东濮凹陷文西斜坡古盐湖沉积的油气储层预测

早第三纪的东濮凹陷是一个典型的盐湖含油气盆地。与传统的“干盐湖”理论沉积模式相比 ,东濮凹陷下第三系沉积组合明显具有砂岩储集层层薄而且少的特点。作者讨论了在高分辨率层序地层研究基础上 ,使用地震岩性反演技术等方法预测东濮凹陷古盐湖沉积超薄储集层分布的实例。在层序地层解释的基础上 ,利用稳定泥岩的区域展布特点 ,使用JASON软件系统的储层反演功能可预测潜在的储集层分布情况 ,追踪含油气砂岩储集层的展布特征 ,预测文西斜坡的储集层展布。     

东濮凹陷盐湖盆地油气富集规律研究

国内外油气勘探实践表明,含盐盆地的油气富集和分布与盆地内沉积的盐岩密切相关。东濮凹陷是我国东部地区典型的含盐油气富集盆地,作者通过深入研究其地层层序特征及盐岩纵横向分布特点,进一步剖析了盐岩沉积的主要控制因素及其与生储盖层的关系,搞清了含盐盆地油气的分布和富集与盐岩的关系,指出无论在垂向上还是横向上,东濮凹陷盐岩一般都与暗色烃源岩共生,而且盐岩与同期沉积的砂岩表现为长消关系。研究认为盐岩可作为油气上盖或侧向遮挡,与源岩、储集层可组成良好的生储盖配置关系,利于油气富集区带的形成,对构造和隐蔽油气藏的形成都发挥了积极的作用,并指出与盐岩有关的文东北部和胡状集地区是下一步挖潜的有利勘探方向。研究成果也可为国内外同类含盐盆地的油气勘探提供一定的借鉴经验。     

潜江盐湖盆地层序地层特征

盐湖沉积不仅是一种重要化工矿产沉积建造 ,还是一种重要的含油气沉积组合 ,其中常常蕴藏有十分丰富的油气资源。但是 ,此类盆地的层序地层学研究起步较晚 ,尤其是对于陆相盐湖盆地更是如此 ,其关键在于国内外的专家学者对盐湖层序的划分与特征了解较少 ,层序地层划分标准不统一。在充分吸收和消化前人研究成果的基础上 ,从当今的盐湖形成理论出发 ,以潜江古盐湖为研究对象 ,讨论了盐湖盆地沉积的层序地层划分标准 ,及层序地层单元基本特征。认为从层序地层的基本控制因素———可容纳空间 (Accommo dationSpace)出发 ,可将盐岩沉积作为盆地水体浓缩的产物———水面下降阶段的沉积代表 ,从而建立起盐湖的层序地层划分标准。     

潜江凹陷潜江组古盐湖沉积层序的地球化学特征

通过对江汉盆地潜江凹陷古盐湖的碳氧同位素等地球化学参数的测试分析 ,讨论了在湖平面变化周期内 ,碳、氧同位素以及粘土矿物中Al2 O3/MgO比值等参数的变化特征 ,而且它们与层序地层单元的发育有较好的对应关系。潜江凹陷岩心实测资料的研究表明 ,层序地层单元中的各个体系域具有一定的地球化学特征。可以利用这些地球化学指标来判断湖平面的变化 ,划分三级层序以及内部的体系域     

四川盆地下中三叠统盐系地层古地磁研究与成盐条件有关问题探讨

四川盆地下中三叠统嘉陵江组—雷口坡组(T1j-T2L)盐系地层蒸发岩发育,是我国海相碳酸盐岩沉积区探盐找钾的重要地区层位。现通过四川盆地下中三叠统盐系地层古地磁样品的系统采集和测试工作,首次在我国建立了古地磁磁性地层剖面,并根据测定结果,结合地质资料,探索了四川盆地下中三叠统(T1j-T2L)成盐古气候条件及其时代归属等有关问题。     

