Rock Mass Behavior Under Hydropower Embankment Dams: A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study

Sweden has more than 190 large hydropower dams, of which about 50 are pure embankment dams and over 100 are concrete/embankment dams. This paper presents results from conceptual analyses of the response of typical Swedish rock mass to the construction of a hydropower embankment dam and its first stages of operation. The aim is to identify locations and magnitudes of displacements that are occurring in the rock foundation and grout curtain after construction of the dam, the first filling of its water reservoir, and after one seasonal variation of the water table. Coupled hydro-mechanical analysis was conducted using the two-dimensional distinct element program UDEC. Series of the simulations have been performed and the results show that the first filling of the reservoir and variation of water table induce largest magnitudes of displacement, with the greatest values obtained from the two models with high differential horizontal stresses and smallest spacing of sub-vertical fractures. These results may help identifying the condition of the dam foundation and contribute to the development of proper maintenance measures, which guarantee the safety and functionality of the dam. Additionally, newly developed dams may use these results for the estimation of the possible response of the rock foundation to the construction.     

深覆盖层上面板堆石坝应力变形特性研究

结合实测资料和有限元方法分析建于深覆盖层地基上面板堆石坝的应力、变形特性。数值计算中采用邓肯-张E-B模型模拟覆盖层地基和坝体的应力、变形行为,同时采用无厚度接触面模拟面板和坝体以及防渗墙和地基之间的相互作用。整理和分析工程实测资料并与数值计算结果进行对比分析,重点分析坝体和防渗结构的力学行为以及面板堆石坝和地基之间的相互作用。比较分析表明,大坝最大沉降和压应力分别发生在坝体底部和覆盖层中,覆盖层对坝体及防渗结构的应力、变形特性具有显著影响,应力、变形实测值与数值计算结果吻合较好,说明数值计算结果的有效性。在此基础上,分析了覆盖层上面板堆石坝分期填筑和筑坝速度对坝体和防渗结构应力变形的影响。结果表明,分期填筑引起坝体较大不均匀沉降和复杂的应力状态,但一定程度上可以改善防渗墙的应力变形特性;较快的坝体填筑速度容易引起坝体较大的前期应力和后期沉降,不利坝体的施工和运行。     

岗曲河混凝土面板堆石坝三维静力应力变形分析

采用邓肯模型对岗曲河面板堆石坝进行了三维有限元分析,研究软岩填筑层对坝体工作性能的影响,计算混凝土面板与岩石填筑层的位移和应力及周边缝变形。结果表明,由于受到下游堆石3D软岩填筑区的影响,坝体最大横断面最大沉降略偏向下游,总沉降量约为坝高的0.2 %,面板周边缝位移的绝对值一般都小于2 cm,周边缝的止水设计需注意选择合理的止水形式和填缝材料,由于坝址河谷狭窄,受岸坡约束,三维效应对坝体的应力变形影响较明显,为设计施工提供了参考。     

Effect of Construction Material on Dam Type Selection of the Büyük Karaçay Dam (Hatay, Turkey)

This paper covers the investigation of construction materials and selection of the dam type for the Büyük Karaçay Dam, which was planned to be constructed on Büyük Karaçay River 20 km to the SW of Hatay (Southern Turkey). The purposes of the dam are irrigation, domestic water supply, and producing energy. Auxiliary structures locations have been determined during the study of detailed geological maps of the dam axis and reservoir area. Quality, quantity and hauling distance of natural construction materials were effective to select different dam types. For engineering geological studies exploration boreholes were drilled at the dam site; pressuremeter tests were performed in order to determine bearing capacity and elasticity properties of rocks; pressured water tests were also performed to determine permeability of the dam site. Moreover, physical and mechanical properties of rocks were determined by the laboratory test. In the feasibility stage, the dam type was chosen as the central core rock-fill dam, depending on state of natural construction materials. In design stage dam type was changed as faced symmetrical hardfill dam. Finally, the dam type was revised again during the design stage as concrete face rockfill dam.     

Settlement and slaking problems in the world's fourth largest rock-fill dam, the Ataturk Dam in Turkey

