Coseismic vertical deformation of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from repeated levelings and its constraint on listric fault geometry

The devastating M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured two large parallel thrust faults along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt. Preseismic and postseismic leveling data indicated the hanging wall of the YingxiuBeichuan-Nanba thrust fault mainly presented coseismic uplift with respect to the reference point at Pingwu county town, and the observed maximum uplift of 4.7 m is located at Beichuan county (Qushan town) which is about 100 m west of the fault scarp. The foot wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan-Nanba thrust fault mainly showed subsidence with maximum subsidence of 0.6 m near the rupture. By employing a listric dislocation model, we found that the fault geometry model of exponential dip angle δ= 88°?×1-exp(-9/h) with depth of 18 km and uniform thrust-slip of 5.6 m could fit the observed coseismic vertical deformation very well, which verifies the listric thrust model of the Longmenshan orogenic zone.

     

汶川MS8.0级地震InSAR同震形变场观测与研究

利用InSAR技术,采用地震前后日本ALOS/ PALSAR数据,提取了2008年5月12日四川汶川地震7个条带的地表同震形变场.每个形变条带南北向500 km,东西向70 km,7个形变场覆盖了映秀镇、都江堰、茂县、北川、平武和青川.结果显示,此次地震地表破裂带在北川—映秀断裂带上.地表破裂带从汶川县映秀镇西南震中附近一直到青川县苏河北侧,全长约为230 km.发震断层西北盘为抬升盘,南东盘断层附近,仍然表现为隆起区,显示出以逆冲为主的断层性质.在汶川县映秀镇西侧震中区,最大相对卫星视线向形变量达260 cm,如果全部换算成垂直形变,则两个区域的垂直相对形变达3.3 m.从北川至平通一带,卫星视线向形变范围在120～180 cm的隆起带.其中,擂鼓镇隆起形变范围170～180 cm,换算成垂直形变约在2.2～2.3 m之间.在青川苏河北附近,有70～80 cm范围的隆起形变.在雅安、峨眉山一带,以及射洪至重庆北侧一带有大范围沉降区.在重庆及其南侧区域有幅度在20～30 cm小范围隆起.由青川向东至广元、宁强一带,有形变幅度在60～70 cm的隆起区.整个形变场影响范围较大,四川盆地出现了不同程度的地表形变.     

汶川Ms8.0地震前InSAR垂直形变场变化特征研究

利用D-InSAR技术,选用汶川地震前日本ALOS/PALSAR数据,提取了汶川地震前4个条带的形变场,形变场覆盖了映秀镇、茂县、北川县、平武和青川县.结果显示,汶川地震前形变场沿断层呈“凸”状对称形变分布特征,沿发震断层附近出现隆起形变,而远离发震断层两盘均出现下沉,且随着远离断层距离的增加,沉降幅度逐步增加.在断层两侧附近的平武、北川、安县、江油一带出现了大面积形变隆起,幅度为5～10 cm,且断层西侧抬升范围大于东侧.在映秀镇和汶川地震震中附近,沿断层两侧呈现出小范围斑块状隆起,范围在10～15 cm.该隆起区域与汶川震中位置和破裂最强烈段落基本一致.在远离断层的两盘区域出现沉降,绵阳至成都一带沉降范围在0～ -10 cm之间,松潘至文县一带沉降范围在-5～ -10 cm之间.研究表明对于处于闭锁阶段的逆冲断层,震前的垂直变形可能是其主要变形特征.虽然获得的震前形变变化可能存在5 cm的DEM和对流层大气延迟造成的误差,但这种震前垂直形变场变化趋势仍然存在,可能为地震监测预报提供科学依据.     

late quaternary activity of the qujiang fault and analysis of the slip rate

The Qujiang Fault is one of the most seismically active faults in western Yunnan, China and is considered to be the seismogenic fault of the 1970 M_S7.7 Tonghai earthquake. The Qujiang Fault is located at the southeastern tip of the Sichuan-Yunnan block. In this study, we examine the geometry, kinematics, and geomorphology of this fault through field observations and satellite images. The fault is characterized by dextral strike-slip movements with dip-slip components and can be divided into northwest and southeast segments according to different kinematics. The northwest segment shows right-lateral strike-slip with normal components, whereas it is characterized by dextral movements with the northeast wall thrusting over the opposite in the southeast segment. The offset landforms are well developed along the strike of the fault with displacements ranging from 3.7m to 830m. The Late Quaternary right-lateral slip rate was determined to be 2.3～4.0mm/a through dating and measuring on the offset features. The variation of the slip and uplift rates along the fault strike corresponds well to the fault kinematics segmentation: the slip rate on the northwest segment is above 3mm/a with an uplift rate of 0.6～0.8mm/a; however, influenced by the Xiaojiang Fault, the southeast segment shows apparent thrust components. The slip rate decreases to below 3.0mm/a with an uplift rate of 1.1mm/a, indicating different uplift between the northwest and southeast segments.     

