Composition and provenance of the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate Haakon VII Land, Spitsbergen

The Siktefjcllet Group of late Silurian or early Devonian age. consisting of the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate and the overlying Siktefjcllet Sandstone, is generally accepted as the oldest part of the Old Red Sandstone in Spitsbergen. Most of the clasts of the conglomerate are only slightly rounded and consist of lithologies typical for the underlying basement. A minor component of quartz porphyry clasts is present; these are well-rounded, indicating a longer transport. The provenance of the quartz porphyry clasts is discussed in relation to the known outcrops of quartz porphyry in Svalbard, one occurring in the neighbourhood of the conglomerate, the other ones far away. The quartz porphyry in close proximity is younger than the Lilljeborgfjellet Conglomerate and therefore not a possible source rock. A close petrographic and geochemical comparison with the quartz porphyries at three localities in Nordaustlandet (150-200 km in easterly direction and of probable Grenvillian age) is presented showing many similarities, but enough differences to question their interrelationship. The porphyries of the Hornsund area (300 km in southerly direction and also of probable Grenvillian age) are found to be chemically and pctrographically distinctly different from the Lilljeborgfjellet clast porphyry. Metarhyolite reported from the Planclfjclla and Har-kerbreen Groups in Ny Fricsland are not comparable with the clast porphyry. As no unquestionable source rock among the quartz porphyries is known in outcrop, the possibility of a hidden or completely eroded parent rock is considered.     

南极长城湾沉积物中稀土元素的初步研究

本文通过对长城湾表层沉积物中稀土元素的地球化学研究,认为其总量丰度、配分模式、特征参数等,均与菲尔德斯半岛的火山岩相似,因而长城湾沉积物的主要来源似为菲尔德斯半岛基岩的风化产物。     

Magnetic fabric and its significance in the Florianópolis dyke swarm, southern Brazil

Magnetic fabric was determined by applying the anisotropy from the low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique in 62 mafic dykes from the Mesozoic Florianópolis (Santa Catarina Island) dyke swarm, southern Brazil. These dykes cut the crystalline basement rocks, which are mainly Proterozoic. They are vertical or subvertical in dip and trend mainly NE, although NW-trending dykes are also found. Dykes are tholeiitic in composition and are geochemically similar to those from the Ponta Grossa swarm. Thicknesses vary from 0.3 to 60 m. Polished sections show that titanomagnetites carry the AMS in these dykes. Hysteresis parameters show that the magnetic minerals fall in the PSD range. Two types of magnetic fabric are recognized. Type I is characterized by K ₁- K ₂ parallel to the dyke wall, representing magma flow within the dykes; type II, with K ₁- K ₃ parallel to the dyke wall, was found in four dykes. Type I is found in 94 per cent of the dykes, and approximately 20 per cent of these have K ₁ inclinations of less than 30°, suggesting horizontal or subhorizontal flow. About 80 per cent have K ₁ inclinations of greater than 30°, due to inclined to vertical flow. The comparison of AMS studies from both the Florianópolis and the Ponta Grossa dykes suggests a source position closer to Santa Catarina Island than the Ponta Grossa arch.     

河南省罗山县陡坡花岗斑岩型钼矿床地质特征及成因探讨

陡坡钼矿床是一新发现的中型钼矿床,该矿床赋存于早白垩世灵山超单元岩体与围岩的接触带内侧,矿化类型主要为细脉浸染状。矿床中金属矿物主要为黄铜矿、辉钼矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿,次为磁黄铁矿、斑铜矿等。灵山超单元花岗岩岩石类型属高硅富碱钙碱性(偏碱性)系列,SiO2含量72～77%,K2O+Na2O总量大于7.9%,K2O/Na2O大于1。矿床的围岩蚀变叠加组合主要为硅化——钾长石化——黄铁矿化组合、硅化——绿泥石化——黄铁矿化组合。该矿床属中高温热液斑岩型钼矿床,结合岩浆岩特征,成矿作用于与岩体关系密切,并可能受幔源岩浆混合作用的影响。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵镁铁质麻粒岩的地球化学特征及其中压变质作用

