构造活动区特征源汇体系及古地理重建:以塔里木块体北缘记录“泛非”事件的碎屑锆石分析为例

完整认识盆山沉积系统,这是古地理重建研究的必然趋势,其中从构造稳定区到构造活动区的特征源汇体系解析是重要环节。塔里木块体北缘活动区存在与"泛非"造山事件有关的岩浆和变质记录,但与这一特征构造—热事件有关的碎屑沉积记录以往在塔里木块体北缘及邻区却鲜有报道。主要针对塔里木块体北缘泥盆纪—石炭纪砂岩样品,文中开展了碎屑锆石原位地质年代学分析,结果表明下石炭统野云沟组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄以新元古代中—晚期为主体,与"泛非"造山事件的持续时间较为一致,且此类沉积记录在该地区也是首次大量发现。相应的碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值几乎全为负值,是古老陆壳熔融的产物。而野云沟组之下和之上的砂岩碎屑锆石均无"泛非"造山事件的明显信息。研究认为,泥盆纪南天山洋向南俯冲,导致塔里木块体北缘发育岛弧体系;至早石炭世维宪早期南天山洋盆闭合,相关块体拼贴—碰撞作用致使该区构造古地理转变,与"泛非"造山作用有关的结晶基底隆升和剥露,并成为野云沟组主要物源。晚石炭世随海平面上升和沉积超覆,塔里木块体北缘与"泛非"造山事件有关的结晶基底剥露终止。综合对比区域碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学数据发现,研究区其他显生宙地层中(除上奥统桑塔木组外)均未记录到明显的与"泛非"造山事件物源相关的碎屑沉积,可能说明现存的塔里木块体受"泛非"造山构造—热事件影响的范围有限,另一方面也说明相关基底岩石的剥露主要出现在早石炭世以及晚奥陶世。这些信息的揭示对于认识塔里木块体北部古生代古地貌、碎屑源汇体系与构造古地理具有重要意义。     

塔里木块体北部泥盆—石炭纪陆缘构造演化:盆地充填序列与物源体系约束

陆缘洋-陆转换或盆-山转换复杂多变,沉积作用活跃,但迄今认识有限。文中基于对陆块和造山带地层格架的梳理和建立,选择塔里木块体北缘与南天山之间两条较完整的泥盆—石炭系典型剖面开展盆地与沉积序列研究。泥盆纪—早石炭世维宪早期发育碱性玄武岩、放射虫硅质岩和浊积岩,而早石炭世维宪晚期—晚石炭世发育序列清晰的中厚层状碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩及其混合沉积组合,指示洋-陆转换已经发生。进一步重点分析了其中砂岩碎屑重矿物样品19个、碎屑锆石同位素年代学(U-Pb及Hf)样品12个,结合砂岩骨架组分特征综合解析了物源体系与构造演变机制。研究表明,泥盆纪—早石炭世维宪早期,塔里木块体北缘东部发育不稳定和差异显著的碎屑组合,并具有接近地层年龄的碎屑锆石,指示了由南向北相对近距离的源汇体系、活动陆缘和混杂沉积的特征;而西部砂岩呈现的较高的成分成熟度和来自塔里木陆块相当数量的锆石年代学特征,则具有被动大陆边缘沉积属性。早石炭世维宪晚期—晚石炭世,塔里木块体北缘东部成分成熟度增高,并出现了一定数量的来自塔里木陆块的碎屑锆石,以及相当部分390~460Ma锆石的εHf(t)显示特征的正值,具有主体再旋回混合造山带的物源构造属性、中-近距离源-汇体系和残留海沉积特征;而在塔里木块体北缘西部,较之前更加明显的较高砂岩成分成熟度和来自塔里木陆块的大量锆石年代学特征,说明具有远距离源汇体系特征,可能指示了更加广阔的残留洋或残留海沉积。这说明尽管南天山洋在早石炭世维宪期以后已经关闭,但直到晚石炭世仍未明显造山。塔里木块体北缘东、西部泥盆—石炭纪陆缘构造及相关盆地系统演化存在显著差异,是中亚地区陆缘裂解、多岛洋闭合、(微)陆块聚合复杂性的体现。     