松原市扶余北断裂的发现及活动性鉴定

通过对3D及大量2D石油勘探资料的精细解释,发现并确认了位于松原市主城区北侧、距主城区仅10km处的扶余北断裂。该断裂是扶余隆起的北部边界,走向近EW,全长26km,西起孙家围子,向东延伸至大洼镇附近;断层倾向南,视倾角较陡,约60°~80°,早白垩纪为正断层,新构造运动以来表现为逆冲作用。利用浅层人工地震勘探、钻探、释光测年等多重组合方式对扶余北断裂的活动性作了鉴定,结果表明,扶余北断裂最新活动距今(23.9±0.6)ka~(28.9±0.6)ka,为晚更新世活动断裂,断裂活动造成第四系底界位错2.5m,中晚更新世地层存在明显扰动。     

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT CHARACTERSTICS OF 2016 MW5.9 MENYUAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON Sentinel -1A DATA

In this paper, we processed and analyzed the Sentinel-1A data by "two-pass" method and acquired the surface deformation fields of Menyuan earthquake. The results show the deformation occurred mainly in the south wall of fault, where uplift deformation is dominant. The uplift deformation is significantly larger than the subsidence and the maximum uplift of ascending and descending in the LOS is 6cm, 8cm respectively. Meanwhile, based on the Okada model, we use the ascending and descending passes data as constraints to invert jointly the fault distribution and source parameters through constructing fault model of different dip directions. The optimum fault parameters are:The dip is 43°, the strike is 128°with the mean rake of 85°. The maximum slip is about 0.27m. The inverted seismic moment M₀ is 1.13×10¹⁸N·m, and the moment magnitude M_W is 5.9. The SW-dipping Minyue-Damaying Fault is possibly the seismogenic fault, based on the comprehensive analysis of the focal mechanisms, aftershocks relocation results and the regional tectonic background. The focus property is dominated by thrust movement with a small amount of dextral strike-slip component. The earthquake is the result of local stress adjustment nearby the Lenglongling Fault under the background of northeastward push and growth of Tibet Plateau.     

活动推覆构造区潜在震源的边界和震级上限——以1902年阿图什8(1/4)级地震构造区为例

1902年阿图什81/4级地震发生在西南天山山前推覆构造体中,逆冲推覆构造由推覆体的根部断裂、推覆体、滑脱断层和前缘逆断裂-褶皱等组成,大地震的发震断裂往往是推覆构造的根部断裂,而地震地表破裂和同震褶皱隆起则位于山前逆断层-褶皱带内。高震级的潜在震源区(MU7.5)对应于低速的天山地块和高速的塔里木地块之间的根带断裂,其长度对应于推覆体根带断裂的长度,宽度对应于根带隐伏逆冲断裂在地表的投影宽度。推覆体前缘的每个活动逆断裂-背斜对应于一个潜在震源(MU≤7.5),其长度与活动逆断裂-背斜的长度相等,宽度应覆盖活动褶皱的两翼。潜在震源的矩震级上限由W-C统计关系式确定,其中发震断裂的面积为活动褶皱的长度与隐伏断坡宽度的乘积。     

2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震InSAR同震形变场特征及发震构造初步探讨

基于Sentinel-1 SAR升、降影像,利用D-InSAR技术获取新疆伽师M S6.4地震的同震形变场,结果表明,本次地震引起的同震形变场整体呈近椭圆状分布,形变区东西长约66 km,南北宽约40 km,整个形变场由南部隆升区和北部沉降区组成,南部最大隆升量约7 cm,北部最大沉降量约3 cm。本次地震发生在块体俯冲界面处的低倾角逆冲推覆构造带上,隆升和沉降两个中心均位于逆冲推覆体的上盘,形变主要以隆升形变为主,符合低倾角逆断层中强震的变形特征。在沉降区与隆升区之间干涉条纹连续分布,未出现表征地表破裂位置的空间失相关带,表明地震未引起明显的地表破裂。结合震源机制、余震精定位及区域构造特征,初步推断认为伽师地震的发震构造可能为柯坪塔格推覆构造前缘的N倾的柯坪断裂。     