在东南极普里兹湾拉斯曼丘陵地区变泥质岩和长英质片麻岩中，定向分布着透镜状、扁豆状和香肠状镁铁质、超镁铁质麻粒岩。这些岩石主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征显示其原岩化学成分具镁铁质堆晶岩特征，并可能代表岩墙的构造作用残留体。在米洛半岛发现石榴子石周围有斜方辉石和斜长石的反应边，斜方辉石和斜长石由下述反应形成：石榴子石＋石英→斜方辉石＋斜长石。这个反应为减压反应，应用地质温压计确定其温度和压力分别为７４７±４８°Ｃ和６．３±０．５ｋｂａｒ，本文首次应用石榴子石－斜方辉石－斜长石－石英组合确立本区早期中压麻粒岩相事件的存在。本文还对镁铁质麻粒岩的原岩成因及矿物中的减压结构所代表的构造意义进行了探讨     

CHARACTERISTICS OF Nd AND Sr ISOTOPES AND TRACE ELEMENTS FOR LATE CRETAEOUS VOLCANIC ROCKS IN KING GEORGE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOURCE OF THE VOLCANICS FROM DEPLETED MANTLE

Rb-Sr isotopic isochron dating of the volcanic rock samples from the Upper Cretaceous Half Three Point Formation on the King George Island is 71.33±0.3 Ma. Correlative study of _(εND)(T)-~(147)Sm/~(144)Nd, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd-~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr, ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-Sr and ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-K_2O/(K_2O+Na_2O) indicated that the volcanic rocks were chiefly derived from the depleted mantle source and generally were not mixed crust materials. Of the samples 6 were given the mean Sm-Nd model age (T_(DM)~(Nd) of 443.3±20.6 Ma possibly indicating the age of chemical variation event in the magma source of the study area. Features of the trace elements indicated that the rocks from the Half Three Point Formation are of typical eale-alkaline volcanic suite and similar to those from the Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Fildes Peninsula, being the same products of the island-arc volcanic activity.     

Composition of plagioclases in volcanic rocks of King George Island, Antarctica with reference to the petrogenetic significance

Plagioclases occur mainly as phenocrysts in volcanic rocks of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. In basaltic andesites and andesites of Keller Peninsula and Ullman Spur (Admiralty Bay), they are high structure state labradorite andesines; and in high Al basalts and basaltic andesites of Barton and Weaver peninsulas (Maxwell Bay), they are high structure state bytownite anorthites.∑[WT9.BZ]REE, La/Yb ratios and δEu values of plagioclases from Admiralty Bay are higher than those from Maxwell Bay. All plagioclases have rather identical chondrite normalized transitional element distribution patterns, probably reflecting that crystal structure rather than composition of plagioclase controls their diversity. Compositions of plagioclases depend chiefly on those of their host rocks, compositional differences of plagioclases reveal that basaltic magmas in the Admiralty Bay area are more evolved than in the Maxwell Bay area.     

西南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛火山岩地质初步研究

西南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛主要由基性熔岩、火山碎屑岩及薄层沉积岩组成,并有次火山岩体及脉岩发育.野外观察及K—Ar,Rb—Sr全岩年龄说明岩石形成于始新一渐新世.主要元素和微量元素地球化学特征说明岩石属低钾高铝钙碱性玄武岩,但具有拉斑玄武岩的某些特征,是岛弧火山活动的产物.岩层呈平缓单斜,发育有近同期及后期走滑正断层,以及由断层活动形成的局部以称褶皱.     

Rates Of Postglacial rock weathering on glacially scoured outcrops (Abisko–Riksgränsen area, 68°N)