前中生代海南岛与华夏、扬子陆块的关系——来自海南岛下二叠统峨查组碎屑锆石年龄的信息

海南地块的亲缘性质归属一直存在分歧。选择海南东方市江边乡白查村峨查组进行碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,获得年龄为635～1814Ma,具4个年龄峰值,分别为1700Ma、1580Ma、1073Ma和680Ma,记录了哥伦比亚(1700Ma和1580Ma)、罗迪尼亚(1073Ma)和泛非(680Ma)三大地质事件。1700 Ma、1580Ma和1073Ma三个峰值可与南极洲、越南Song Hien、华夏造山带和扬子陆块东南缘同期的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄峰值对比,说明海南地块在中元古代与南极洲、越南、华夏和扬子陆块东南缘共同经历了哥伦比亚和格林威尔(罗迪尼亚)造山事件。1700Ma和1580Ma的峰值虽然在扬子陆块东南缘有弱的显示,但在扬子陆块内部基本没有该年龄峰值的报道,680Ma峰值在扬子陆块未出现,说明中—新元古代海南地块与扬子陆块之间相距较远,而与华夏、越南和南极洲较近。     

Provenance and paleogeography of the Early Paleozoic basin in the northern Yangtze Block: Constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf data

The Proto-Tethys was a significant post-Rodinia breakup ocean that eventually vanished during the Paleozoic. The closure timing and amalgamation history of numerous microblocks within this ocean remain uncertain, while the Early Paleozoic strata on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block archive valuable information about the evolution of the Shangdan Ocean, the branch of the Proto-Tethys. By comparing the detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic data from Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian sedimentary rocks in the northern Yangtze Block with adjacent blocks, it was found that detrital zircons in Cambrian strata exhibit a prominent age peak at ∼ 900–700 Ma, which indicates that the primary source of clastic material in the basin was the uplifted inner and margin regions of the Yangtze Block. In the Silurian, abundant detrital material from the North Qinling Block was transported to the basin due to the continuous subduction and eventual closure of the Shangdan Ocean. This process led to two distinct age peaks at ∼500–400 Ma and ∼900–700 Ma, indicating a bidirectional provenance contribution from both the North Qinling Block and the Yangtze Block. This shift demonstrates that the initial collision between these two blocks occurred no later than the Silurian. The northern Yangtze Basin transitioned from a passive continental margin basin in the Cambrian to a peripheral foreland basin in the Silurian. Major blocks in East Asia, including South Tarim, North Qilian, North Qinling, and North Yangtze, underwent peripheral subduction and magmatic activity to varying degrees during the late Early Paleozoic, signifying the convergence and rapid contraction of microplates within northern Gondwana and the Proto-Tethys Ocean. These findings provide new insights on the tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.     

扬子北缘奥陶纪—志留纪之交泥岩地球化学特征及其源区、构造背景

近年来,扬子地块北缘奥陶纪—志留纪之交沉积构造背景一直存在不同认识。本文对渝东北城口厚坪五峰组—龙马溪组砂、泥岩进行系统采样和主、微量元素测试分析,从地球化学特征角度,来探讨该时期砂、泥岩物源源区及其构造环境。地球化学特征显示,五峰组—龙马溪组砂、泥岩主量元素SiO2含量为39.57%～87.16%,多数高于北美页岩,Al2O3含量为3.41%～14.98%,均低于北美页岩,MgO、CaO、MnO2和P2O5含量明显低于北美页岩,相比于四川盆地川南长宁—双河五峰组—龙马溪组泥岩,渝东北城口具有高SiO2和低MgO、CaO的特点,表明城口五峰组—龙马溪组泥岩碎屑组分主要以粉砂质和硅质等陆缘碎屑为主;微量元素Sc、Sr、Co、Zr、Hf较北美页岩相对亏损,V、U、Sb、Ba相对富集,Cr、Ni、Nb、Ta含量相近。稀土元素北美页岩标准化均表现为略微向右倾斜的配分模式,多数具有δCe负异常,观音桥段和龙马溪组δEu正异常指示了该时期存在海底热液活动。砂、泥岩主、微量元素的物源和构造背景图解表明沉积物源区源岩具有多样的物质组分,以长英质岩为主,同时混入了花岗质和安山质岩石组分;源岩形成时的构造背景主要为被动陆缘环境,少数为活动陆缘和大陆岛弧环境,这一结果与扬子地块北缘新元古代—早古生代处于被动大陆边缘的区域地质背景一致。     

