哀牢山成矿带南段金成矿规律及找矿方向探讨

哀牢山成矿带是西南地区最有利金矿带.该带金矿成矿与断裂构造、喜马拉雅期岩浆活动关系密切.矿带空间展布及矿体定位严格受构造控制.在分析区域成矿特征、控矿因素基础上,结合各种综合信息开展成矿预测,圈定了4个金找矿远景区,进一步指出2个A级远景区找矿类型、找矿标志及找矿的重点地区.     

基于GIS的证据权重法青海“三江”北段斑岩型钼铜矿产资源成矿预测

基于GIS技术的地质矿产空间数据库综合分析了青海南部"三江"北段斑岩型钼铜矿床成矿条件,建立了区域斑岩型钼铜矿床的资源预测模型,并提取了相关成矿预测因子,采用分级证据权法对成矿预测因子进行了赋值,圈定了区域有利成矿远景区,对区域矿产资源潜力进行了定量预测。研究表明,与斑岩型钼铜矿有关的矿床预测权重包括地层、岩浆岩、构造以及矿化异常等及其相关的定量化分析因子;依据后验概率值将研究区划分两个成矿远景区:纳日贡玛-东莫扎抓成矿远景区(Ⅰ)、阿多-结多成矿远景区(Ⅱ)。在两个成矿远景区内又可划分出A类铜钼矿有利靶区5处、B类铜钼矿有利靶区4处、C类铜钼矿有利靶区4处;利用丰度模型法估算青海"三江"北段区域内铜资源量为7 412 730 t,钼资源量为8 566 180 t。     

华北克拉通沉积变质型铁矿床的特征与预测评价模型

华北克拉通是我国面积最大、时代最古老的陆块,地质构造演化历史复杂,也是我国重要的铁矿资源分布区.本文在系统总结该区域成矿规律的基础上,利用GIS平台提取了多元成矿有利信息(变质建造、控矿构造、矿致磁异常、氧化铁异常、自然重砂信息).在此基础上,建立了沉积变质型铁矿床的找矿预测模型,并采用MRAS系统中的证据权模块进行矿产资源定量预测.按照后验概率的大小划分了两级区域有利成矿远景区,分别是冀东、辽东、五台-吕梁三个A级成矿远景区和大青山-色尔能腾山、鲁山-舞阳、鲁西三个B级成矿远景区.这些远景区与已知矿床(点)重叠或比邻,显示远景区具有较好的成矿条件和较大的成矿潜力,应在今后的找矿勘查工作中予以充分重视.     

基于证据权重法的辽东南芬-万宝地区多金属成矿远景区预测

南芬-万宝地区是辽东钼、铜、铅锌等多金属矿聚集地.在充分研究区内成矿规律的前提下,以MAPGIS软件为数据处理平台,提取区域地质、地球物理、地球化学等13个空间控矿因素作为证据因子;以划分网格单元的方式对成矿多元信息进行叠加整合,建立证据权重模型;以后验概率求拐点的方法圈定Ⅰ级远景区13处,Ⅱ级远景区10处,Ⅲ级远景区7处.预测结果表明,83%的矿床（点）位于成矿预测远景区内.除此之外,区内仍有3处Ⅰ级预测远景区内未见矿床（点）,应作为今后找矿勘查的重点.     

祁连山北缘沉积变质型铁矿综合信息找矿预测

以祁连山北缘西段为研究区,以沉积变质型铁矿为预测矿种,通过铁矿成矿地质规律研究,总结找矿模型,确定找矿标志。基于GIS信息处理技术及其空间分析功能,运用ArcMap、MapGIS平台提取并分析研究区的多源成矿有利地质信息。认为区内沉积变质型铁矿的成矿有利地层为长城系桦树沟组,断裂是主要控矿构造,8 km是断裂的最佳控矿范围,岩体不是研究区内沉积变质型铁矿的主要控矿因素;Zn、Mn、Ba异常可以作为研究区内沉积变质型铁矿的重要找矿标志。运用证据权法,将研究区划分为810个网格单元,提取17个证据因子进行成矿预测,共圈定了14个A级、3个B级成矿远景区,为研究区的找矿工作提供理论和实践参考。     