Ice–polished quartz veins, feldspar phenocrysts and quartzite layers were used as reference surfaces to assess the impact of Postglacial rock weathering in Lapland (68°N). Over 3200 measurements were carried out on roches moutonées and glaciofluvially scoured outcrops distributed within three study areas covering 8 km². Inferred weathering rates demonstrate that 10,000 years of Holocene weathering did not significantly modify the geometry of Weichselian rock surfaces. However, rates of general surface lowering range from 1 to 25, depending on the rock type, with average values at 0.2 mm ka⁻¹ for homogeneous crystalline rocks (irrespective of their acidity and grain size), 1 mm ka⁻¹ for biotite–rich crystalline rocks, and 5 mm ka⁻¹ for carbonate sedimentary rocks. Accelerated rates were recorded in weathering pits and along joints with values up to ten times higher than on the rest of the rock surface. Comparisons with cold and temperate areas suggest that solution rates of carbonate rocks are highly dependent on climate conditions, whilst granular disintegration of crystalline rocks operates at the same rate whatever the environment. It probably means that microgelivation is not efficient on ice–polished crystalline outcrops even under harsh climate conditions, and that granular disintegration proceeds under various climates from the same ubiquitous combination of biochemical processes. Last, the weathering state of Late–Weichselian roches moutonées can be usefully compared to that of Preglacial tors of the nearby Kiruna area.     

Rates Of Postglacial rock weathering on glacially scoured outcrops (Abisko–Riksgränsen area, 68°N)

Ice–polished quartz veins, feldspar phenocrysts and quartzite layers were used as reference surfaces to assess the impact of Postglacial rock weathering in Lapland (68°N). Over 3200 measurements were carried out on roches moutonées and glaciofluvially scoured outcrops distributed within three study areas covering 8 km². Inferred weathering rates demonstrate that 10,000 years of Holocene weathering did not significantly modify the geometry of Weichselian rock surfaces. However, rates of general surface lowering range from 1 to 25, depending on the rock type, with average values at 0.2 mm ka⁻¹ for homogeneous crystalline rocks (irrespective of their acidity and grain size), 1 mm ka⁻¹ for biotite–rich crystalline rocks, and 5 mm ka⁻¹ for carbonate sedimentary rocks. Accelerated rates were recorded in weathering pits and along joints with values up to ten times higher than on the rest of the rock surface. Comparisons with cold and temperate areas suggest that solution rates of carbonate rocks are highly dependent on climate conditions, whilst granular disintegration of crystalline rocks operates at the same rate whatever the environment. It probably means that microgelivation is not efficient on ice–polished crystalline outcrops even under harsh climate conditions, and that granular disintegration proceeds under various climates from the same ubiquitous combination of biochemical processes. Last, the weathering state of Late–Weichselian roches moutonées can be usefully compared to that of Preglacial tors of the nearby Kiruna area.     

The distribution of inselbergs and their relationship to geomorphological, structural and lithological controls in Southern Zimbabwe

The gneissic-granitic basement of southern Zimbabwe is characterized by a wide variety of inselbergs, preferentially developed on the granitoid rocks. However, there are significant differences in the frequency of inselbergs and most inselbergs occur in the younger granitoid rocks, particularly in rocks with microcline as the dominant K-feldspar, but their distribution is not uniform. Completely isolated inselbergs are rare and most inselbergs are arranged in clusters or are associated with plateaus or they occur as the detached ends of spurs and ridges.Chemical and mineralogical investigations indicate significant differences in the composition of the older and younger granitoid rocks. The latter are characterized by a higher content of alkali feldspars and a lower content of plagioclase and mafic minerals.The influences of texture, fabric and fracture characteristics on the resistance of the rocks vary. In the southern part of the study area the majority of rock domes is associated with porphyritic granites and fine-grained granites, whilst inselbergs of the large batholith complexes in the northern part of the study area show virtually no relationships to the grain-size of the rocks.Thin-sections analysis indicate, that the rocks of the terrains with a higher density of inselbergs are characterized by an intense intergrowth of minerals and a higher number of contacts between quartz and alkali feldspars. Particularly in the case of the porphyritic granites the influence of texture on the frequency of rock domes is linked with two factors. These are a high content of microcline minerals that have filled the interstices of the surrounding mineral framework and enclosed the surrounding minerals. Overgrowths and replacement micro-structures indicate a long lasting crystallization, which appears to be responsible for a lower density of cooling fractures. Enclosure of the more vulnerable minerals in the more resistant microcline megacrysts retards the loosening of the rock constituents.The marked differences in the lithological and structural characteristics of the various granitoid rocks influence the weathering behaviour of the rocks and illustrate that the divergent weathering characteristics of the rocks are strongly dependent on lithological and structural factors.     