滇西昌宁-孟连带南段组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其对沉积时代和构造环境的制约

为制约滇西昌宁-孟连带南段组的沉积时代和构造环境, 阐明临沧地块演化特征, 对南段组碎屑锆石进行U-Pb年代学研究。研究显示, 南段组具统计意义的最年轻组碎屑锆石年龄为512 Ma、509.6 Ma, 物源具泛非期(680~530 Ma)、晚格林威尔期(980~900 Ma)、早格林威尔期(1300~1100 Ma)3期年龄组段特点。结果表明, 南段组中下部最大沉积下限为寒武纪, 中上部上限为石炭纪。物源来自东冈瓦纳超大陆内部至少3条造山带, 主要为南极Pinjarra造山带、西澳Albany-Fraser造山带、东澳Paterson-Peterman造山带, 具亲冈瓦纳大陆性质。在古生代冈瓦纳大陆重建中, 南段组古地理位置位于澳大利亚地块北缘, 是一个从西澳大利亚地块往东澳大利亚地块, 往北往东迁移, 从被动大陆边缘到活动大陆边缘转换的演化过程。早期沉积环境为滨浅海或三角洲, 后期为弧前增生楔沉积环境。     

扬子北缘奥陶纪—志留纪之交泥岩地球化学特征及其源区、构造背景

近年来,扬子地块北缘奥陶纪—志留纪之交沉积构造背景一直存在不同认识.本文对渝东北城口厚坪五峰组—龙马溪组砂、泥岩进行系统采样和主、微量元素测试分析,从地球化学特征角度,来探讨该时期砂、泥岩物源源区及其构造环境.地球化学特征显示,五峰组—龙马溪组砂、泥岩主量元素SiO2含量为39.57％～87.16％,多数高于北美页岩,...     

Geochronology and provenance of detrital zircons from late Palaeozoic strata of central Jilin Province,Northeast China: implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Here we present new U–Pb and Hf isotopic data for detrital zircons obtained from six samples of late Palaeozoic units from central Jilin Province, Northeast China, and use these data and sedimentary formations to constrain the late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern segment of the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The majority of the detrital zircons from the six samples are euhedral–subhedral and exhibit oscillatory zoning, indicating a magmatic origin. Zircons from sandstones in the Devonian Wangjiajie and Xiaosuihe formations yield seven main age populations (399, 440, 921, 1648, 1864, 1911, and 2066 Ma) and two minor age populations (384 and 432 Ma), respectively. Zircons from a quartz sandstone in the Carboniferous Luquantun Formation yield four age populations (~332, 363, 402, and 428 Ma), and zircons from quartz sandstones of the Permian Shoushangou, Fanjiatun, and Yangjiagou formations yield age populations of 265, 369, 463, 503, and 963 Ma; 264, 310, 337, 486, and 529 Ma; and 262, 282, 312, 338, 380, 465, and 492 Ma, respectively. These data, together with the ages of magmatic zircons from interbedded volcanics and biostratigraphic evidence, as well as analysis of formations, give rise to the following conclusions. (1) The Wangjiajie and Xiaosuihe formations were deposited in an extensional environment during Middle and Middle–Late Devonian time, respectively. The former was sourced mainly from ancient continental material of the North China Craton with minor contributions from newly accreted crust, while the latter was sourced mainly from newly accreted crust. (2) The Luquantun Formation formed in an extensional environment during early–late Carboniferous time from material sourced mainly from newly accreted crust. (3) The Shoushangou, Fanjiatun, and Yangjiagou formations formed during a period of rapid uplift in the late Permian, from material sourced mainly from newly accreted crust.     