昌都—兰坪—呵叻成盐带白垩纪成盐成钾过程

以昌都—兰坪—思茅盆地及呵叻盆地含盐带盐类沉积为研究对象,在分析总结前人研究成果的基础上,通过系统的大地构造学、矿床学、地球化学等研究方法,总结和研究了该区含钾蒸发岩矿床的矿床特征,提出了新的成矿模式。研究表明,兰坪—思茅盆地和呵叻盆地的含钾蒸发岩矿床为"海源陆相"成因,即在陆相环境下与海水的变异有关。该矿床缺失正常海水蒸发浓缩而形成的硫酸盐沉积,同时,矿床中少量菱镁矿等自生矿物的出现无法用正常海水蒸发理论解释。矿床中少量溢晶石等矿物的出现预示着该矿床富钙。兰坪—思茅盆地内广泛发育了白垩纪蒸发岩系(勐野井组或云龙组),江城地区甚至沉积了小型钾盐矿床。同位素和微量元素的研究表明,该区蒸发岩矿床为海相成因,Rb和Br的含量变化指示海水从北部兰坪侵入到呵叻。昌都及兰坪地区的白垩纪石膏硫、锶同位素研究表明,该区大套的硫酸盐沉积为海相成因,物源研究成果揭示思茅盆地的物源可能来自东羌塘地区,预示着昌都地区的硫酸盐沉积跟兰坪—思茅盆地的蒸发岩沉积具有同源性。通过上述研究,提出了多级盆地海水迁移变质成盐成钾模式。     

老挝龙湖矿区ZK309孔泥岩层矿物学与地球化学特征

老挝龙湖钾盐矿区是呵叻高原钾盐矿在老挝境内最主要的钾盐矿区之一,ZK309钻孔是龙湖矿区打穿最好、取样最完整和最典型的钻孔之一,通过对该钻孔盐岩上覆碎屑层的地层、矿物、元素的分析,得出泥岩层作为成盐沉积旋回中的一部分,其矿物元素变化和与其接触的下伏盐层的类型、特征等密切相关。同一旋回中自下而上泥岩颜色由青灰色变为红色,明显表现出沉积环境由还原性转变为氧化性。盐类矿物在垂向上表现出自下而上的淡化序列。矿物和元素在103～107 m处的突变显示盐岩沉积后期曾明显有水流体的淋滤作用,通过微量元素含量等的分析,该水流体表现为偏向淡水的淡水、海水混合水。碳酸盐矿物组合及含量显示当时可能有高Mg流体的活动。将粘土矿物组合与中国其它海相和陆相盆地粘土矿物组合相比较,得出粘土矿物组合与海相更相似,加上绿泥石含量较高,初步推测粘土矿物可能来源于海相沉积环境。     

大柴旦盐湖化学沉积特征及其控制因素

大柴旦盐湖岩性地层层序依据湖底沉积剖面DCD-2和DCD03自上而下可划分为蒸发盐类盐层与灰黑色淤泥层混合层(Ⅰ层)、灰白色柱硼镁石矿层(Ⅱ层)和土黄色泥质沉积层(Ⅲ层)。湖底化学沉积以石膏为主,并见有石盐和碳酸盐等盐类矿物,这些蒸发盐类矿物几乎贯穿整个化学沉积过程,碎屑矿物夹杂其中,化学沉积分异很不充分。在柱硼镁石矿层形成前的较长时期内,大柴旦盐湖是以碎屑沉积为主的非盐湖相沉积环境,此后快速进入硫酸盐型盐湖阶段和湖底柱硼镁石矿层形成阶段。个别层位见有大柴旦盐湖这种独特化学沉积序列,与其它陆相和海相蒸发沉积序列有明显的差异,这可能主要受该地区的构造环境、物源背景以及气候变化等因素的控制。新构造运动、气候的持续干旱化、湖底柱硼镁石矿层形成前后截然不同的湖区气温、水量平衡和水化学条件(包括化学动力学因素)以及盐湖硼酸盐矿物形成的内外耦合条件,促使全球分布有限的柱硼镁石矿层在大柴旦湖底形成。构造运动、气候干湿变化以及不同水体(包括入湖淡水、盐湖卤水和周边出露泉水)的掺杂兑卤作用的耦合机制控制了大柴旦盐湖如此特殊的化学沉积序列。     