Late Quaternary glacial and environmental history of Kongsøya, Svalbard

On western Kongsøya, Svalbard, three coarsening-upwards sequences of marine to littoral sediments, separated by tills, are recognised in sections at ca 50-92 m above present sea level. These sequences show major glaciations in the northern Barents Sea, resulting in substantial glacioisostatic downpressing of Kongsøya. Till fabrics indicate ice movements controlled by the local topography, while glaciotectonic deformations suggest that ice moved from an ice divide northeast of Kongsøya. independent of the local topography. The stratigraphical evidences show two pre-Holocene ice-free periods, when the climate was similar to or slightly warmer than at present. The age of these periods is not clear. It is suggested that the elder ice free interval is older than isotope stage 5e. The younger ice free interval could be of Eemian or Early Weichselian age. The uppermost succession of sublittoral-littoral sediments is of early Holocene age. It relates to the high (≥100 m) postglacial marine limit, dated to approximately 10,000 bp.     

3-D seismic velocities calculated from lattice-preferred orientation and reflectivity of a lower crustal section: examples of the Val Sesia section (Ivrea zone, northern Italy)

To quantify the seismic properties of lower crustal rocks and to better constrain the origin of the lower crustal seismic reflectivity, we determined the complete 3-D seismic properties of a lower crustal section. Eight representative samples of the main lithologic and structural units outcropping in the Val Sesia (Ivrea zone) were studied in detail. The seismic velocities were calculated using the single crystal stiffness coefficients and the lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of each mineral in all samples. The 21 stiffness coefficients characterizing the elastic behaviour of each rock are determined. Mafic and ultramafic rocks such as pyroxenite and pyroxene-bearing gabbros display complex shear wave properties. These rocks are weakly birefringent (maximum 0.1 kms⁻¹) and it is difficult to find consistent relationships between the seismic properties and the rock structure. On the other hand, seismic properties of deformed felsic rocks are essentially controlled by mica. They display strong S -wave birefringence (0.3 km s⁻¹) and relatively high V _p anisotropy (7.6 per cent). Amphibole also strongly influences the rock birefringence patterns. For both kind of rocks, the foliation is highly birefringent and the fast polarized shear wave is systematically oriented parallel to the foliation. We show that the number of mineral phases in the rock strongly controls the anisotropy. The seismic anisotropy has a complex role in the P -wave reflectivity. Compared to the isotropic case, anisotropy enhances the reflection coefficient for about 60 per cent of the possible lithological interfaces. For 40 per cent of the interfaces, the reflection coefficient is much lower when one considers the medium as anisotropic.     

Delineation of paleolakes in the Sinai Peninsula,Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS

Well-stratified lacustrine deposits of clay, silt, and marl occur within the rugged mountainous triangle of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. These deposits occur only in two sites along Wadi Feiran channel (Feiran and El-Tarfa Oases), where very dense acidic dykes intersect their stream courses. Such dykes played an important role in damming water from torrential rainfall during the humid period to form lakes. The SRTM (90 m) data and high-resolution images (IKONOS) have been utilized to reconstruct the paleolakes in terms of shape, size and water volume. Results show that lake deposits are located where acidic dykes cross narrow channel of high sinuosity. At their former heights, the dykes dammed the surface runoff, thus, three local freshwater paleolakes formed behind them. GIS analysis shows that the largest of these paleolakes was formed in the area of Feiran Oasis. Two other smaller paleolakes were formed at El-Tarfa Oasis due to the presence of two pronounced acidic dykes.These lake deposits were derived mainly from El-Tih Plateau via Wadi El-Akhdar. Another source of these deposits could have been a thin sedimentary cap over the weathered granites northeast of Feiran basin.     

