斑岩铜矿成矿构造背景研究进展

斑岩铜矿是指与具斑状结构的中酸性侵入岩伴生,蚀变与矿化受流体、构造控制且分带明显,矿石以细脉浸染状为主,低品位、大储量的铜矿床,是最重要的铜矿床类型。大地构造背景对斑岩铜矿的形成具有重要意义,经典的斑岩铜矿主要产于岛弧、陆缘弧环境。然而,近年来国内矿床学家发现,国内形成于大陆环境的斑岩铜矿与大洋板块俯冲、板块消减作用无关,斑岩铜矿还可产于碰撞造山带,甚至是在陆内环境。相比之下,不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床含矿岩浆、成矿物质来源、矿床成因等方面存在一定差异与共性。综述了目前斑岩铜矿研究内容中的关于构造背景的一些重要观点和几个重要进展,对比了不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床的含矿岩浆、蚀变矿化、成矿流体等方面的共性与差异,以期对斑岩型矿床的成因与找矿提供一定的线索。     

Structural control and hydrothermal alteration at the BIF-hosted Raposos lode-gold deposit, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil

In the Raposos orogenic gold deposit, hosted by banded iron-formation (BIF) of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, the hanging wall rocks to BIF are hydrothermally-altered ultramafic schists, whereas metamafic rocks and their hydrothermal schistose products represent the footwall. Planar and linear structures at the Raposos deposit define three ductile to brittle deformational events (D₁, D₂ and D₃). A fourth group of structures involve spaced cleavages that are considered to be a brittle phase of D₃. The orebodies constitute sulfide-bearing D₁-related shear zones of BIF in association with quartz veins, and result from the sulfidation of magnetite and/or siderite. Pyrrhotite is the main sulfide mineral, followed by lesser arsenopyrite and pyrite. At level 28, the hydrothermal alteration of the mafic and ultramafic wall rocks enveloping BIF define a gross zonal pattern surrounding the ore zones. Metabasalt comprises albite, epidote, actinolite and lesser Mg/Fe–chlorite, calcite and quartz. The incipient stage includes the chlorite and chlorite-muscovite alteration zone. The least-altered ultramafic schist contains Cr-bearing Mg-chlorite, actinolite and talc, with subordinate calcite. The incipient alteration stage is subdivided into the talc–chlorite and chlorite–carbonate zone. For both mafic and ultramafic wall rocks, the carbonate–albite and carbonate–muscovite zones represent the advanced alteration stage.Rare earth and trace element analyses of metabasalt and its alteration products suggest a tholeiitic protolith for this wall rock. In the case of the ultramafic schists, the precursor may have been peridotitic komatiite. The Eu anomaly of the Raposos BIF suggests that it was formed proximal to an exhalative hydrothermal source on the ocean floor. The ore fluid composition is inferred by hydrothermal alteration reactions, indicating it to having been H₂O-rich containing CO₂ + Na⁺ and S. Since the distal alteration halos are dominated by hydrated silicate phases (mainly chlorite), with minor carbonates, fixation of H₂O is indicated. The CO₂ is consumed to form carbonates in the intermediate alteration stage, in halos around the chlorite-dominated zones. These characteristics suggest variations in the H₂O to CO₂-ratio of the sulfur-bearing, aqueous-carbonic ore fluid, which interacted at varying fluid to rock ratios with progression of the hydrothermal alteration.     

Bubbling Magma Chambers,Cupolas, and Porphyry Copper Deposits

Porphyry copper deposits are the major source of copper and significant sources of molybdenum, gold, and other metals. They are associated with the near-surface intrusion of small stocks of intermediate composition. They can form when H₂O-unsaturated magma is emplaced into wall rock that is cool enough that steep lateral thermal gradients create a narrow solidification front. At depths less than ～4 km, cooling and crystallization cause fluid saturation to occur within sidewall magma that is mobile because it contains less than ～25% suspended crystals. After a sufficient volume of bubbles forms, mobile sidewall magma buoyantly rises instead of sinking. The bubbles expand as they decompress, and at depths of ～2 km they become large enough to rise on their own. separate from the upwelled magma, and charge the cupola at the top of the stock with magmatic fluid. The partially degassed magma sinks into the interior of the stock.

