基于无人机遥感监测的互花米草破碎斑块分布特征研究

本次研究以山东省互花米草入侵范围为研究区,利用可见光无人机遥感监测和斑块信息提取技术,对互花米草破碎斑块分布特征进行研究。结果表明,山东省互花米草主要生长在海湾和河口区域,破碎斑块散布在已成片互花米草的周边区域或河道内。全省面积小于10 m²的斑块数量占总数比重为80.43%,面积小于1 m²的斑块数量占总数比重为37.01%,斑块总体上破碎化程度较高,潜在扩散性较强,多处区域存在大规模爆发的可能。通过计算分析18个互花米草入侵县的斑块分布特征指标,根据所处入侵阶段的不同分为入侵成熟期、快速扩张期和潜在爆发期。研究结果可以为管理部门开展互花米草分区治理工作、降低大面积爆发风险提供有效技术依据。     

象山港滨海湿地互花米草入侵过程遥感监测与评估

互花米草在20世纪70年代后期作为海岸带生态防护工程物种引入我国,由于其超强的繁殖能力,目前已经对我国的滨海湿地生态环境健康与安全造成了严重的威胁,成为生长在中国沿海的一种典型生态入侵植物,引起了相关部门的高度重视。文章选择浙江象山港为重点研究区,通过遥感技术手段,基于2003年,2009年和2014年中分辨率Landsat系列遥感卫星数据,采用空间与光谱特征相结合的综合判读,提出了生境空间环境支持下的植物群落遥感自动识别方法,动态监测了互花米草在象山港的繁衍和入侵过程已经空间格局变化。研究结果表明:过去10年余年,互花米草在象山港呈现指数模型的爆炸性增长。2003年,整个象山港互花米草的分布面积约为590 hm²;2009年其分布面积达到1745 hm²;2014年互花米草在象山港的分布面积超过5715 hm²。2003-1014年10年间互花米草在该区域分布面积翻了近10倍,几乎占据了海岸带所有的泥质海滩,成为象山港滨海湿地区的主导型盐生植被和区域优势种,对附近农田,尤其是淡水水域构成巨大的威胁。而在快速扩张的驱动要素方面,研究认为强劲的自我繁殖性能是互米花草在区域能够快速扩张的主要原因;人类围垦活动促进了这一快速扩张进程。以上研究结论可为区域互花米草的综合治理提供数据支持和遥感监测提供技术参考。     

基于无人机高光谱的外来入侵种互花米草遥感监测方法研究——以黄河三角洲为研究区

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵性非常强,已被正式纳入我国第一批外来入侵物种名单。互花米草的疯狂蔓延已影响到当地土著物种的生长和空间分布,因此有关管理部门迫切需要互花米草的空间分布和扩散动态数据,但目前还没有一个有效的监测手段。针对这一需求,本文作者提出了基于无人机高光谱的外来入侵种互花米草遥感监测研究方案,拟以黄河三角洲为研究区,利用无人机高光谱遥感新型技术,分析不同情形下(不同生长状况、不同观测条件、不同环境条件等)互花米草的光谱特征,建立鲁棒的互花米草遥感检测模型,研究互花米草无人机高光谱图像高效获取方法,以实现互花米草的高效、准确监测,为亟需的外来入侵种互花米草业务化监测提供有效的技术手段。     

基于点云与影像融合的黄河三角洲互花米草提取方法

针对卫星遥感技术在对滨海湿地互花米草监测时受分辨率、气候条件等多种因素限制存在一定局限性且通过单一的影像数据提取互花米草时精度不稳定的问题,提出了基于无人机点云与影像融合的面向对象互花米草提取方法。以黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究对象,获取了该区域的点云和多光谱影像。先将地面滤波后提取的植被点云与多光谱影像进行特征组合优化,然后对融合影像采用FNEA算法进行多尺度分割后采用基于改进的最近邻算法进行面向对象分类,最终得到的互花米草生产者精度和用户精度分别达到了82.53%和86.43%,较未融合点云的提取精度分别提高了22.34%和7.66%,分类结果的总体精度从89.54%提升至92.61%,且融合点云后影像能够有效区分两种生长状态的互花米草,表明本文提出的方法能够有效提高互花米草的提取精度。     