龙门山中北段流域地貌特征及其构造意义

龙门山中北段位于青藏高原东缘,该区作为高原向东扩展的前缘部位,其地形与河流水系的演化记录了高原隆升与挤压扩展及其气候环境效应的各种信息。龙门山中北段构造活动有明显差异,从中段逆冲为主转化为北段的走滑为主,本文采用定量化地貌参数从构造地貌的角度揭示了区域构造活动的差异。龙门山中北段地貌因子（坡度、地形起伏度和条带状剖面）的阶梯状分布特点,显示了高原扩展的逆冲推覆特征,在中央断裂处构造抬升作用最强,同时显示出了南北向构造活动减弱的趋势,由中段的逆冲转换为北段逆冲兼走滑的形式。北川-映秀断裂两侧流域的HI值也显示了断裂上盘高、下盘低、沿走向减弱的趋势。综合分析认为,本区构造活动是地貌演化的主控因素,龙门山中北段地形存在差异,北川-映秀断裂两侧的小流域地貌指数分析显示,构造抬升活动自南向北减弱,中段以逆冲为主,北段为逆冲兼走滑。     

基于GPS同震位移场约束反演2008年5.12汶川大地震破裂空间分布

2008年5月12日发生在四川汶川的大地震造成映秀—北川断裂和灌县—江油断裂同时破裂,分别形成了240多公里和70多公里的地表破裂带.本文以GPS观测获得的同震位移场为约束,反演地震破裂的空间分布.反演结果显示映秀—北川主破裂带倾向北西,沿破裂带的走向从南到北倾角逐渐变大,破裂断层的平均宽度在10~18 km左右.破裂断层的错动在南段以逆冲为主,在北段走滑分量逐步加大,右旋走滑成为断层破裂的主要特征.断层破裂最大段落错动量分别达到了7.8 m和7.4 m,恰好对应这次地震中地表破坏最为严重的映秀和北川地区.本次地震释放地震矩6.70×10²⁰N·m,相应矩震级M_w=7.9.     

Yabuki&Matsu’ura方法在汶川M_W7.9地震反演中的应用

2008年5月12日,青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带发生汶川MW7.9地震,该地震使得北川—映秀断裂、灌县—江油断裂发生了同震破裂。本文主要利用震后通过复测获得的GPS同震形变场,采用Yabuki&Matsu’ura反演计算方法和分段平面断层模型,反演了地震同震滑动分布。结果表明:映秀—北川主破裂带的断层错动,在映秀附近以逆冲滑动为主,而在北川以北,其走滑运动明显大于逆冲,这一结果与震后地质调查结果与通过地震波研究获得的断层破裂特征相一致;反演得到的最大滑动量达到9.3m和9.6m,分别对应于这次地震中地表破坏最为严重的北川和映秀地区;由所获得的滑动分布计算的地震矩为8.07×1020 N.m,对应的震级为MW7.9。研究结果初步显示,Yabuki&Matsu’ura反演方法可适用在内陆地震断层反演计算中。     

汶川地震震中映秀地区地表破裂特征

汶川8级大震的震中位于映秀镇,地震在映秀地区造成了多处地表破裂,如公路拱曲、地震陡坎,坡中槽新变形等,长度达300余米.经实地全站仪和GPS测量,定量分析了地表破裂的垂直分量与水平分量以及两者之间的比值,以此揭示了映秀-北川断裂的运动性质为逆冲兼右行走滑,在映秀地区逆冲分量大于走滑分量.将本次地震造成的位错数据与震前资料对比,发现汶川地震产生的地表破裂位置与地质历史上映秀-北川断裂造成的断层位错位置是相当吻合的,说明映秀地区Ⅳ级阶地上40余米的的断层陡坎可能是地质历史时期若干次大地震的结果.     