Upwelling of saturated sidewall magma entrains deeper-seated, nearly saturated magma, which decompresses and saturates as it rises. As the system cools, the depth of H₂O saturation and sidewall upwelling increases. Bubbles of copper-rich fluid are generated where the saturation front extends to depths of ～6 km or more. Overall, the system is cooling, but the upward advection of heat maintains the cupola region at roughly constant position for the life of convective upwelling along the sidewalls.

Porphyry copper ore deposits can form where draining of the fluid pocket beneath a cupola is steady and a large volume of magma is cycled through the system. Magma in the stock that escapes to intrude commonly has a porphyritic texture because crystal growth is enhanced, and nucleation is suppressed when the magma is H₂O saturated. Porphyry copper deposits of common size can form during the solidification of large stocks. Super-giant porphyry copper deposits can form where the saturation front propagates from a stock into an underlying batholithic chamber with a magma volume on the order of 1000 km³ and a top at depths of 10 to 15 km.     

Structural setting, hydrothermal alteration, and gold mineralisation at the Archaean syenite-hosted Jupiter deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia

The Jupiter gold deposit in the northeastern Eastern Goldfields Province of the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia is hosted in greenschist facies metamorphosed tholeiitic basalt, quartz–alkali-feldspar syenite, and quartz–feldspar porphyry. Syenite intrudes basalt as irregularly shaped dykes which radiate from a larger stock, whereas at least three E–W and NE–SW striking quartz–feldspar porphyries intrude both syenite and basalt. Brittle–ductile shear zones are shallow-dipping, NW to NE striking, or are steep-dipping to the south and west. Quartz ± carbonate veins that host gold at Jupiter occur in all lithologies and are divided into: (1) veins that are restricted to the shear zones, (2) discrete veins that are subparallel to shear zone-hosted veins, and (3) stockwork veins that form a network of randomly oriented microfractures in syenite wallrock proximal to shallow-dipping shear zones. The gold-bearing veins comprise mainly quartz, calcite, ankerite, and albite, with minor sericite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, telluride minerals, and gold. Proximal hydrothermal alteration zones to the mineralised veins comprise quartz, calcite, ankerite, albite, and sericite. High gold grades (>2 g/t Au) occur mainly in syenite and in the hanging walls to shallow-dipping shear zones in syenite where there is a greater density of mineralised stockwork veins. The Jupiter deposit has structural and hydrothermal alteration styles that are similar to both granitoid-hosted, but post-magmatic Archaean lode-gold deposits in the Yilgarn Craton and intrusion-related, syn-magmatic, syenite-hosted gold deposits in the Superior Province of Canada. Based on field observations and petrologic data, the Jupiter deposit is considered to be a post-magmatic Archaean lode-gold deposit rather than a syn-intrusion deposit. Received: 5 January 1999 / Accepted: 24 December 1999     

滇西北中甸斑岩及斑岩铜矿

在较为详细的野外地质观测和精确的同位素测年的基础上 ,结合前人资料 ,将中甸地区的印支期岛弧斑岩体分为东、西两个斑岩带 ,东斑岩带形成于 2 1 8～ 2 0 3Ma ;西斑岩带形成于 2 4 2 .92～ 2 37.5Ma。喜马拉雅期(5 3.0 2Ma)斑岩叠加于早期的斑岩体之上 ,与斑岩铜矿化关系密切。中甸地区岛弧带内东、西两个斑岩带的斑岩型铜矿找矿远景极大 ,尤以东斑岩带前景最佳 ,普朗斑岩铜矿床远景规模在大型以上。中甸斑岩铜矿将成为我国又一重要的斑岩铜 (多金属 )矿产地     