互花米草入侵对河口盐沼湿地食物网的影响

盐沼湿地因其在河口及沿岸水域生态系统中的重要地位而被普遍关注,近年来互花米草在长江口乃至整个东南沿海地区的入侵及迅速蔓延更是引起了广泛重视。由于对维系本区域湿地生态系统运转的食物网结构的了解仍很有限,从而难以准确评估互花米草入侵后对原有生态系统的影响。本研究通过基于碳、氮稳定同位素测定结果的IsoSource软件估算和聚类分析,对长江口盐沼湿地内不同初级生产者的相对营养贡献大小进行了初步评估。结果显示在该湿地食物网中,底栖微藻和本土陆源C3植物是主要的营养来源。入侵C4植物互花米草的营养贡献不显著,在本次研究中仅有堇拟沼螺这一腹足类消费者在夏季较为确定地表现出对源自互花米草的富δ13C的有机质的摄取。随着互花米草的迅速扩散,其在长江口湿地的有机质产出中所占比例还将不断增加,这将可能从营养基础的层面自下而上对该食物网的结构和功能造成影响。     

互花米草入侵对盐城淤泥质潮滩湿地潮沟系统影响研究

潮沟既是滨海湿地特有的地貌因子,也是输送水分与盐分的重要通道,对植被的生长与空间分布有重要的影响。为探究互花米草入侵对盐城滨海湿地潮沟系统演变的影响,本文利用遥感与地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）技术,分析了1989年至2020年江苏盐城典型淤泥质潮滩湿地互花米草沼泽时空变化过程与潮沟系统演变特征。研究结果表明：(1)互花米草扩张经历了入侵初期的斑块阶段、中期连续带状分布阶段及现状阶段过程,入侵影响的景观类型也从光滩转变为碱蓬沼泽;(2)互花米草入侵过程对潮沟系统产生的影响主要表现为潮沟平均宽度与长度减小、互花米草内潮沟的数量与分支增多;(3)潮沟系统的变化与互花米草的平均面积、平均周长等存在较大的相关性,表明互花米草的入侵是潮沟系统变化的重要影响因素。     

射阳河口互花米草入侵对大型底栖动物群落的影响

2008年11月至2009年10月,在盐城自然保护区射阳河口滩涂分别于潮间带、潮上带和潮沟中设置互花米草区与非米草区2类对照样地(共6类生境),按月份取样来研究大型底栖动物群落特征的差异,探讨互花米草入侵对底栖动物的影响。共发现大型底栖动物22种,隶属3门4纲17科,其中软体动物13种,节肢动物6种,环节动物3种。米草区和非米草区的物种组成不同,各生境在不同月份大型底栖动物的物种数、密度、生物量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均在不断波动,在潮间带上述指标均为In>Ig,潮上带除密度外均为Sn>Sg,潮沟边滩除个别月份外均为Cg>Cn;3类互花米草生境中大型底栖动物群落各项指标月间变动趋势基本一致(仅个别月份例外),均表现为Cg>Sg>Ig,互花米草生境存在共同的优势种,但数量有一定的差异。分别对潮间带、潮上带和潮沟中互花米草区与非米草区2类对照样地的物种数、密度、生物量以及Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H’进行生境-月份间无重复双因素方差分析,结果显示潮间带2类对照样地各项指标在生境间差异均极显著,月份间差异均不显著;潮上带2类对照样地各项指标生境间存在极其显著的差异(除密度外),月份间差异显著(除多样性外);潮沟2类对照样地生境间差异显著(除生物量外),月份间差异均显著。研究结果表明不同生境中的互花米草对底栖动物的影响不甚相同:潮间带互花米草的入侵降低了大型底栖动物的物种数、密度、生物量和多样性;潮沟米草的入侵提高了大型底栖动物的物种数、密度和多样性;而潮上带米草入侵对大型底栖动物的各指标影响不一。     

互花米草入侵对漳江口红树林保护区的影响研究

文章根据2019年、2020年漳江口红树林保护区内互花米草、沉积物、潮间带底栖生物的调查结果,结合历史遥感影像资料分析互花米草的入侵过程。结果表明：漳江口红树林保护区互花米草高潮区株高略低于同潮区红树植物,亦低于中潮区互花米草株高,更倾向于向光滩扩张;研究区域互花米草区沉积物中总氮、硫化物和有机碳含量高于光滩,全盐含量低于光滩;根据研究区域的遥感影像分析,2011—2019年漳江口互花米草保持较高的速率扩张,2020年互花米草扩张进入稳定期;根据丰度生物量比较法,2020年互花米草区的潮间带底栖生物群落结构较2019年稳定。在研究互花米草入侵对滨海湿地的影响时,除了考虑调查方法、时空因素和样地互花米草入侵时间的长短外,还应考虑互花米草入侵的不同扩张时期。     