Spatial and Temporal Changes of Groundwater Level Induced by Thrust Faulting

Changes of groundwater level, ranging from a fall of 11.10 m to a rise of 7.42 m, induced by thrust faulting during the 1999 M_w 7.6, Chi-Chi earthquake have been recorded in 276 monitoring wells in Taiwan. Most coseismic falls appeared near the seismogenic fault as well as other active faults, while coseismic rises prevailed away from the fault. Coseismic groundwater level rises and falls correlated fairly well with hypocentral distance in the vicinity of the thrust fault. We found a major difference of coseismic changes in wells of different depths at most multiple-well stations. The recovery process of coseismic groundwater level changes is associated with the confining condition of the aquifer. Cross-formational flow is likely to play an important role in groundwater level changes after the earthquake. In the hanging wall of the thrust fault, an abnormal decline of groundwater level was observed immediately before the earthquake. The underlying mechanism of the unique preseismic change warrants further investigation.     

对2008年汶川MS8.0地震沿龙门山后山出现地表破裂现象的讨论

介绍了汶川地震沿龙门山后山汶川-茂县断裂带11个点位出现的地表破裂现象.这些地表破裂点位南起汶川卧龙乡鱼丝洞,向北经耿达乡牛坪、草坡乡金波、漳排、足湾、绵虒乡高东山、玉龙乡岭岗、威州镇七盘沟到茂县壳壳寨、凤仪镇马良沟,长度达100 km.尽管这些地表破裂点位多数断续展布在高山山顶或山体一侧,与山体走向一致,但仍有少数地...     

基于InSAR的青海大柴旦地震三维同震形变场获取与震源特征分析

本文利用Envisat ASAR的升、降轨和宽幅数据,通过基于先验知识的最小二乘迭代逼近获取大柴旦2次地震的地表三维同震形变.结果表明,2008年MW6.3地震垂直向形变主要发生在断层南盘,以隆升形变为主,最大隆升量约10cm,北盘沉降量小于等于-1cm.东西向形变在南盘呈向东运动的特征,最大运动量约4cm,北盘向西运动,最大运动量约为-2cm.2009年MW5.8地震垂直向形变显示断层南盘抬升的特征,最大抬升量约27cm,北盘最大沉降量约-3cm.东西向形变表现为南盘向东运动,最大约10cm,北盘向西运动,约为-4cm.可以看出这两次地震均表现为逆冲为主,兼少量左旋走滑的震源特征.视线向结果无法判定同震形变的少量走滑特征,而地表三维分量可以有效地识别出少量左旋还是右旋走滑的震源特性.本文以视线向、垂直向、东西向形变量作为约束条件,利用Okada模型正演了2008年地震同震三维形变场.结果显示,采用逆冲兼少量左旋走滑的发震断层参数,视线向、垂直向、东西向正演结果与观测结果吻合.这也表明采用分解后的地表三维同震形变场可以有效地识别出发震断层的少量左旋走滑特征.     

龙门山高倾角逆断层结构与孕震机制

针对汶川8.0级地震的主破裂面是否以陡立倾角延伸至地壳深部的争议,我们的研究旨在明确发震断层形态随深度分布的二维结构特征, 即断层的倾角及相应段落的深度, 并在此基础上分析发震断层的孕震和发震机理. 利用子空间置信域非线性反演方法, 通过拟合近场的同震水准变形, 获得了分别对应于清平-北川和南坝-青川发震断层的二维弹性位错模型. 结果显示, 此次龙门山中央断裂带的发震断层系统存在明显的南北分区特征. 以北川-南坝为过渡带, 北川以南至清平的发震构造为二元结构, 包括两部分:一是浅部高倾角的逆断层, 倾角在70°~80°以上, 底部深度可达10~15 km, 同震位错主要发生在10 km以上深度, 平均位错超过6 m;二是深部缓倾角的逆断层, 反演得其倾角约25°, 底部可达30 km深度, 位错主要分布于断层的顶部和底部, 平均位错约4 m. 南坝以北的发震断层为单一结构的逆断层, 倾角约60°~70°, 逆断层位错分布于10 km深度以上, 平均位错小于2 m.余震分布和主震震源机制也支持清平以南发震断层为二元结构的推论. 有限元模拟显示,在二元结构的逆断层系统中, 通过提高断层面上正的库仑应力, 深部缓倾角的逆断层活动对浅部高倾角逆断层有明显的促震作用. 模拟还显示地壳缩短不是现今松潘地块地表垂直变形的主要原因, 垂直变形更可能反映了青藏高原东缘相对四川盆地的差异抬升. 对高倾角逆断层的库仑应力作用显示, 差异抬升对龙门山逆断层活动有重要的促进作用.     

THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION

The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future.     

Study on Potential Strong Earthquake Risks Around the Mabian Area,Southern Sichuan

Based on seismic data from the regional network for the last 34 years,we analyzed the present fault behavior of major fault zones around the Mabian area,southern Sichuan,and identified the risky fault-segments for potential strong and large earthquakes in the future.The method of analysis is a combination of spatial distribution of b-values with activity background of historical strong earthquakes and current seismicity.Our results mainly show:(1) The spatial distribution of b-values indicates significant heterogeneity in the studied area,which reflects the spatial difference of cumulative stress levels along various fault zones and segments.(2) Three anomalously low b-value areas with different dimensions were identified along the Mabian-Yanjin fault zone.These anomalies can be asperities under relatively high cumulated stress levels.Two asperities are located in the north of Mabian county,in Lidian town in western Muchuan county,and near Yanjin at the south end of the fault zone.These two areas represent potential large earthquake seismogenic sites around the Mabian area in the near future.Besides them,the third relatively smaller asperity is identified at southern Suijiang,as another potential strongearthquake source.(3) An asperity along the southwestern segment of the Longquanshan fault zone indicates the site of potential moderate-to-strong earthquakes.(4) The asperity along the segment between Huangmu town in Hanyuan county and Longchi town in Emeishan city on Jinkouhe-Meigu fault has potential for a moderate-strong earthquake.     

The Activity of Major Faults and the Hydrothermal Alteration Zone at Tianchi Volcano of Changbaishan

It is found by field investigation that the near horizontal top surface of the brown or brick-red hydrothermai alteration zone varies obviously in elevation at different sections of the same layer on the caldera‘s inner wall of Tianchi, with that at the north section near the Tianwen Peak about 110 m higher than that at the south near the Jiangjun Peak in Korea. The top surface of the hydrothermai alteration zone can be taken as key horizon to tectonic movement. The difference indicates that the total uplift height of the NW wall of the Liudaogou-Tianchi-Jingfengshan fault, the principal fault trending NE at Tianchi, is bigger than that of the SE wall ever since the occurrence of hydrothermal alteration. This also explains why the topography in the northwest side of Tianchi is steeper and with more developed river system than in the southeast. The uplifting of the northeastern wall is bigger than that of the southwest along the principal NW-trend fault, namely, the Baishanzhen-Tianchi-Jince fault. It is observed from characters of hydrothermal alteration and the palaeoresiduum, that the recent vertical movement rate along the principal NE-trend fault is larger than that of the principal NW-trend fault. The two faults intersect at Tianchi, dividing the volcano into 4 blocks, with the uplift magnitudes decreasing successively in the order of the north, the west, the east and the south block. The biggest uplift of the north block corresponds well to the shallow magma batch in the north of Tianchi observed by DSS and telluric electromagnetic sounding, and etc. and they may be related with the causes.     

利用强震数据获取汶川地震近断层地面永久位移

利用汶川地震中得到的靠近映秀—北川主断裂的64个强震台站的三分量记录数据, 对加速度记录进行基线校正的基础上获取近断层地面运动的永久形变位移, 并将由强震记录获取到的地面位移结果与GPS观测到的同震位移进行对比分析, 研究汶川M_S8.0地震的近断层地面运动的位移特征. 结果表明: ① 在靠近映秀—北川主断层的上盘和下盘, 东西相向的地面运动非常剧烈. 下盘的51SFB, 51MZQ和51JYH台东西向位移均为负(即地面运动向西), 其中51SFB台位移量最大, 达到1.49 m; 上盘的51WCW台位移向东, 位移量为1.26 m. ② 地面运动的位移分布主要表现为以龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂为核心的相向运动, 东西方向上的永久位移要大于南北方向. 从断层机制上来讲, 断层的错动以逆冲运动为主(即逆冲位移要大于走滑分量的位移), 这与震源机制反演及地质考察的结果一致. ③ 大的地面永久位移集中分布在以龙门山断裂带为中心的狭长范围内, 离开发震断裂地面位移的衰减很快. 相比而言, 在发震断层的下盘一侧(即四川盆地)的地面位移的衰减比上盘一侧明显要快.