2010年青海玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析

通过对SPOT卫星影像上地表破裂的目视解译,以及对ALOS PALSAR卫星数据进行D-InSAR形变提取和分析,结合地震活动性、震源机制、活动构造等资料,确定了发震断层空间分布、断层性质和同震形变场分布特征.结果显示,玉树地震发生在甘孜—玉树断裂带上,总体走向约为300°,断层近乎直立.根据相干性强弱将Ⅰ区地表破裂划分为三段:北段长22 km,中段长5 km,南段长6 km,破裂带总长度约33 km.Ⅱ区内非相干带长约10 km.同震形变场分布在78 km×55 km范围内,主震所在的形变Ⅰ区断层两侧视线向相对位错约为0.78 m,转换成水平位错约为1.5 m;余震所在的Ⅱ区形变相对较小.     

2010年青海玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析

通过对SPOT卫星影像上地表破裂的目视解译,以及对ALOS PALSAR卫星数据进行D-InSAR形变提取和分析,结合地震活动性、震源机制、活动构造等资料,确定了发震断层空间分布、断层性质和同震形变场分布特征.结果显示,玉树地震发生在甘孜—玉树断裂带上,总体走向约为300°,断层近乎直立.根据相干性强弱将Ⅰ区地表破裂划分为三段:北段长22 km,中段长5 km,南段长6 km,破裂带总长度约33 km.Ⅱ区内非相干带长约10 km.同震形变场分布在78 km×55 km范围内,主震所在的形变Ⅰ区断层两侧视线向相对位错约为0.78 m,转换成水平位错约为1.5 m;余震所在的Ⅱ区形变相对较小.     

汶川地震同震形变场对川滇地区主要活动断裂地震发生趋势的影响

以所建立的川滇地区主要活动块体及其周边断裂带的模型和前期利用GPS及水准资料反演所得到的断裂带长期运动速率作为基础,将汶川地震引起的同震错动量加入到三维断裂几何模型中,计算出汶川地震大范围的同震形变场,然后基于该同震形变场和活动断裂三维几何模型反演了各条断裂对该同震形变场的反映,并通过与各断裂带长期运动速率对比,得到了汶川地震对川滇地区各主要活动断裂带发震趋势的影响．结果表明,在汶川地震引起的同震形变场作用下,在川滇交界东部地区,龙门山断裂带南西段地震危险性提前了305a,鲜水河断裂带南东段大致提前了19a,安宁河断裂带和则木河断裂带分别提前了21a和12a,大凉山断裂带北段和南段分别提前了9.1a和18a,马边断裂带的地震危险性则提前了51a;对川滇交界西部的丽江——小金河断裂带南西段、怒江断裂带、龙陵——澜沧断裂带、南汀河断裂带、中甸断裂带等断裂带地震的能量积累也有促进作用;相反在鲜水河断裂带北西段、小江断裂带等历史地震频发的断裂带上,地震危险性具有一定的减速作用．      

Extracting coseismic deformation of the 1997 Mani earthquake with differential interferometric SAR

Introduction The development and application of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) have a close relationship with the sensors development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The conception of SAR is proposed comparatively to the real aperture radar antenna. It is well known that the longer the antenna is, the higher the observation resolution will be. Just limited by the length of the antenna, the resolution of real aperture radar is generally very low and cannot meet the r…     

Influence of fault steps on rupture termination of strike-slip earthquake faults

A statistical analysis was completed on the rupture data of 29 historical strike-slip earthquakes across the world. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of fault steps on the rupture termination of these events. The results show good correlations between the type and length of steps with the seismic rupture and a poor correlation between the step number and seismic rupture. For different magnitude intervals, the smallest widths of the fault steps (Lt) that can terminate the rupture propagation are variable: Lt?=?3 km for Ms 6.5~6.9, Lt?=?4 km for Ms 7.0~7.5, Lt?=?6 km for Ms 7.5~8.0, and Lt?=?8 km for Ms 8.0~8.5. The dilational fault step is easier to rupture through than the compression fault step. The smallest widths of the fault step for the rupture arrest can be used as an indicator to judge the scale of the rupture termination of seismic faults. This is helpful for research on fault segmentation, as well as estimating the magnitude of potential earthquakes, and is thus of significance for the assessment of seismic risks.     

