides one practical solution to search the proper array deployment. In this paper, the simple delay beam technique is adopted to calculate the response characteris-tics of array. Certainly, the different processing methods have different result, but the result from the simple delay beam processing could be enough to reflect the feature of an array.     

Dynamic response of 2D and 3D block foundations on a halfspace with inclusions

The present study aims to demonstrate how the dynamic behaviour of structures is affected by local inhomogeneities inside the soil. Particularly, the influence of block-shaped elastic inclusions directly beneath a vertically vibrating block foundation is considered. Comparisons between a 2D and a 3D modelling of the soil—structure system are made. It can be observed that, depending on the stiffness of the inclusion and especially on the excitation frequency, the dynamic response of the foundation may either increase or decrease.