盐湖沉积改造与地下卤水成因——以库车和渤海湾盆地为例

2015年在新疆库车盆地发现高钾盐泉水,进一步为库车盆地地下钾盐找矿提供了线索。为探讨地下卤水成因,结合渤海湾盆地总结了受断裂活动控制发育的古盐湖底辟构造的盐湖沉积改造模式。控制盐体改造的断裂带及后期发育的断裂系为地下卤水的沟通和混合提供了空间和通道,从而影响地下卤水的矿化度和化学组分。氢氧同位素特征揭示：库车盆地高钾盐泉水的水体来源主要为当地大气降水,而钾的物质来源与古盐湖析盐后期浓缩卤水或地下固体钾盐的溶解有关;渤海湾盆地地层水则继承了古盐湖沉积卤水,后期接受水岩反应、浅层水体掺杂等改造作用,最终形成矿化度分布具有极大差异性的地层水。沉积盐体的“古凹今隆”决定着钾盐的沉积、分异变形改造和保存,隆起盐体的次级凹陷及陡坡一侧是高矿化度卤水储存及钾盐矿物沉积的有利部位,值得关注和深入研究。     

黄海南部陆区全新世埋藏潮沙体

本文依据８个孔样品分析数据和数十个参考钻孔资料，讨论了全新世沉积层序，发现了埋藏潮沙体，并阐述了其沉积特征、形成机制和发育演化过程。埋藏潮沙体可区分为潮沙堤、潮沙波和潮沙脊３个亚相，它们是在冰后期海进－海退过程中，随着长江三角洲前展、南偏，长江携来的砂质物质在强潮流作用下诊次形成并得以保存地层中的。现代辐射状潮流沙脊群是埋藏潮沙体的发展延续。     

Dynamic modelling of passive margin salt tectonics: effects of water loading, sediment properties and sedimentation patterns

We investigate the evolution of passive continental margin sedimentary basins that contain salt through two‐dimensional (2D) analytical failure analysis and plane‐strain finite‐element modelling. We expand an earlier analytical failure analysis of a sedimentary basin/salt system at a passive continental margin to include the effects of submarine water loading and pore fluid pressure. Seaward thinning sediments above a weak salt layer produce a pressure gradient that induces Poiseuille flow in the viscous salt. We determine the circumstances under which failure at the head and toe of the frictional–plastic sediment wedge occurs, resulting in translation of the wedge, landward extension and seaward contraction, accompanied by Couette flow in the underlying salt. The effects of water: (i) increase solid and fluid pressures in the sediments; (ii) reduce the head to toe differential pressure in the salt and (iii) act as a buttress to oppose failure and translation of the sediment wedge. The magnitude of the translation velocity upon failure is reduced by the effects of water. The subsequent deformation is investigated using a 2D finite‐element model that includes the effects of the submarine setting and hydrostatic pore pressures. The model quantitatively simulates a 2D approximation of the evolution of natural sedimentary basins on continental margins that are formed above salt. Sediment progradation above a viscous salt layer results in formation of landward extensional basins and listric normal growth faults as well as seaward contraction. At a later stage, an allochthonous salt nappe overthrusts the autochthonous limit of the salt. The nature and distribution of major structures depends on the sediment properties and the sedimentation pattern. Strain weakening of sediment favours landward listric growth faults with formation of asymmetric extensional depocentres. Episodes of low sediment influx, with partial infill of depocentres, produce local pressure gradients in the salt that result in diapirism. Diapirs grow passively during sediment aggradation.     