Approximate recovery of coseismic deformation from Taiwan strong-motion records

Since 1990, digital strong-motion accelerographs and global positioning system (GPS) instruments have been widely deployed in the Taiwan region (Shin et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2001). The 1999 Chi-Chi, Mw 7.6 earthquake and the 2003 Chengkung, Mw 6.8 earthquake were well recorded by both digital accelerographs and GPS instruments. These data offer a good opportunity to determine coseismic displacements from strong-motion records and to compare the results with those derived from GPS measurements. As noted by Boore (2001), a double integration of the acceleration data often leads to unreasonable results, and baseline corrections are therefore required in most cases before the integration. Based on the works of Iwan et al. (1985) and Boore (2001), we developed an improved method for baseline correction and validated it using an extensive set of data from shake-table tests of a known “step” displacement on 249 accelerographs. Our baseline correction method recovered about 97% of the actual displacement from the shake-table data. We then applied this baseline correction method to compute coseismic displacements from the strong-motion data of the Chi-Chi and Chengkung earthquakes. Our results agree favorably with the coseismic displacements determined by the GPS measurements at nearby sites. The ratio of seismic to geodetic displacement varies from 0.78 to 1.41, with an average of about 1.05.     

从同震和震后形变分析日本东北Mw9.0级大地震对近场地震活动性的影响

2011年日本东北大地震后,不断有报道认为日本南海海槽可能会发生强震,日本东北大地震对南海海槽断层活动有何影响?本文采用粘弹性半无限空间模型,利用反演得到的日本东北大地震的断层模型,计算了岛内部分断层的同震和震后形变以及库仑应力变化.结果表明:2011年日本东北大地震,使得平行于日本海沟的岛内逆冲断层应力释放明显,5km深度,库仑应力降低值都在50 kPa以上,按照该地区每年应力积累1～10 kPa计算,相当于释放了5～50年的应力积累;平行于南海海槽的岛内逆冲断层,同震库仑应力增加了1 kPa左右,相当于0.1～1年的正常构造运动应力积累;对于岛内的走滑断层,若其滑动方向与同震或震后形变方向一致,则库仑应力增加,反之则降低,如1948年福井地震发震断层库仑应力增加10 kPa左右,相当于1～10年的正常构造运动应力积累,地震危险性明显增加.同时,分析了不同软流圈粘滞性对震后形变和库仑应力的影响,发现对于不同的软流圈粘滞性系数,震后的形变和库仑应力相比同震都会有所增加.因此,对于平行南海海槽的岛内逆冲断层和岛内部分滑动方向与同震形变一致的走滑断层,震后地震危险性相比同震会进一步增强.     

汶川地震SAR形变场电离层影响校正与断层地表破裂线自动提取

针对汶川地震PALSAR观测的方位向形变场存在严重电离层影响,导致准确提取断层地表破裂线困难的问题,本文使用一种基于频率域的电离层影响校正方法,从方位向形变场频域数据中提取电离层信号对应的频域信息,通过建模获得空间域电离层信号,并与原始形变场进行差分运算完成电离层影响的校正,还原了汶川地震断层近场沿SAR方位向的真实地表形变场.以校正后的方位向形变场作为数据源,采用非极大值抑制二维梯度算法,准确提取汶川地震北川—映秀断层和灌县—江油断层的地表破裂线.为验证提取结果的可靠性,引入野外地质调查数据进行对比分析,定量计算两条破裂线间的距离差异,结果表明基于SAR形变场自动提取的断层破裂线与野外地质调查数据具有较高的一致性,利用SAR观测形变场可作为调查地震断层地表破裂的重要补充手段.

     

2021年青海玛多MW7.4地震GNSS同震形变场及其断层滑动分布

2021年5月22日青海玛多M_W7.4地震作为发生在巴颜喀拉块体内部的一次强震,再次引起了人们对该地区地震活动性的强烈关注.本文基于震后GNSS流动观测和区域连续GNSS站资料,解算了106个站点的同震形变及其中17个站点的高频形变波形.同震形变场显示玛多地震具有典型的左旋走滑特征,GNSS观测到的最大同震位移达到1.2 m.GNSS与InSAR数据相符度较高,GNSS提供了准确的近场形变信息.基于GNSS同震形变场,本文反演了断层滑动分布,并计算了发震断层上产生的库仑应力变化.结果表明,发震断层的滑动破裂存在多个凹凸体,破裂分段特征明显且出露地表,与野外地表破裂考察和余震分布吻合,主体破裂位于断层面0~10 km的浅部区域,最大滑动量达到4.6 m,地震矩1.63×10²⁰N·m,矩震级为M_W7.4;发震断层上静态库仑应力增加区域与余震分布具有一致性,说明余震主要是由静态库仑应力加载而触发的.     