埃达克岩：斑岩铜矿的一种可能的重要含矿母岩——以西藏和智利斑岩铜矿为例

作者通过对 3个重要的斑岩铜矿带的综合研究和对比分析发现 ,最具成矿潜力的含矿斑岩不是典型的岛弧岩浆岩 ,而是一种高SiO2 〔w(SiO2 ) >5 6 %〕、高Al2 O3〔w(Al2 O3) >15 %〕、富Sr(多数wSr>40 0× 10 -6)、低Y(多数wY<16× 10 -6)的岩石 ,具有埃达克岩地球化学特征 ,显示埃达克岩岩浆亲合性。含矿的长英质岩浆并非来自地幔楔形区或壳幔过渡带 ,而是来自俯冲的洋壳板片的直接熔融。该俯冲板片熔融前通常变质为含水的榴辉岩。在安第斯弧造山带 ,大洋板块低缓、快速、斜向俯冲 ,诱发洋壳板片直接熔融 ,形成埃达克质熔体 ,后者通过分凝和封闭性演化 ,形成安第斯中新世_上新世巨型斑岩铜矿系统 ;在青藏高原碰撞造山带 ,俯冲并堆积于地幔岩石圈的古老洋壳物质的变质和拆沉 ,诱发榴辉岩部分熔融 ,产生埃达克质熔体 ,并与幔源熔体混合 ,形成西藏冈底斯和玉龙斑岩铜矿系统。     

斑岩型铜金矿床研究新进展

斑岩型铜 (金 )矿床大都在造山带构造环境内产出 ,其中许多矿床与消减板块边缘的深成岩浆活动或火山作用具密切的成因联系。具经济价值的斑岩型铜金矿床既可在岛弧环境中 ,也可在大陆边缘产出。尽管其成矿时代多集中在中新生代 ,但是古生代和前寒武纪斑岩型铜金矿床实例也偶见有报道。大量统计数据表明 :斑岩型铜金矿床是铜或金矿床最重要的工业类型之一 ,在北美科第勒拉造山带 ,斑岩型铜矿床约占各类铜矿总储量的80 % ,斑岩型金矿床约占各类金矿床总储量的 6 0 % ,此外 ,从斑岩型铜金矿床回收的银约占全部银产量的 30 %。斑岩型铜金矿床在金属矿产资源开发利用过程中占有举足轻重的地位。本文拟对近年来斑岩型铜金矿床研究的新进展进行简要总结 ,对斑岩型金属矿床的定义、产出环境、地质与地球化学特征进行讨论 ,进而提出斑岩型铜金矿床成因模式与找矿标志     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Tinggong Porphyry Copper Ore Deposit,Tibet

We have determined the ages of the ore-bearing Tinggong porphyries and the Eocene granites using the LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb method. Zircons from one adamellite porphyry and two diorite porphyries yield ages of 15.54±0.28 Ma, 15.02±0.25 Ma and 14.74±0.22 Ma, respectively. The ages of two granites are 50.48±0.71 Ma and 50.16±0.48 Ma. Light Rare Earth Elements(LREE) are enriched in the ore-bearing adamellite porphyries, which are high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous, while Heavy Rare Earth Elements(HREE) and Y are strongly depleted, indicating an adakitic affinity. The Large Ion Lithophile Elements(LILE) of the adamellite porphyries are highly enriched, whereas some High Field Strength Elements(HFSE) are depleted. The diorite porphyry in this study is chemically similar to the adamellite porphyries, except that the Mg# of the diorite porphyry is a little higher, demonstrating more mantle contamination. Four samples from different rocks are selected for in situ zircon Hf isotopic analyses. The samples show positive εHf(t) values and young Hf model ages, indicating their derivation from juvenile crust. However, the adamellite porphyry and diorite porphyry formed in the Miocene exhibit more heterogeneous Hf isotopic ratios, with lower εHf(t) values than the granites formed in the Eocene, suggesting the involvement of old Indian continent crust in their petrogenesis. The geochronology and geochemistry of the adamellite porphyries and the diorite porphyries indicate that they formed from the same source region in a post-collisional environment, but contaminated by crust and mantle materials in different ratios. The metallic minerals formed mainly during the older adamellite porphyry stage, but they were recycled and reactivated by the diorite porphyry intrusion.     

纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿与玉龙斑岩铜矿成矿特征对比研究

纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿床是西南三江地区继玉龙特大型斑岩铜矿之后发现的又一大型矿床。在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,对两处矿床的含矿斑岩体——花岗斑岩的岩石学、地球化学和成矿时代等特征进行了全面的对比分析,认为纳日贡玛和玉龙斑岩铜矿的成矿特征、成矿时代和成矿环境相似。     

Genesis of the Mamut Porphyry Copper Deposit, Sabah, East Malaysia

Abstract: The Mamut deposit of Sabah, East Malaysia, is a porphyry type Cu‐Au deposit genetically related to a quartz monzonite (“adamellite”) porphyry stock associated with upper Miocene Mount Kinabalu plutonism. The genesis of the Mamut deposit is discussed based on petrology of the intrusives in the Mount Kinabalu area combined with ore– and alteration–petrography, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope studies. Groundmass of the adamellite porphyry at Mamut is rich in K which suggests vapor transport of alkaline elements during the mineralizing magmatic process, while the groundmass of the post‐ore “granodiorite” porphyry at Mamut contains small amounts of normative corundum suggesting depletion in alkaline elements at the root zone of the magma column. Sub‐dendritic tremolitic amphibole rims on hornblende phenocrysts in the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggest interaction between the mineralizing magma and the exsolved fluids. Occurrences of clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and pseudomor‐phic aggregates of shredded biotite and clinopyroxene after hornblende phenocrysts in the barren intrusives imply lower water fugacity and decreasing in water fugacity, respectively. Compositional gap between the core of hornblende phenocrysts and the tremolitic amphibole rims and those in the groundmass of the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggests a decrease in pressure. Higher X_Mg (=Mg/(Mg+Fe) atomic ratio) in the tremolitic amphibole rims in the Mamut adamellite porphyry compared to those of the barren intrusions suggests high oxygen fugacity. High halogen contents of igneous hydrous minerals such as amphiboles, biotite and apatite in the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggest the existence of highly saline fluids during the intrusion and solidification of the mineralizing magma. Fluid inclusions found in quartz veinlet stockworks are characterized by abundant hypersaline polyphase inclusions associated with subordinate amounts of immiscible gaseous vapor. Both Cu and Au are dispersed in disseminated and quartz stockwork ores. Chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite as well as magnetite are the principal ore minerals in the biotitized disseminated ores. Primary assemblage of intermediate solid solution (iss) and pyrrhotite converted to the present assemblage of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite during cooling. Subsequent to biotitization, quartz veinlet stockworks formed associated with retrograde chlorite alteration. The Cu‐Fe sul–fides associated with stockwork quartz veinlet are chalcopyrite and pyrite. Overlapping Pb and Zn and subsequent Sb mineralizations were spatially controlled by NNE‐trending fractures accompanying the phyllic and advanced argillic alteration envelope. Sulfur isotopic composition of ore sulfides are homogeneous (about +2%) throughout the mineralization stages. These are identical to those of the magmatic sulfides of Mount Kinabalu adamellitic rocks.     

Duobaoshan Porphyry Copper Deposit and Its Associated Components

Duobaoshan porphyry copper deposit,situated in Nen-jiang County of Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China,liestectonically in the Mongolian-Okhotsk geosyncline.Duobaoshan porphyry copper ore field consisting ofDuobaoshan copper deposit and Tongshan copper deposit con-tains rich copper associated with molybdenum,gold,silverand osmium (Os1 87) . In this sense,this porphyry copper orefield will turn into a large industrial base of copper,gold,sil-ver and osmium.At present,in Duobaoshan porphy…     

Structural control and history of origin of hydrothermal metallogeny in western Cuba

The main structural-lithological factors responsible for the localization of hydrothermal mineralization on a regional, as well as on a local scale in the metallogenic province of western Cuba are summarized. The supply function of regional fault structures extending towards depth is emphasized and light is thrown on the localization of hydrothermal veins in fissures of the folded San Cayetano Formation. Stress has been laid on the genetic and chronological independence of pyrite bodies and hydrothermal veins. Six mineralization stages have been defined and their general succession in the metallogenic area under consideration has been determined.