新疆谢米斯台成矿带火山岩型铀矿预测

谢米斯台成矿带是中国新疆北部重要的铀多金属成矿带,铀矿勘查突破令人期待。文章通过对典型铀矿床观察研究,建立了火山岩型铀成矿预测模型,在GIS平台系统提取了赋矿地层、含矿围岩、控矿构造、航磁推断隐伏岩体及断裂构造、U-Be元素组合异常、铀矿床和矿化点等各类成矿、找矿信息,采用MRAS系统中的特征分析模块进行铀矿产定位预测。按照后验概率大小划分了三级有利成矿远景区,其中A级包括赛力克、白杨河和七一工区3个远景区,显示出较大的铀成矿找矿潜力,在今后的找矿勘查中应给予充分重视。     

层次分析-多级模糊评判法在贵州普晴锑(金)矿区综合信息成矿预测中的应用

因综合信息成矿预测涉及的控矿因子较多,各度量指标间具有一定的层次性,有些定性指标还具有模糊性特征,高精度和定量化一直是制约其发展的难题。为了实现对研究程度较低的新矿区的成矿预测,并解决上述难题,本文试图将专家的主观判断与精确的数学运算巧妙地融合,将复杂问题及定性指标定量化,使评价过程和评判结果更具客观性,建立一种层次分析-多级模糊评价的成矿预测模型。以贵州大厂锑(金)矿田普晴矿区为例,选取地质、化探和遥感多元致矿信息,基于GIS平台,建立了层次分析-多级模糊评判的综合信息成矿预测模型,最终圈定出锑(金)矿远景区18个,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ和III级远景区分别有4个、5个和9个。根据勘查验证,预测结果较为客观有效。     

基于GIS的证据权重法在小兴安岭北段金成矿预测中的应用

小兴安岭北部逊克—嘉荫—萝北一带金成矿地质条件优越,由于地表覆盖较厚,近年来一直未有突破性进展。为加速该区金矿找矿进程,在对小兴安岭北段地质、物探、化探、遥感等金成矿信息深入分析的基础上,依托GIS平台空间分析功能,对区内成控矿要素进行定量化,提取了断裂buffer、燕山早期岩体buffer、燕山晚期岩体buffer、航磁异常、遥感蚀变异常、化探异常等在内的14个证据图层;利用证据权重法对研究区金矿进行预测,圈定了三级成矿远景区,其中Ⅰ级成矿远景区9个,Ⅱ级成矿远景区9个,Ⅲ级成矿远景区14个,所预测成矿远景区覆盖了大多数金矿床(点),预测结果为该区进一步找矿指明了方向。     

基于证据权重法的沱沱河地区铅锌银矿成矿预测

在总结三江北段沱沱河地区成矿规律的基础上,通过GIS平台提取地层、构造、岩浆岩、重力、航磁、化探、遥感异常多元地质找矿信息,建立沱沱河地区铅锌银矿的预测模型,采用MRAS系统中的证据权模块进行预测,对有利成矿区进行圈定。根据单元网格后验概率值的大小划分了3级成矿远景区,共圈定了6个Ⅰ级、7个Ⅱ级和9个Ⅲ级成矿远景区。预测结果表明,83%的已知矿床(点)位于预测的成矿远景区内。除了包含已知矿床(点)的预测区外,沱沱河地区尚有4个Ⅰ级、5个Ⅱ级和4个Ⅲ级远景区目前仍未发现铅锌银矿床(点)。由于这些远景区与已知矿床(点)具有相似的成矿条件,有望实现重大找矿突破,应在今后的勘探工作中得到足够的重视。     

基于证据权重法的海南岛金多金属矿成矿预测研究

在系统总结海南岛金多金属矿区域成矿规律的基础上,分析并提取了包括地层、构造、岩浆岩、航磁、化探、遥感等多元有利找矿证据因子,建立了海南岛金多金属矿证据权重预测模型,并采用MRAS软件证据权重模块对研究区进行2 km×2 km的网格单元划分及后验概率计算。根据网格单元后验概率计算值大小及地质矿产空间分布特征,将研究区分三级进行了成矿远景区圈定:A级成矿远景区3个,B级成矿远景区4个、C级成矿远景区24个。研究结果表明,90%的已知矿床（点）位于成矿远景区,显示了良好的预测效果,其结果为该区的找矿工作提供了重要的科学依据。      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.