长江河口湿地互花米草入侵对沉积物中汞形态特征的影响研究

通过分析长江河口湿地典型植物根际沉积物柱样(0～40 cm)中总汞(THg)、甲基汞(MeHg)及其与粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、还原态硫等环境因子之间的关系,探讨了互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵对沉积物中汞形态特征的影响及主控因子。结果表明：(1)不同植物(互花米草、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani))根际沉积物中THg均值为49.9～100.9 μg/kg,其与粒径小于16 µm颗粒物组分体积百分比及TOC含量之间存在显著正相关关系(r²=0.85,p<0.01;r²=0.58,p<0.01),这意味着沉积物中矿物−有机物复合体细颗粒物的空间分异决定着总汞的空间分异。互花米草入侵促进了细颗粒的沉积,进而间接促进了沉积物中总汞含量的增加。(2)不同植物根际沉积物中MeHg均值为0.3～1.4 μg/kg,MeHg/THg均值为0.4%～1.4%,互花米草、芦苇及海三棱藨草根际沉积物中MeHg含量及MeHg/THg值随深度增加不断减小,但无显著差异,表明了互花米草入侵对沉积物中汞甲基化过程的影响可能有限。Pearson相关分析表明,MeHg/THg与THg、TOC、酸挥发性硫之间不存在显著的正相关关系。硫的K边同步辐射结果进一步表明了硫形态(如有机硫和S²⁻)变化与MeHg变化关系不大。MeHg/THg值呈表层(0～8 cm)高,底层低的分布规律,表明了表层沉积物中汞的甲基化潜势较大,这可能与表层新鲜有机质(如藻类和植物凋落物)的不断供给及其降解过程密切相关,还需深入研究。     

中国滨海湿地互花米草群落甲烷通量研究的综述

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)具有较强的固碳作用,了解互花米草群落的甲烷通量可为评估互花米草的净碳汇功能提供重要参数。本文分析了我国滨海湿地互花米草群落CH₄通量的总体特点和机制,结果表明：①不同地区互花米草群落CH₄通量无明显规律且差异较大。不同生长环境下的环境因子对CH₄排放有综合调控作用,其中很大部分是通过影响土壤中与CH₄产生有关的微生物影响CH₄通量。②互花米草群落CH₄通量夏季最高、冬春较低;日通量则处于不规则的波动中,但总体白天通量高于夜晚。CH₄通量季节差异与温度、生物量和光照呈正相关,温度影响参与CH₄生成的微生物的活性,生物量为CH₄产生提供有机质原料,光照则通过光合作用影响有机质的合成;日通量差异除与温度和光照有关外,最主要还受到潮汐变化的影响。③无潮水覆盖时CH₄通量远大于有潮水覆盖时。有潮水覆盖时互花米草下部作为CH₄排向大气的重要通道受阻,同时CH₄被储存于土壤或排放到潮水中,落潮后才进入大气,因此CH₄通量更低。④刈割会降低CH₄通量。互花米草植株为CH₄的产生提供了重要原料,同时利用通气组织将CH₄排放到大气,刈割切断了CH₄传输途径并减少了地上生物量,因此降低了CH₄通量。     

A cellular automata model for population expansion of Spartina alterniflora at Jiuduansha Shoals,Shanghai, China

Biological invasion has received considerable attention recently because of increasing impacts on local ecosystems. Expansion of Spartina alterniflora, a non-native species, on the intertidal mudflats of Jiuduansha Shoals at the Yangtze River Estuary is a prime example of a spatially-structured invasion in a relatively simple habitat, for which strategic control efforts can be modeled and applied. Here, we developed a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, to simulate the expanding process of S. alterniflora for a period of 8 years after being introduced to the new shoals, and to study the interactions between spatial pattern and ecosystem processes for the saltmarsh vegetation. The results showed that the CA model could simulate the population dynamics of S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis on the Jiuduansha Shoals successfully. The results strongly support the hypothesis of space pre-emption as well as range expansion with simple advancing wave fronts for these two species. In the Yangtze River Estuary, the native species P. australis shares the same niche with the exotic species S. alterniflora. However, the range expansion rate of P. australis was much slower than that of S. alterniflora. With the accretion of the Jiuduansha Shoals due to the large quantity of sediments deposited by the Yangtze River, a rapid range expansion of S. alterniflora is predicted to last for a long period into future. This study indicated the potential for this approach to provide valuable insights into population and community ecology of invasive species, which could be very important for wetland biodiversity conservation and resource management in the Yangtze River Estuary and other such impacted areas.     