The Ataturk Dam is the fourth largest clay cored rock-fill dam in the world. Located in southeastern Turkey, it is the centrepiece of a project called the Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP). The construction of the dam was finished in the short time of 3 years and 8 months in August 1990. As the reservoir level started to rise, settlement problems started to occur along the crest reaching considerable levels by May 1992 and the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section of the dam started to slake seriously. The elevation of the crest has fallen down to such an extent that now the upper part of the dam is being reconstructed to the original height of 549 m in order to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational. The settlement and slaking problems of the dam were investigated both in the field and the laboratory using soil and rock mechanical techniques. Standard proctor tests were run to determine the optimum moisture content at which the highest dry density (best compaction) is obtained during compaction of the impervious clay core. Consolidation tests were performed on undisturbed compacted clay core samples to determine if the field compaction of the clay core was done to the standards determined in the laboratory. Unconfined compression tests were run on the two different (sound aphanitic and weathered vesicular) basalts used in the rock-fill section of the dam to determine their unconfined compressive strengths. Slake durability tests were run on the same basalts to determine their durability under wetting and drying cycles. Petrographic and X-ray analysis were done so as to study the mineralogical contents of the two basalts and in turn, to determine the cause of rapid slaking of the vesicular textured weathered basalt. The consolidation test results show that, the field compaction of the impervious clay core of the dam was not done to the standards determined through the proctor tests in the laboratory. The unconfined compressive strength of the sound aphanitic basalt is more than ten times greater than the weathered vesicular basalt, and while the former has extremely high durability the latter only has medium durability. Because of nontronite (iron montmorillonite) and secondary calcite amygdules filling the vesicles, the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section is slaking badly causing additional settlement and landslides both in the clay core which is already settling and the rock-fill section of the dam. With the continuing slaking, the present reconstruction of the crest up to the theoretically intended height of 549 m to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational seems only to be a temporary solution.     

Stress and Deformation Analysis of Concrete-Facing Sand–Gravel Dam Based on Inversion Parameters

With the long-term operation of the project, the material parameters of concrete-facing sand–gravel dam will change, which brings great difficulty to the scientific and effective stress and deformation analysis. Combining with the measured displacement data, the finite element analysis model of the concrete-facing sand–gravel dam of Heiquan reservoir was established, and the modulus of elasticity and internal friction angle of the dam body were inverted by the measured displacement of the dam, then the simulation analysis of the filling construction process and the reservoir storage process of dam was carried out, and the stress and deformation values of the dam during the construction period and the impoundment period were calculated. The results showed that the parameters obtained from the inversion are smaller than the original parameters, but there is little difference between them. The displacement calculated by finite element inversion was close to the measured displacement value, the overall displacement and stress distribution of the dam body and panel were in line with the general law, and the calculated displacement and stress values were at the normal level. This study provides a reference for parameter inversion and stress and deformation analysis of concrete slab dam through monitoring data analysis.

     

高堆石坝中期度汛挡水风险率估计

在考虑高堆石坝坝体中期临时挡水度汛不允许坝面过水条件下,综合考虑坝前洪水位与防洪度汛高程的随机性,构建高堆石坝工程中期度汛挡水风险数学模型.针对堆石坝施工系统的特点,考虑各月停工天数与日平均上升速度的随机性,建立了防洪度汛高程仿真计算模型.基于Monte-Carlo方法原理,耦合水文、水力和施工随机因素对风险模型进行求解,并研究了日均控制最低上升速度这一施工可控指标对风险率的影响.通过大渡河流域某大型工程实例分析表明,风险模型与计算方法可行、有效.     

填筑速率对软基上堤防沉降影响的现场试验与数值模拟

堤防的沉降和稳定问题是软土地基上新建堤防工程必须考虑的重要问题。结合南京市长江干堤提升工程小年圩新筑堤项目,开展了软土地基上新建堤防施工全过程的现场监测与分析,主要包括表层沉降、分层沉降、土体侧向位移、土压力、孔隙水压力以及地下水位等内容。基于Plaxis有限元数值软件,建立了软土地基上新建堤防施工填筑过程的数值模型,通过与现场监测结果的对比分析,验证了所建立的数值模型的准确性和可靠性;续而重点分析了填筑速率、填筑间歇时间等关键性施工控制指标对软基上堤防沉降的影响规律。研究结果表明,当单次填筑厚度小于1 m时,单次填筑厚度对整体沉降的影响较小,因此结合实际施工要求,建议单次填土厚度为0.5～1.0 m。相关研究成果可以为类似软基上新建堤防施工质量控制提供参考依据。     

Settlement analysis of the Shuibuya concrete-face rockfill dam

Settlement is one of the most important deformation characteristics of a high concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) and is regarded as a key indicator of dam safety. The time-dependent settlement behavior of the Shuibuya CFRD is studied on the basis of in situ settlement-monitoring records and displacement back-analysis. The goal of this work is to characterize actual deformation of the dam and to verify the back-analysis method used in this paper. The settlement-monitoring records were from seven control stations at the crest and 38 monitoring points inside the body of the dam and covered the construction period, the initial filling of the reservoir and 2 years of operation. A displacement back-analysis for parameters is performed by hybrid generic algorithms (HGAs) and finite element method (FEM). Comparative studies of monitoring data and back-analysis show good agreement between measured settlements and computed settlements. Furthermore, the deformation in the next 3 years is predicted on the basis of back-analysis. Overall, it is demonstrated that the deformation of the Shuibuya CFRD is basically stable and that the technique used to control the dam deformation is successful.     