陆相盐湖层序地层学研究简述

陆相盐湖盐源复杂多样,主要有陆源、海源和地壳深部三大类。前两类主要通过蒸发成盐,气候起着关键作用,形成的陆相盐湖低水位和高水位体系域中盐岩发育,湖侵体系域中盐岩相对不发育;第三类主要通过兑卤成盐,作为深层卤水通道的深大断裂的活动期次控制了盐岩的发育,盐岩主要发育在湖侵体系域,高水位体系域次之,低水位体系域中盐岩一般不发育。     

西藏昌都地区盐泉水化学特征与找钾研究 秦西伟 马海州 张西营 樊启顺 程怀德 李永寿 苗卫良 海擎宇 石海岩

西藏昌都地区发育有大量的膏盐、白云石及菱镁矿,研究其区域成钾潜力意义重大。在对昌都盆地蒸发岩矿点实地考察过程中,共采集了12个盐泉水样及2个泉水样。通过常微量元素及水化学特征系数研究,查明研究区盐泉水水化学类型为氯化物型和硫酸钠亚型,属于岩盐溶滤成因,溶滤了大量的石盐和少量的碳酸盐岩及硫酸盐岩,纳西盐井盐泉水同时还受深部循环水的影响。昌都地区盐泉水样中Na+、Cl-含量及矿化度由北向南逐渐降低,Br、Li、B含量较低,整体上呈现以贡觉为中心,向北、向南逐渐增高的变化趋势。研究区盐泉水具有内陆盐湖性质,北部含盐地层更具海相成因特征,盆地由北至南从海相沉积环境逐渐过度为内陆海沉积环境,受陆表水影响越大。研究表明,类乌齐含盐地层经历了最强烈的浓缩蒸发及盐岩溶滤作用,其浓缩阶段晚于纳西及贡觉含盐带,其成钾潜力同样也优于纳西及贡觉含盐带,可作为钾盐矿异常点。贡觉和纳西含盐地层在不同程度上受到了陆表水的影响。综合对比前人研究成果,发现囊谦—昌都—兰坪盆地自北向南,成钾潜力逐渐变优。     

Salt tectonics driven by differential sediment loading: stability analysis and finite-element experiments

At many continental margins, differential sediment loading on an underlying salt layer drives salt deformation and has a significant impact on the structural evolution of the basin. We use 2‐D finite‐element modelling to investigate systems in which a linear viscous salt layer underlies a frictional‐plastic overburden of laterally varying thickness. In these systems, differential pressure induces the flow of viscous salt, and the overburden experiences updip deviatoric tension and downdip compression. A thin‐sheet analytical stability criterion for the system is derived and is used to predict conditions under which the sedimentary overburden will be unstable and fail, and to estimate the initial velocities of the system. The analytical predictions are in acceptable agreement with initial velocity patterns of the numerical models. In addition to initial stability analyses, the numerical model is used to investigate the subsequent finite deformation. As the systems evolve, overburden extension and salt diapirism occur in the landward section and contractional structures develop in the seaward section. The system evolution depends on the relative widths of the salt basin and the length scale of the overburden thickness variation. In narrow salt basins, overburden deformation is localised and characterised by high strain rates, which cause the system to reach a gravitational equilibrium and salt movement to cease earlier than for wide salt basins. Sedimentation enhances salt evacuation by maintaining a differential pressure in the salt. Continued sedimentary filling of landward extensional basins suppresses landward salt diapirism. Sediment progradation leads to seaward propagation of the landward extensional structures and depocentres. At slow sediment progradation rates, the viscous flow can be faster than the sediment progradation, leading to efficient salt evacuation and salt weld formation beneath the landward section. Fast sediment progradation suppresses the viscous flow, leaving salt pillows beneath the prograding wedge.     