The range expansion patterns of Spartina alterniflora on salt marshes in the Yangtze Estuary,China

The range expansion patterns of Spartina alterniflora and the roles which sexual reproduction and asexual propagation play in range expansion were investigated at the Chongming Dongtan nature reserve in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Two range expansion patterns of S. alterniflora at its advancing fronts could be found (1) S. alterniflora–mudflat front (S–M) and (2) S. alterniflora–Scirpus mariqueter–mudflat front (S–S–M). One feature revealed by this study was that a flush of seedling recruitment and establishment in spring was a crucial way for S. alterniflora to colonize new habitats and achieve a fast rate of range expansion. The mean number of seedlings recruited at the S–M front was much higher than that at the S–S–M front. Once established, the survivorship of seedlings was high, both at the S–M and S–S–M fronts. The established seedlings formed new tussocks quickly by vegetative tillering and growth of rhizomes and these finally merged into dense meadows. The mean distance of range expansion of S. alterniflora, after one growing season at the S–M front, was 25.4 ± 3.1 m yr⁻¹ and 2.7 ± 0.5 m yr⁻¹ at the S–S–M front. Sexual reproduction by seedlings and asexual propagation by tillering and growth of rhizomes were the two main means by which S. alterniflora could maintain a fast rate of range expansion on the salt marshes of the Yangtze Estuary. The colonization behaviors of S. alterniflora on advancing fronts differed as a reaction to various external and internal factors. The impact of abiotic and biotic factors governing the range expansion of S. alterniflora and its implications for the spatial structure of tidal wetlands are discussed.     

The application of cutting plus waterlogging to control Spartina alterniflora on saltmarshes in the Yangtze Estuary,China

Control and eradication of the exotic and invasive plant Spartina alterniflora within the Chongming Dongtan nature reserve, Shanghai, China, is vital for the management and conservation of the saltmarshes. A demonstration project was established using waterlogging and cutting to control this invasive species. Results from 2007 to 2008 showed that, although the managed waterlogging significantly reduced biomass and seed production of S. alterniflora at an early stage, the species subsequently showed rapid adaptation to the long-term waterlogging stress. Thus, managed waterlogging alone was insufficient for the effective eradication of S. alterniflora. However, managed waterlogging for around 3 months, combined with cutting the above-ground part of S. alterniflora at a key stage (flowering period in July), controlled and eradicated the plant successfully. Both the above-ground and below-ground parts of S. alterniflora were killed and the plants began to decompose after 3 months. Furthermore, there was no re-growth of the emergent part of S. alterniflora in the following years. However, once the impounded water was released restoring the natural hydrodynamic regime of the saltmarshes, the seeds and seedlings of S. alterniflora reinvaded the controlled site from the neighboring areas and the S. alterniflora community was re-established. Thus, after eradication of S. alterniflora, control measures should be maintained to prevent the re-establishment of S. alterniflora. The results of this demonstration project indicate a potentially useful and effective approach for the control and management of large-scale invasion by S. alterniflora on saltmarshes in the Yangtze Estuary, China.     

Tiller dynamic and production on a SW Atlantic Spartina alterniflora marsh

We used non-destructive methods to study the bi-monthly changes in standing stock, turnover, and net aerial primary productivity (NAPP) of Spartina alterniflora in the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina, from 2005 to 2007. Tillers were tagged and counted bimonthly and a weight:height relationship developed for the live and dead stems in a regularly flooded zone (low marsh, LM) and an irregularly flooded one (high marsh, HM). The annual tiller natality in year one compared to year two decreased from 440 ± 68 to 220 ± 58 new individuals m^–2 yr^–1 in the HM and from 500 ± 103 to 280 ± 97 new individuals m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the LM (μ ± 1 SE). Tiller mortality averaged 670 ± 70 individuals m⁻² yr⁻¹.     