西南极乔治王岛长城站地区第三纪火山岩地质、岩石学特征及岩浆的生成演化

本文根据四次南极考察所取资料,对西南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛长城站地区第三纪火山岩进行了全面和系统的总结,在火山岩地层的划分、岩相学和矿物学特点、岩浆的生成演化等问题上提出了新的认识。 长城站所在的菲尔德斯半岛出露有一套层状的熔岩、火山碎屑岩和火山碎屑沉积岩,是第三纪岛弧火山作用的产物。长城组包括碧玉山段和玛瑙滩段,由熔岩和正常火山碎屑岩组成,同位素年龄测定证明其形成于古新世至始新世。化石组主要形成于渐新世,其下部化石山段的含有植物化石的火山碎屑沉积岩不整合在玛瑙滩段岩层之上,上部的岩块山段以集块熔岩、角砾熔岩为主体,火山活动可能持续到了中新世早期。整个半岛的火山活动有两个高潮,两次较强烈的火山作用之间是较长的喷发间断,造成半岛岩石被风化剥蚀和火山碎屑沉积岩的出现。次火山岩以岩颈、岩墙、岩脉和规模较小的岩株等形式产出,并受到古火山机构和基底断裂的控制,沿着北西西-南东东的方向有规律地分布。从火山喷发中心和火山岩分布特点分析,该区火山活动有从西向东逐渐迁移的趋势。 熔岩以高铝玄武岩和玄武安山岩为主,安山岩、英安岩数量较少。斜长石和普通辉石是最主要的造岩矿物。高铝玄武岩和玄武安山岩中斜长石斑晶的核部往往为倍长石或钙长石,边缘成份与     

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤养分空间分异与干扰的关系

对干扰条件下古尔班通古特沙漠土壤养分空间分异特征进行了研究。分析土壤养分的变化趋势,及干扰与植被和土壤养分之间的关系。研究表明:沙漠边缘至沙漠腹地,全N、全P和全K含量、EC、总盐,可溶性离子HCO-3、SO2-4及Ca2+呈增加趋势。CO2-3、Mg2+、 Cl-、Na+4种离子含量较低,变化规律不明显。除全K含量随公路里程呈较连续的增加外,其他养分条件在公路里程25—75 km ,80—125 km和大于125 km的范围内的变化趋势都呈现高\?低\?显著增高的波动过程,分析表明这种波动性的变化是由干扰造成的。干扰因子数与生物结皮盖度呈显著负相关,但与植物种类与植物盖度都达到了显著正相关的水平。除与pH值呈正相关外,干扰因子数与土壤养分指标都呈负相关,其中与全K、全P、全N和EC的负相关接近于显著或极显著水平。随公路里程增加,生物结皮呈现从地衣苔藓藻类地衣地衣苔藓的过渡,这与土壤养分条件和干扰因子数相对应。人类活动是导致彩克沙漠公路里程80—125 km范围沙漠土壤养分条件的降低的主要原因,受水源和居住地的影响,该段沙漠人类放牧活动影响的最大范围为里程125—145 km之间。人类在沙漠活动的加强会增加沙漠生态干扰源和干扰强度,最终降低沙漠土壤的养分条件。     

Grenvillian single-grain zircon Pb age of a granitic rock from the southern island of Hesteskoholmen, Liefdefjorden, northwestern Spitsbergen, Svalbard

A N-S trending, narrow zone of crystalline basement occurs from Biscayarhalvøya to Holtedahlfonna in northwestern Spitsbergen and is composed of various metasedimentary and igneous rocks, including granites. Previous isotopic age determinations on these rocks are by the K-Ar. Rb-Sr, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and conventional zircon U-Pb method and yielded the Caledonian and Grenvillian ages. The single-grain zircon Pb evaporation method has recently been applied to solve complex problems and this is the first report by the method.
A granitic rock, syntectonically intruded into the phyllitic metasediments of the Biscayarhuken formation, which is the uppermost lithotectonic unit in the metamorphic rocks of the zone, was dated on four zircon grains, yielding a narrow age range from 955 ± 4 to 968 ± 9 Ma in average. This age of ca. 960 Ma is considered to be the age of intrusion, based on the occurrence and zircon morphology, which is roughly simultaneous with the formation of the phyllitic cleavages of the surrounding metasediments. The data obtained imply that the Caledonian events did not reset the Pb isotope system of zircon and major metamorphism occurred during the Grenvillian time in the Biscayarhuken formation, accordingly, the protolith age of the metasediments is Mesoproterozoic.     