青藏高原东部黄河切开若尔盖湖盆的沉积证据与年代研究

对青藏高原东部若尔盖盆地内外实地考察,在玛曲瓶颈段黄河二级阶地前沿陡坎,发现了含有古深湖相和古河床河漫滩相地层序列的典型沉积剖面。通过沉积物粒度特征分析和光释光(optically stimulated luminescence,OSL)测年,研究结果表明：① 剖面下部淡蓝灰色古深湖相沉积层为深水厌氧环境下形成的湖相沉积物,而覆盖其上的杂色卵石层夹淡黄橙色透镜状沙层则是古河床河漫滩相沉积物,指示了强动力流水作用过程。这2组地层的不整合接触关系,是黄河切开若尔盖湖盆导致古湖水外泄的直接证据。② 剖面古深湖相沉积层顶部和古滨浅湖相沉积层底部的OSL测年结果表明,古黄河在37 ka BP切开若尔盖湖盆,导致湖水外泄,35 ka BP湖水变浅消失,黄河沟通了若尔盖盆地水系。③ 晚更新世东昆仑大断裂强烈的新构造运动和37 ka 温暖湿润气候的综合影响使得尚处于玛曲断陷谷地草原的古黄河源溯源侵蚀加剧,由西向东在玛曲城南瓶颈段切开了若尔盖古湖盆,导致古湖水外泄,从而沟通了若尔盖湖盆的水系,使之成为黄河源。该研究结果对于深入理解青藏高原东北部河湖水系演变及黄河水系的形成具有重要的科学意义。     

The changing Patagonian landscape: Erosion and westward sediment transfer paths in northern Patagonia during the Middle and Late Pleistocene

Pleistocene glaciations have promoted important landscape transformations as a result of high rates of erosion and rapid sediment evacuation to adjacent marine basins. In the Patagonian Andes the role of the Patagonian Ice Sheet on landscape evolution, in particular the spatial patterns of glacial erosion and its influence on sediment fluxes, is poorly documented. Here, we investigate the Middle and Late Pleistocene sedimentary record of the continental slope from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 861, offshore Patagonia (46°S), to evaluate the link between glaciations, mountain range erosion and continental margin strata formation. Petrographic analysis of the sand-size fraction (0.063–2 mm) and ɛNd and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr measurements in the silt-size fraction (10–63 µm) indicate that glacial erosion over the last 350,000 years has focused within the Patagonian Batholith, with a minor influence of a proximal source to the drilling site, the Chonos Metamorphic Complex. This shows that erosion has focused in the core of the northern Patagonian Andes, coinciding roughly with the location of the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone and the zone of concentrated precipitation during glaciations, suggesting a combined climatic and structural control on glacial erosion. Temporal variation in the provenance signal is contemporaneous with a marked change in the stratigraphy of ODP Site 861 that occurred after the glaciation of MIS 8 (~240 kyr ago). Before MIS 8, a restricted provenance signal and coarse lithofacies accumulated on the continental slope indicates spatially restricted erosion and efficient transfer of sediment towards the ocean. In contrast, very high provenance variability and finer continental slope lithofacies accumulation after MIS 8 suggest a disorganized expansion of the areas under erosion and a more distal influence of ice sediment discharge to this site. We argue that this change may have been related to a re-organization of the drainage patterns of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and flow of outlet glaciers to the continental margin during the last two glaciations.     

Closing and continentalization of the South Pyrenean foreland basin (NE Spain): magnetochronological constraints

This paper presents new magnetostratigraphic results from a 1100‐m‐thick composite section across the marine to continental sediments of the central part of the SE margin of the Ebro basin (NE Spain). Integration with existing marine and continental biochronological data allows a robust correlation with the geomagnetic polarity time scale. The resulting absolute chronology ranges from 36.3 to 31.1 Ma (Priabonian to Rupelian), and yields an interpolated age of ～36.0 Ma (within chron C16n.2n) for the youngest marine sediments of the eastern Ebro basin. This age is in concordance with a reinterpretation of earlier magnetostratigraphic data from the western South Pyrenean foreland basin, and indicates that continentalization of the basin occurred as a rapid and isochronous event. The basin continentalization, determined by the seaway closure that resulted from the uplift of the western Pyrenees, was probably coincident with a mid‐amplitude eustatic sea level low with a maximum at 36.2 Ma. The base level drop that followed the basin closure and desiccation does not appear associated to a significant sedimentary hiatus along the margins, suggesting a late Eocene shallow marine basin that rapidly refilled and raised its base level after the seaway closing. Rapid basin filling following continentalization predates the phase of rapid exhumation of the Central Pyrenean Axial Zone from 35.0 to 32.0 Ma, determined from the thermochronology data. It is possible then that sediment aggradation at the front of the fold‐and‐thrust belt could have contributed to a decrease in the taper angle, triggering growth of the inner orogenic wedge through break‐back thrusting and underplating. Contrasting sedimentation trends between the western and eastern sectors of the South Pyrenean foreland indicate that basin closing preferentially affected those areas subjected to sediment bypass towards the ocean domain. As a result, sediment ponding after basin closure is responsible for a two‐fold increase of sedimentation rates in the western sector, while changes of sedimentation rates are undetected in the more restricted scenario of the eastern Ebro basin.     