基于堆石坝竣工期沉降观测数据的材料非线性本构模型参数反演

为了高效和准确地确定堆石料的非线性本构模型参数,提出了基于响应面方法的参数反演方法。采用有限元方法数值模拟了堆石坝的分层填筑过程。建立了堆石坝变形观测点沉降的响应面函数,确定了多项式响应面函数的系数。根据堆石坝竣工期变形观测数据和确定的响应面函数,采用优化方法反演确定了堆石料本构模型参数。工程实际应用结果表明,该方法具有较高的计算效率,预测的堆石坝沉降变形与现场观测值吻合较好。     

高堆石坝瞬变-流变参数三维全过程联合反演方法及变形预测

利用反演分析得到的参数进行高面板坝的应力、变形分析来预测长期变形。由于堆石坝的施工过程和变形机制比较复杂,很难将瞬时变形和流变变形分开,因此,有必要对静力本构模型参数和流变模型参数进行综合反演。利用实测位移资料,以对堆石坝变形较敏感的静力本构模型和流变模型参数为待反演参数,采用基于粒子迁徙的粒子群算法和径向基函数神经网络构建参数反演平台,该方法克服了粒子群算法易陷入局部最优和早熟收敛的缺点,采用经过训练的神经网络来描述模型参数和位移之间的映射关系,节省了参数反演的计算时间。对水布垭高面板坝的反演结果表明,基于反演参数的沉降计算值与实测值吻合得很好,坝体变形在合理范围以内并趋于稳定。     

寒区大坝心墙土料冬季冻融与防控监测

两河口水电站是雅砻江干流规划开发中的中游控制性龙头电站,大坝为300米级砾石土心墙堆石坝。由于地处川西高原气候区,冬季气候寒冷干燥,大坝心墙土料填筑过程中面临着冻融问题的困扰。基于一个完整冬季的现场监测,系统分析了这一寒区大坝心墙建筑过程中砾石土、接触黏土土料温度变化规律、冻融特征与影响因素以及现有保温措施防冻效果。结果表明,无保温措施条件下,砾石土、接触黏土均出现了负温冻结现象,其中砾石土最大冻结深度达20 cm,接触黏土达14 cm,土料冻结持续时间不超过1个昼夜,为短时冻土。土料降温冻结过程以与外界大气对流换热过程为主,受气温、风速条件影响显著,波动范围较大,而升温融化过程以太阳辐射增温过程为主,与有效辐射起始时间密切相关,因此波动范围较小。监测期内,采用三布两膜保温材料覆盖可有效防止心墙土料冻结的发生,有、无保温材料覆盖条件下浅层土料最低温度可相差约5℃。结合监测结果和现场实际,建议将现有心墙防渗土料半幅填筑方式转换为全幅填筑,并研发轻质、憎水保温材料及其快速收放机械设备,以提高填筑作业进度、强化防冻效果。系统完整的现场实测结果,可为未来寒区水电大坝建设提供基础数据和参考。     

Deformation behaviour of Talbingo Dam

Talbingo Dam is a well instrumented, 162m high rockfill structure with an upstream sloping silty clay core, located in the southern New South Wales, Australia. A non-linear finite element analysis of its behaviour was carried out under plane strain conditions, simulating its construction, reservoir filling and steady seepage loading stages. Material parameters are determined from triaxial tests on the rockfill, core, filter and transition materials, compacted to field dry density and moisture content. All materials show non-linear stress–strain behaviour, with rockfill exhibiting work softening at large strain. Mohr envelopes for rockfill are slightly curved but linear approximations are acceptable. When compared with stresses and deformations at maximum cross section, the analytical results show good agreement in most areas. A non-linear model for pore pressure response is used successfully to predict the high pore pressures in the lower region of the core. A stability analysis performed for the end of construction stage, based on finite element stresses, shows that the design safety factors are slightly conservative.     

混凝土面板堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型及其应用

根据岩土材料Merchant、Bergers和Butterfield蠕变模型的基本形式,建立3种预测混凝土面板堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型。以蒲石河混凝土面板堆石坝为例,采用非线性有限元方法数值模拟堆石坝的顺序填筑过程。根据堆石坝沉降现场观测数据,采用回归分析方法确定3种沉降经验模型中的待定参数,确定堆石坝的蠕变沉降随时间的变化关系。工程实践应用结果表明,所提出的堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型具有较高的拟合和预测精度,堆石坝的蠕变沉降除与时间有关之外,还与观测点的应力状态和位置以及堆石料的变形模量有关。     

岗曲河面板堆石坝数值模拟分析

采用非线性有限元方法,对岗曲河混凝土面板堆石坝在施工期和蓄水期的应力变形进行了深入研究.有限元计算结果表明:坝体应力变形规律合理,坝体设计方案可行.     