基于GNSS和InSAR约束的2021年玛多MS7.4地震同震滑动分布及应用

2021年5月22日青海省果洛藏族自治州玛多县发生M_S7.4地震,震中位于青藏高原中部的巴颜喀拉块体,这是近20多年来在巴颜喀拉块体周边发生8次M≥7级强震后,块体内部的一次强震,也是汶川地震以来中国大陆发生的最大一次地震,因此该地震的成因及周边地区未来的地震危险性值得重点关注.本文利用震后及时获取的39个近场流动GNSS观测,联合61个GNSS连续观测、Sentinel-1和ALOS-2 InSAR观测获取了本次地震精细的同震形变场,以此为约束,基于均匀弹性半无限位错模型,反演了发震断层的滑动分布,并计算了同震库仑应力变化.GNSS水平同震形变十分显著,断层南北两侧的GNSS点位,最大水平形变分别达0.7 m和-1.2 m,距震中200 km的测点仍有1 cm左右的同震形变.Sentinel-1和ALOS-2的升降轨InSAR同震形变场显示此次地震造成了约160 km长的地表破裂,最大视线向形变分别达0.9 m和1.2 m.同震滑动分布模型显示,发震断层由主段和次段组成,长度分别为170 km和20 km,主段倾向北,倾角85°,平均滑动角为-4.36°,表明玛多地震是一次典型的走滑型地震.次段倾向南,倾角68°,平均滑动角为-11.84°.地震破裂主要集中在0~15 km深度范围,最大滑动量为4.4 m,对应深度6.97 km.反演给出的矩震量为1.61×10²⁰N·m,对应矩震级M_W7.4.主发震断层上存在4个凹凸体,玛多地震是一次不对称双侧破裂事件.结合余震精定位、野外调查及地质资料,我们认为主发震断裂为昆仑山口—江错断裂,东部的次级破裂与主破裂机制不同.同震库仑应力结果显示,东昆仑断裂玛沁段应力有所增加(>0.01 MPa),处于应力加载状态,未来发生强震的危险性较高.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation on the coseismic deformation of the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in China

Based on the finite element numerical algorithm,the coseismic displacements of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake are calculated with the rupture slip vectors derived by Ji and Hayes as well as Nishimura and Yaji.Except in a narrow strip around the rupture zone,the coseismic displacements are consistent with those from GPS observation and InSAR interpretation.Numerical results show that rupture slip vectors and elastic properties have profound influences on the surface coseismic deformation.Results from models with different elastic parameters indicate that:①in homogeneous elastic medium,the surface displacements are weakly dependent on Poisson's ratio and independent of the elastic modulus;②in horizontally homogeneous medium with a weak zone at its middle,the thickness of the weak zone plays a significant role on calculating the surface displacements;③in horizontally and vertically heterogeneous medium,the surface displacements depend on both Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus.Calculations of coseismic deformation should take account of the spatial variation of the elastic properties.The misfit of the numerical results with that from the GPS observations in the narrow strip around the rupture zone suggests that a much more complicated rupture model of the Wenchuan earthquake needs to be established in future study.     

GPS测定的2020年阿拉斯加MW7.8地震震时地表动态变形及永久同震形变场

以UNAVCO公布的阿拉斯加地区GPS 1 Hz和30 s采样观测数据为基础,采用双差定位方法分别对两种采样率的数据进行处理分析,获得2020年7月22日阿拉斯加M_W7.8地震震时地表动态变形及同震三维形变场。结果显示,震中270 km范围内高频GPS震时波形明显,最大振幅达600 mm。根据各个GPS站的动态形变波形振幅及响应时间认为,其振幅和响应时间受地震的破裂传播方向和场地效应影响较大。静态同震位移矢量指向震中,同震位移大小基本符合随震中距离增大而减小的特征,除站点AC13外,其中距离震中最近站点的最大水平位移达26.7 cm。GPS测定的同震形变表明,2020年阿拉斯加地震是发生在阿拉斯加阿留申俯冲大断裂的一次逆冲型地震。     