赣江下游地区的风成沉积物

经C¹⁴测年,认为赣江下游广泛分布的"莲塘组"和"湖口组"沙质沉积物,并不是分别形成于晚更新世早期和晚期,而是不早于30kaBP,一直沿用的关于"莲塘组"和"湖口组"的划分方案值得商榷。以新建县厚田地区为工作重点,通过对沉积物的沉积结构、形组分析、电镜扫描等室内分析和野外沉积构造调查,将"莲塘组"划分为上下两段,确认"莲塘组"上段和"湖口组"均为风成沉积,并指出风成沉积与河流沉积在沉积结构和构造方面的重大差异。     

北极陆架沉积碳埋藏及其在全球碳循环中的作用

陆架边缘海有机碳的堆积速率比大洋高一个数量级 ,全球大约有 80 %以上的沉积有机碳埋藏于陆架地区。北极陆架是世界上最大的陆架 ,占全球陆架面积的 1 / 4 ,然而由于相关的工作较少 ,目前对北极沉积有机碳埋藏情况及其对全球的贡献还知之甚少。北极地区沉积有机碳埋藏主要取决于生物泵 ,而生物泵过程一个主要的限制因子是海冰的覆盖。近几十年来随着全球变暖 ,北极海冰覆盖面积正在快速减小。本文从北极沉积有机碳的来源、河流携带的沉积物输入、海冰覆盖率、营养盐来源等方面初步讨论了陆源输入和生物泵过程对沉积碳来源和埋藏时空变化的影响。结合两次北极考察的初步结果指出 ,全球变暖很可能使北极陆架边缘海成为沉积有机碳的高效汇区。     

昌都地区盐泉水化学特征与找钾研究

昌都地区发育有大量的膏盐、白云石及菱镁矿,研究其区域成钾潜力意义重大。在对昌都盆地蒸发岩矿点实地考察过程中,共采集12个盐泉水样及2个泉水样。通过常微量元素及水化学特征系数研究,查明研究区盐泉水水化学类型为氯化物型和硫酸钠亚型,属于岩盐溶滤成因,溶滤了大量的石盐和少量的碳酸盐岩及硫酸盐岩,纳西盐井盐泉水同时还受深部循环水的影响。昌都地区盐泉水样中Na、Cl含量及矿化度由北向南逐渐降低,Br、Li、B含量较低,整体上呈现以贡觉为中心,向北、向南逐渐增高的变化趋势。研究区盐泉水具有内陆盐湖性质,北部含盐地层更具海相成因特征,盆地由北至南从海相沉积环境逐渐过渡为内陆海沉积环境,受陆表水影响愈大。研究表明,类乌齐含盐地层经历了最强烈的浓缩蒸发及岩盐溶滤作用,其浓缩阶段晚于纳西及贡觉含盐带,其成钾潜力同样也优于纳西及贡觉含盐带,可作为钾盐矿异常点。贡觉和纳西含盐地层在不同程度上受到了陆表水的影响。综合对比前人研究成果,发现囊谦—昌都—兰坪盆地自北向南,成钾潜力逐渐变优。