Construction and post-construction behaviour of a geogrid-reinforced steep slope

A geogrid reinforced steep slope was built and monitored during construction and during the first ten months of service. The slope is located between Régua and Reconcos in the new Portuguese main itinerary, IP3, and is a part of reestablishment 2. The reinforced slope has an extension of about 206.2m, is in curve and the reinforced area reaches a maximum height of about 19.6m in the outside curve slope at 150.0m of extension (km 0+150). The monitored slope cross section is at km 0+150. The reinforcements are high density polyethylene geogrids;. materials with different tensile strength values were used. The reinforcement strains were measured at three reinforcement levels using linear extensometers. The soil vertical stresses were recorded using load cells. The internal horizontal displacements of the slope were recorded using two inclinometer tubes. The face displacements were recorded topographically in points spaced approximately 1.2m vertically along the face of the slope on the km 0+150 cross section. The reinforced slope behaviour was observed during a period of about 13 months, which includes three months of construction period. This way it was possible to obtain information about the slope behaviour during and after construction (the first 10 months of service). The behaviour of the observed reinforced slope is characterized by: low values of face displacements, slope internal horizontal displacements and reinforcement strains; change of the face displacements configuration at the end of construction during service;tendency to stabilization of the horizontal displacements in a relatively short period of service; change, during service, of the position of the line passing through the points of the reinforcements where maximum strains were recorded. The reinforced slope behaviour express the conservative design of Equilibrium Limit methods and encourage the research on new design methods for geosynthetic reinforced soil systems.     

A three-dimensional deformation analysis of the Storvass dam

A three-dimensional finite element program is used to analyse an 80 m high rockfill dam. An analysis is made of the deformed shape of the dam and the internal stresses and strains due to reservoir filling.     

Development and validation of a 3D numerical model for TBM–EPB mechanised excavations

A 3D numerical model for mechanised excavations is presented, which is capable of simulating the overall process of excavation and construction of a tunnel when a TBM EPB (Tunnel Boring Machine–Earth Pressure Balance) is used.The main construction aspects of a mechanised excavation are modelled. Their influence on calculated ground displacements are investigated by means of a series of parametric analyses.With the aim of testing the performance of the proposed 3D numerical model, a series of 25 Class C predictions has been carried out. Case Histories related to the construction of the 1995–2003 Madrid Metro Extension Project were considered for this purpose.As a general rule, the results obtained with the Modified Cam–Clay model closely fit in situ measurements. When the Linear-Elastic or the Mohr–Coulomb models are used, it is not as easy to summarise the results obtained, as higher fluctuations are observed around in situ measured data. A good agreement is also shown when the distribution of horizontal displacements along depth is considered.For some sections, the mechanised excavation model is not capable of reproducing the high values of the surface settlements measured in situ. A closer look at the results shows that mixed face conditions are found for these cases, with the TBM excavating through layered soil formations having sharply different mechanical behaviour.     

考虑蠕变性土工格栅加筋挡土墙应力与变形有限元分析

土工格栅加筋挡土墙在岩上加固工程中得到了广泛应用。采用粘弹塑性流变模型考虑地基和填士的流变性，采用作者所建议的绎验型粘弹性本构模型考虑土工格栅的蠕变性，对于土工格栅加筋挡土墒发展了非线性有限元数值分析方法，通过变动参数的对比计算与分析探讨了逐层填筑过程、加筋长度及间距布置方式等因素对土工格栅加筋挡土墙长期变形与应力特性的影响。计算与分析表明：填筑过程对面板侧向变形、格栅拉力与应变及地基中水平位移与竖向沉降具有较大的影响；加筋使墙后填土应力重新分布；面板位移、格栅拉力及应变在经历一段时间后趋于稳定状态。     

硬填料坝应力计算方法探讨与特性分析

通过对一个100 m高典型硬填料坝的应力变形分析,指出坝体填筑过程和硬填料随龄期和应力状态变化的应力-应变特征的模拟对坝体应力变形结果影响显著不容忽略。采用二元本构模型和仿真计算方式,研究了地基弹性模量对坝体应力和强度安全性的影响。地基的变形对坝体应力有显著的影响。地基弹模较低时与较刚性地基的坝体应力情况差异很大。地基弹模较低时,竣工期坝基面中部的拉应力和坝址与坝踵处的压应力都很大,可能并不满足抗拉和抗压强度。与竣工期相比,挡水期坝基面的压应力增加,拉应力减小,抗压强度安全性减小,抗拉强度安全性增加。对于硬填料坝,竣工期和挡水期的抗剪强度安全系数均很高,一般可不进行抗剪强度的计算。