Geochemistry,zircon UPb ages and Hf isotopes of granites and pegmatites from Gubrunde region in the Eastern Nigeria Terrane: Insight into magmatism and tectonic evolution of the late Pan-African orogeny

This study reports a new dataset of whole-rock geochemistry, biotite chemistry, in situ zircon UPb geochronology and Hf isotope for a suite of granite and associated pegmatite samples from the Gubrunde region in the Eastern Nigeria Terrane (ENT), Nigeria. The Gubrunde granitic rocks are weakly ferroan, peraluminous and calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic in composition, and show I-type affinity. The zircon UPb geochronology gives an age of ~580 Ma for the rocks, although the presence of inherited zircons with early Pan-African ages of 696 ± 12, 647 ± 7 and 624–613 Ma are evident indicative of a complex history of their source rocks. The Gubrunde granite and the pegmatite yielded similar average Hf crustal model age T_DM2 of 1.9 ± 0.1 Ga and εHf(t) values ?6.2 ± 1.2, suggesting that they may have sourced from reworked old crustal rocks with minor contributions from the mantle. The granite and the pegmatite were likely to connect by fractional crystallization under low to moderate pressure (~2.2 to 3.0 kbar) and temperature (~717 °C), and low oxygen fugacity (<ΔNNO ?1.14). The ca. 580 Ma magmatism may have been triggered by delamination of the lithospheric mantle as a consequence of crustal thinning during waning stage of the Pan-African orogeny.     

西藏拉萨地块北部白垩纪火山岩及其对冈底斯岛弧构造演化的制约

拉萨地块北部广泛分布着白垩纪火山岩。本文及已有年代学研究表明,这些火山岩主要形成于早白垩世中期(140～110Ma)和晚白垩世早期(100～80Ma)两个阶段。早白垩世中期火山岩主要为则弄群和多尼组地层中的火山岩夹层,岩性组合包括玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩,主体为高钾钙碱和钾玄质系列,具有初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7068～0.7102)较高、εNd(t)(-9.3～-1.5)较低和δ18OV-SMOW(7.2‰～9.8‰)较高等同位素组成特征,源区为受消减沉积物和/或蚀变玄武质洋壳的含水流体/熔体交代的富集岩石圈地幔楔。晚白垩世早期火山岩零星分布在拉萨地块北部和羌塘地块南部,岩石类型以玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩为主,有少量的酸性火山岩(英安岩),主体为典型的钙碱性系列组合(低钾拉斑+中钾钙碱),具有较高的Mg(Mg#可高达59)和相容元素Cr(162×10-6)、V(216×10-6)和Ni(80×10-6)含量以及更为原始的Sr-Nd同位素组成,(87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7041～0.7048,εNd(t)=0.9～2.2,指示源区可能为受到上涌软流圈地幔熔体二次交代的交代富集岩石圈地幔,本文将其命名为尼玛火山岩。综合以上白垩纪火山岩和拉萨地块南部叶巴组、桑日群和林子宗群火山岩的时空分布特征,认为中生代至早第三纪冈底斯岛弧的演化发生了两次大的空间迁移:中生代早侏罗世以来由南向北变新,从最南部的叶巴组(早侏罗世,193～174Ma)和桑日群火山岩(J3—K1),到北部的则弄群和多尼组火山岩(早白垩世中期,140～110Ma),最后到最北部的尼玛火山岩(晚白垩世早期,100～80Ma);早第三纪由北向南跃迁回南部,从北部的尼玛火山岩迁移到南部的林子宗群火山岩(70～40Ma)。冈底斯岛弧火山岩的时空分布特征和成分演化规律,揭示了新特提斯洋板块的俯冲历史,即早期新特提斯洋壳由南向北低角度俯冲,然后再高角度反向旋转,直至最后发生拆沉。     

东昆仑地区沙松乌拉组物质来源及源区构造-热事件——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的证据

沙松乌拉组出露于东昆中构造混杂岩带,是东昆仑地区原特提斯洋洋盆打开时的沉积记录,确定其地层形成时代、物质来源及恢复构造演化过程,对研究东昆仑地区原特提斯洋的演化具有重要意义。对出露于东昆仑黑海湖—拉宁灶火沟一带的沙松乌拉组进行LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年定,得到最年轻的锆石年龄为632±6 Ma,结合地层接触关系,为沙松乌拉组的时代划分提供了年龄依据;得到约650 Ma、约800 Ma、980 Ma三个明显峰值及大量未形成明显峰值的其他古老年龄,推测沙松乌拉组的主要物源有小庙群、万保沟群、晋宁期岩浆岩,次要物源为白沙河组。将得到的锆石年龄与各期构造-岩浆活动比对,认为沙松乌拉组的源区经历了古元古代早期构造-岩浆事件、中元古代晚期构造-岩浆事件和新元古代早期构造-岩浆事件。