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Resumen Los factores principales litológico-estructurales, que causan la predisposición de la localización de los yacimientos hidrotermales en las dimensiones regionales y locales en la region de Cuba occidental, están sumarizados. La importancia de las dislocaciones regionales para el aporte de las soluciones hidrotermales está subrayada y las causas de la localización de las vetas hidrotermales en las ac-grietas de la formacion plegada de San Cayetano están aclaradas. La independencia genética y cronológica de los cuerpos de pirita y de las vetas hidrotermales polimetálicas está discutida. Seis estados de la mineralización hidrotermal están identificados y la succesión de la validez general para toda la region metalogenética de Cuba occidental está construida.

     

Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: Structural controls on hydrothermal alteration and ore mineralization

High-sulfidation copper–gold lode deposits such as Chinkuashih, Taiwan, Lepanto, Philippines, and Goldfield, Nevada, formed within 1500 m of the paleosurface in volcanic terranes. All underwent an early stage of extensive advanced argillic silica–alunite alteration followed by an abrupt change to spatially much more restricted stages of fracture-controlled sulfide–sulfosalt mineral assemblages and gold–silver mineralization. The alteration as well as ore mineralization stages of these deposits were controlled by the dynamics and history of syn-hydrothermal faulting.At the Sulfate Stage, aggressive advanced argillic alteration and silicification were consequent on the in situ formation of acidic condensate from magmatic vapor as it expanded through secondary fracture networks alongside active faults. The reduction of permeability at this stage due to alteration decreased fluid flow to the surface, and progressively developed a barrier between magmatic-vapor expansion constrained by the active faults and peripheral hydrothermal activity dominated by hot-water flow. In conjunction with the increased rock strength resulting from alteration, subsequent fault-slip inversion in response to an increase in compressional stress generated new, highly permeable fractures localized by the embrittled, altered rock. The new fractures focused magmatic-vapor expansion with much lower heat loss so that condensation occurred. Sulfide Stage sulfosalt, sulfide, and gold–silver deposition then resulted from destabilization of vapor phase metal species due to vapor decompression through the new fracture array. The switch from sulfate to sulfide assemblages is, therefore, a logical consequence of changes in structural permeability due to the coupling of alteration and fracture dynamics rather than to changes in the chemistry of the fluid phase at its magmatic source.     

西藏冲江大型斑岩铜(钼金)矿床的发现及意义

冲江斑岩铜(金钼) 矿床是近年来在冈底斯造山带中寻找斑岩铜矿最先取得突破的一个大型矿床.矿化、蚀变具中心式、面型分布特点, 其中钾硅化带大体上与强铜矿化带相对应.根据ICPMS测试、辉钼矿Re-Os及SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果, 含矿斑岩高钾富碱过铝, 强烈富集轻稀土(LREE/HREE为8.56~ 23.1), 无Eu异常(平均1.001), 具有微弱的负Ce异常(平均0.84), 微量元素显示Ⅰ型和A型花岗岩的过渡特征, 反映斑岩岩浆作用与拆沉作用及其伴生的软流圈物质上涌有关.矿床形成于中新世(1 4~ 1 6Ma) 陆内造山体制向伸展走滑体制转换的过渡时期      

Grade-Tonnage Model of Porphyry Copper Deposits of China

A grade-tonnage model is established according to the analysis of 72 porphyry copper deposits recorded in “The Mineral Resources Data Base of China“. Based on the analysis of frequency histogram, the cumulative frequency distributing graph and the theoretical model with double logarithmic coordinated of copper deposits, the typical mathematical characteristics of grade-tonnage model of porphyry copper deposits are clarified.     