The record of Himalayan erosion preserved in the sedimentary rocks of the Hatia Trough of the Bengal Basin and the Chittagong Hill Tracts,Bangladesh

The Cenozoic sedimentary succession of Bangladesh provides an archive of Himalayan erosion. However, its potential as an archive is currently hampered by a poor lithostratigaphic framework with limited age control. We focus on the Hatia Trough of the Bengal Basin and the adjacent fold belt of the Chittagong Hill Tracts which forms the outermost part of the west‐propagating Indo‐Burmese wedge. We present a basin‐wide seismic stratigraphic framework for the Neogene rocks, calibrated by biostratigraphy, which divides the succession into three seismically distinct and regionally correlatable Megasequences (MS). MS1 extends to NN15‐NN16 (ca. 2.5–3.9 Ma), MS2 to NN19‐NN20 (ca. 0.4–1.9 Ma) and MS3 to present day. Our seismic mapping, thermochronological analyses of detrital mineral grains, isotopic analyses of bulk rock, heavy mineral and petrographic data, show that the Neogene rocks of the Hatia Trough and Chittagong Hill Tracts are predominantly Himalayan‐derived, with a subordinate arc‐derived input possibly from the Paleogene IndoBurman Ranges as well as the Trans‐Himalaya. Our seismic data allow us to concur with previous work that suggests folding of the outer part of the west‐propagating wedge only commenced recently, within the last few million years. We suggest that it could have been the westward encroachment and final abutment of the Chittagong Hill Tracts fold belt onto the already‐uplifted Shillong Plateau that caused diversion of the palaeo‐Brahmaputra to the west of the plateau as the north‐east drainage route closed.     

东南极格罗夫山变基性岩初步研究

东南极格罗夫山存在一套经历了峰期麻粒岩相变质作用的镁铁质麻粒岩和斜长角闪岩。对含石榴石的镁铁质麻粒岩的详细研究则显示了近等温降压 (ITD)的顺时针PT演化轨迹 ,与拉斯曼丘陵有相似的演化历史。岩石的主量元素组成和玄武岩一致 ,并且具有拉斑玄武岩演化趋势。进一步的地球化学研究表明 ,这套玄武岩为洋岛型玄武岩 (OIB)和洋中脊型玄武岩(MORB)的组合。OIB型具有大体类似的地球化学性质 ,它们均富集Ti(TiO2 =2 .68% )、REE( =2 0 2 μg/g)、LREE[(La/Yb) N=4.8]、Ti/Y( =343)、Zr/Y( =3.1 ) ,具洋岛玄武岩的特征 ,推测岩浆来源于富集地幔源区 (EM)。而MORB型以低Ti (TiO2 =1 .1 %— 1 .31 % ) ,明显低于OIB的P的含量 (P2 O5=0 .1 %— 0 .2 % ) ,低REE ( 4 7— 93μg/g)、LREE/HREE( 2 .2 7— 2 .5 4 )、(La/Yb) N( =1 .30— 1 .62 )为特征 ,具洋中脊玄武岩的特征。MORB和OIB组合的出现说明在泛非期该区可能存在过洋盆。     

The Quaternary record of eastern Svalbard - an overview

The eastern part Svalbard archipelago and the adjacent areas of the Barents Sea were subject to extensive erosion during the Late Weichselian glaciation. Small remnants of older sediment successions have been preserved on Edgeeya, whereas a more complete succession on Kongsøya contains sediments from two different ice-free periods, both probably older than the Early Weichselian. Ice movement indicators in the region suggest that the Late Weichselian ice radiated from a centre east of Kong Karls Land. On Bjørnøya, on the edge of the Barents Shelf, the lack of raised shorelines or glacial striae from the east indicates that the western parts of the ice sheet were thin during the Late Weichselian. The deglaciation of Edgeøya and Barentsøya occurred ca 10,300 bp as a response to calving of the marine-based portion of the ice sheet. Atlantic water, which does not much influence the coasts of eastern Svalbard today, penetrated the northwestern Barents Sea shortly after the deglaciation. At that time, the coastal environment was characterised by extensive longshore sediment transport and deposition of spits at the mouths of shallow palaeo-fjords.