根据地表破裂位移测量估计古地震的震级(摘要)

本文提出一种利用位移资料估计古地震 (史前地震 )震级的方法。现在估计古地震震级通常是根据地表破裂长度与矩震级的关系 ,需要确定同震地表破裂的总长度或者断层分段模型。但地表破裂总长度很少能够准确地测量 ,断层分段模型则有很大的不确定性而不可定量化。虽然在表示历史地震震级时用地表破裂长度比用位移好 ,但古地震研究能较好地提供断层某一位置的位移量。本文提出的方法的关键是考虑了对 1 4个现代地震观测得到的位移量的可变化性 ,这样可估计出古地震震级的不确定性。分析表明 ,这种不确定性以渐近线方式靠近破裂的自然可变化性 ,于是有 5至 1 0个点的位移测量值便足以判定古地震的特征。本文结论是由相当于原始破裂长度 1 0 %的断层崖采样就可提供合理估计地震震级所需要的数值。用1 992年ＬａｎｄｅｒｓＭｗ7 3地震和 1 95 4年ＤｉｘｉｅＶａｌｌｅｙＭＳ6 8地震的随机采样资料对该方法进行了检验 ,所得到的震级估计值与实际值很接近。根据地表破裂位移测量估计古地震的震级(摘要)@Mark A.Hemphill-Haley @Ray J.Welodn     

基于GPS观测分析日本9.0级地震同震位错与近场形变特征

2011年3月11日日本本州宫城县东海岸近海发生MW9.0级地震,本文在对GPS同震位移场分布及误差特征分析的基础上,反演了同震位错分布.误差分析结果表明震源北西向300 km、北北西向550 km、南西向700 km范围内的同震位移量值明显大于误差,可以为位错反演提供有效的地表位移约束.沿震源北西向GPS剖面结果和位错反演位移剖面结果均表明同震近场位移符合指数衰减特征.位错反演结果表明,日本9.0级地震最大同震位错为25.8 m,位于震中附近;位错量大于10 m的同震破裂集中在震中附近400 km范围内;日本海沟南段同震位错量相对较小,此次地震为日本海沟地区典型逆冲型地震.根据此次9.0级地震和该地区以往强震破裂空间分布特征,此次9.0级地震破裂既体现了强震原地复发的特点,又体现了强震破裂的填空性.     

Late Quaternary surface deformation and rupture behavior of strong earthquake on the segment north of Mianning of the Anninghe fault

The Anninghe fault is an important active fault along the eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan active tectonic block, and the study of its surface deformation and rupture behavior during strong earthquake in the late Quaternary is of fundamental importance for understanding the future seismic risk of the fault zone or even the entire western Sichuan region. Using the methods of detailed geomorphic and geological survey, digital image analysis, total station instrument survey, excavation of combined trench and dating, we analyze the geomorphologic sequences of the offset strata at several sites where the late Quaternary deformation remnants are fairly well preserved and obtain some new results as follows: Strong earthquake events with left-lateral displacements of about 3 m occurred at the two sites of Zimakua and Yejitong at 1634-1811, 1030-1050 and 280-550 a BP, respectively, and the recurrence interval is 520-660 a; The youngest event in the area of Dahaizi-Ganhaizi should be the earthquake of 1536, other events are at 1768-1826, 2755-4108 and 4108-6593 a BP, respectively, with a recurrence interval of 1300-1900 a. The strong earthquake activity shows a clustering character. The possibility of occurrence of a strong earthquake exists on the north segment of the Anninghe fault sometime in the future.     

Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated with M_S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001

IntroductionOnNovember14,2001,aMS=8.1earthquakeoccurredonthewestofKunlunshanPassintheborderareaofQinghaiandXinjiang,whichwasthestrongestearthquakeinChinesemainlandsincetheMS=8.0earthquakeoccurredinDangxiongdistrictofXizangAutonomousRegiononNovember18,1951.TheearthquakeoccurredontheEasternKunlunTectonicZone,whichwasapalaeoplatejunctionzoneinsideTibetanPlateau.ItdividedTibetanPlateauintothesouthandnorthparts.ThezoneplayedaveryimportantroleinTibetanPlateausdeformationprocessanddynamicev…