东天山斑岩铜矿资源潜力评价

在对东天山斑岩铜矿进行资源潜力评价的过程中,引进和吸收了国内外同行的研究成果,提出了成矿系列综合信息矿产资源潜力评价方法.该方法以成矿系列理论、成矿动力学理论以及综合信息矿产资源评价理论为依托,充分利用地质、地球物理、地球化学、卫星遥感等多元数据,将成矿作用与特定的成矿地质环境联系起来,结合综合信息在区域空间上的展布特点,开展不同矿化类型的成矿信息提取,最后使用GIS背景下开发的矿产资源评价系统(MRAS)圈定成矿靶区,预测资源潜力.作者在东天山地区运用此方法对斑岩铜矿进行了示范性预测,野外验证结果显示,预测效果较好,说明该方法具有推广使用的价值.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Granitoids of the Erdenet Porphyry Copper Deposit, Mongolia

Abstract. The Erdenet porphyry copper deposit is one of the major mineral deposits in Mongolia. The geochemical data of granitoids acquired for the Erdenet and its surrounding areas are re-examined. The granitoids of the Erdenet deposit with hypogene type mineralization show the lowest TiO₂ content. Although Ti was possibly lost through the pyritization, it is also possible that the hypogene type mineralization occurred accompanied with the most differentiated granitoids. The variation of the element contents related to the mineralization of the Erdenet deposit shows the decrease of MgO and CaO contents, rather constant K₂O content, rather constant to decrease of Na₂O content, with respect to the Cu contents. The rather constant Na₂O in the mineralized zone is owing to the residual albite against the sericitic alteration. The granitoids of the Erdenet area show an increase of Na₂O content and a decrease of K₂O content with an increase of SiO₂ content. This trend makes clear contrast to granitoids in the surrounding areas. The granitoids of the Erdenet area might have the adakitic nature based on the Sr and Y contents.     

Copper Ore Identification using Spectral Similarity Measurement from Hyperion Image,Mapping of Porphyry Copper Mineralized Zone

This work illustrates the effectiveness of hyperspectal image spectroscopy and lab spectroscopy in identification techniques of minerals in alteration zone of ore body. The adopted procedure involves testing of Hyperion image spectra, their processing for noise, spectral matching and spectral similarity measurement with selected library spectra. Average weighted spectral similarity; visual and statistical matching techniques were used to select end-members from image spectra. Minimum noise fraction and pixel purity index technique were used to retrieve end-member spectra from hyperion image. Hyperspectral image like hyperion has the capability to deliver laboratory standard spectroscopic result. This paper illustrates the capability of hyperion image spectra in copper ore identification and mapping of chalcopyrite outcrop. A systematic approach has been made in this paper. This approach describes how image end member spectra and laboratory spectra can be co-related to fetch accurate spectral form of chalcopyrite ores. Thus, statistical and graphical comparison has been carried out between image derived end member spectra and laboratory spectra of chalcopyrite for better accuracy. The visual measurements is satisfactory, R = 0.973 for fine and 0.976 for medium grained chalcopyrite ore. Excellent statistical significance levels (90–97%) are found while comparing these spectra. There are many success stories of sub-pixel and N-dimensional feature space methods to separate the hydrothermal alteration zones from iron oxide mixed ore bodies. Thus, unmixing methods are very useful for mapping of most dominating mineral parts of a pixel from hyperspectral images which have coarse spatial resolution. Finally, mapping of mineralized zone has been achieved through sub-pixel based classifiers like spectral angle mapper (SAM), constrained energy minimization (CEM) and adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) techniques.     

四川稻城竹鸡顶铜矿地质特征及成矿特点

竹鸡顶斑岩型铜矿位于西南三江成矿带内,热液蚀变以青磐岩化、泥化为特征。区内现已圈出1个矿带和2个矿化带,并有幅频激电异常、土壤铜异常与之套合。该区具有较好的找矿前景。