基于回归分析的滨海湿地草本植物生物量估算方法研究

为了研究利用滨海湿地草本植物的形态指标来估算植物生物量,根据黄河三角洲互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的调查数据,运用Pearson相关系数和回归分析法,分析了互花米草的形态指标高度、密度、茎直径与地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量的相关性,构建了回归模型。结果表明:地上生物量和总生物量均与植株高度、密度、茎直径在0.01水平上显著相关,地下生物量与植株密度在0.01水平上显著相关。将相关性显著的生物量和相应的形态指标进行回归分析发现,其拟合优度较好,其中,拟合优度最优的回归模型分别是地上生物量与高度的“J”型增长曲线模型(拟合优度为R²=0.904)、总生物量与密度的一元线性回归模型(拟合优度为R²=0.659)。经过应用精度验证,上述两个模型评价结果均较好,估算值与实测值绝对误差范围为0.01~0.17 kg/m²,相对误差范围为0.71%~12.02%,符合实际估算应用需求。研究结果说明互花米草的生物量可以通过与其相关性较高的形态指标进行回归估算获得。     

Ecophysiological characteristics of invasive Spartina alterniflora and native species in salt marshes of Yangtze River estuary,China

Biological invasions represent one of the significant components of global change. A comparative study of invaders and co-occurring natives is a useful approach to gaining insights into the invasiveness of exotic plants. Spartina alterniflora, a C₄ grass, is a widespread invader in the coastal wetlands in China and other regions of the world. We conducted a comparative study of S. alterniflora and native C₃ species, Phragmites australis and Scirpus mariqueter, in terms of their gas exchange and efficiencies in resource utilization. We tested the hypothesis that S. alterniflora has growth-related ecophysiological advantages over the natives in its non-native range, which result in its rapid growth and enhance its invasiveness. Photosynthesis, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), and the efficiency of resource use (light, water, and nitrogen) were examined monthly for eight months in 2004. Overall, S. alterniflora had greater LAI, higher maximal net photosynthetic rate (A_max), and longer growing season than those of the native species. On average, the efficiencies of S. alterniflora in light, water, and nitrogen utilization were respectively 10.1%, 26.1%, and 33.1% higher than those of P. australis, and respectively 70.3%, 53.5%, 28.3% higher than those of S. mariqueter. However, SLA of S. alterniflora was significantly lower than those of P. australis and S. mariqueter. Although there was no general pattern in the relationship between invasiveness and plant photosynthetic types, in this study, most of the ecophysiological characteristics that gave S. alterniflora a competitive advantage in the Yangtze River estuary were associated with photosynthetic pathways. Our results offer a greater understanding of the relationship between invasiveness and plant photosynthetic type. Our results also indicate that LAI and the length of the photosynthetic season, which vary with habitats, are also important in invasion success.     

福建省罗源湾互花米草扩展过程及其特征分析

为探讨外来引种的互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel）在我国海湾的扩展过程,根据1989-2010年遥感影像和野外观测数据,对罗源湾互花米草的分布特征进行分析,结果显示,对该区互花米草近20 a的扩展过程划分为3个阶段:前5 a其沿着高潮带平行于海岸线呈带状扩展;之后5 a在中潮带向湾内快速拓殖;后10 a则扩展缓慢,种群内部的空隙地逐渐被米草覆盖。截至2010年,罗源湾互花米草的总面积约为741.13 hm2。受潮滩环境分带性影响,罗源湾互花米草在高潮带平行于海岸线的扩展速度明显大于垂直于海岸线的扩展速度;在中潮带的快速扩展过程中互花米草倾向于先在潮沟两侧分布,这可能与归槽水和滩面摩阻作用有关,相比较,互花米草在浅洼地的扩展较滞后,该区域随着滩面的淤高过程逐渐被米草覆盖。在其整个扩展过程中,由于互花米草对潮流及悬浮颗粒的阻滞作用,使得其扩展前缘米草斑块和连续种群之间的光滩区成为悬浮颗粒及米草种子容易沉降的区域,互花米草易朝向该区域扩展。     

除草剂对滨海外来物种互化米草除控效果

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)作为入侵物种,对我国沿海滩涂生态环境造成不利影响。为筛选成本低、见效快的互花米草化学除控剂,本研究选取了草甘膦、草铵膦2种除草剂,采用盆栽与大田试验探讨除草剂剂量及复配对互花米草的除控效果,通过底栖生物白蛤(Mactra veneriformis)和青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)培养模拟实验评价其生态安全性。结果表明,单一施用时草铵膦效果要优于草甘膦,最佳用量是药剂制造商推荐量的150%,但单一施用对互花米草致死率仅为20%;复配可以显著提高互花米草致死率、降低生物量,草甘膦、草铵膦复配处理的大田试验最佳用量为9 450 mL/hm²、13 500 mL/hm²,致死率可达90%。底栖生物培养试验结果表明,在所应用的剂量范围内,草甘膦和草铵膦对本土底栖生物致死率为0,在体内略有富集,但总体生态安全影响较小。本研究着重于滨海湿地互花米草的化学除控方式及生物安全性评价,以期为今后互花米草的除控研究提供参考。