渝东北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩微纳米孔隙结构特征

中国南方下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩是目前页岩气勘探的主要目的层位之一,然而在渝东北地区其勘探效果不尽如人意,原因在于其孔隙结构特征并未清楚.采用聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜、纳米C和气体吸附实验等方法对渝东北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩微纳米孔隙结构进行了定量表征.结果表明,牛蹄塘组页岩的微纳米孔隙类型主要为无机质孔隙,包括粒间孔和粒内孔,而N₂吸附滞后环类型属于4型,对应孔隙类型为单边狭缝型孔隙;牛蹄塘组页岩的平均总孔体积为0.0317mL/g,平均总比表面积为34.7m2/g.牛蹄塘组页岩过高的演化程度导致有机质孔隙不发育,进而导致其微纳米孔隙具有较差的连通性;中孔贡献了绝大部分的孔体积,而微孔则贡献了相对较多的比表面积.      

下扬子地区牛蹄塘组和五峰组—龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构特征的差异性分析

页岩气体主要以游离态和吸附态存在于页岩储层中,页岩的孔隙结构决定着页岩的吸附和渗流特性,页岩孔隙结构特征包括孔隙的大小、体积、比表面积、形状、连通性和空间分布等,这些特征对页岩气的富集具有重要的影响。因此,研究页岩储层的孔隙结构对于页岩的含气性评价和勘探开发具有十分重要的意义。利用场发射扫描电镜对样品进行观察,定性分析孔隙结构特征。利用压汞实验、低温气体(N2、CO2)吸附实验,结合定性与定量表征手段,分析下扬子地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组2套富有机质页岩孔隙结构特征的差异。从扫描电镜观察结果来看五峰组—龙马溪组页岩内的孔隙主要发育在有机质网络内,有机质孔隙相互连通。根据页岩的N2吸附脱附曲线形态也可以发现五峰组—龙马溪组页岩等温线的滞后环较大,在相对压力为0.4~0.5可以看到拐点,说明对应的孔隙以两端开放的管状孔和平行壁的狭缝状孔为主,孔隙连通性好,有利于气体的渗流。从扫描电镜中观察到牛蹄塘组页岩中的孔隙主要由粒间孔隙和有机质孔隙组成。粒间孔隙相对较大,但数量较少,彼此之间互不连通;有机质孔隙相对较小,呈圆球状,孔隙直径集中在几到几十纳米之间。根据其等温线上滞后环狭小,拐点不明显,说明也页岩中发育有单边封闭的盲孔,孔隙孔道堵塞,形成盲孔。根据压汞实验、低温气体吸附实验的数据可得出牛蹄塘组页岩的总孔体积与总比表面积均大于五峰—龙马溪组页岩。可是分别从微孔、介孔和宏孔来看,牛蹄塘组页岩只有微孔的孔体积与比表面积大于五峰—龙马溪组页岩,而介孔与宏孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积均小于五峰—龙马溪组页岩,说明牛蹄塘组页岩微孔更加发育,空隙间的连通性较差,气体容易保存却难渗流;龙马溪组的孔隙连通性更好,有利于页岩气的开发。     

渝东南牛蹄塘组与龙马溪组高演化海相页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征对比研究

中国南方主要富有机质海相页岩寒武系牛蹄塘组和志留系龙马溪组是当前页岩气勘探的重要目标地层,但演化程度普遍偏高,孔隙结构复杂。为加深对这种复杂性的认识,通过场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞实验与低温低压吸附实验(CO_2与N_2),对页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征进行对比研究。研究发现,牛蹄塘组孔体积与龙马溪组页岩的孔体积分别介于0.0202~0.0402 m L/g与0.0255~0.0310 m L/g之间,介孔在两套页岩孔体积中所占比例最大。两套页岩比表面积分别介于13.74~41.26 m~2/g与21.42~27.82 m~2/g之间,微孔与介孔几乎提供了两套页岩全部的比表面。孔隙结构的差异主要表现为牛蹄塘组页岩内溶蚀孔和粒间孔较为发育,有机质孔隙发育不均匀;而龙马溪组页岩内粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔隙均较为发育;牛蹄塘组在微孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积占有优势,而介孔与宏孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积均小于龙马溪组。根据实验数据结果与文献的调研,两套页岩孔隙结构差异的主要原因主要是成熟度与埋深的不同影响而形成的。     

渝东南—黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩微-纳米级孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析

以渝东南-黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩岩心及野外新鲜露头样品为研究对象,运用低温液氮吸附实验和氩离子抛光扫描电镜观察,划分页岩微纳米级孔隙类型,并对其发育程度和形态结构进行定量表征,结合页岩样品地球化学测试数据,明确页岩微观孔隙发育主控因素,试图建立微纳米级孔隙发育程度与主控因素定性或半定量关系。结果表明：研究区牛蹄塘组页岩微纳米级孔隙分为有机孔、无机孔和微裂缝3大类,包括7个亚类。有机质粒内孔结构特征为球状、细瓶颈状和墨水瓶状,无机孔主要为串珠状、球状和楔状,微裂缝呈四方开口的平行板状、夹板状。有机质粒内孔、矿物粒间孔和微裂缝为主要孔隙类型,且具有较好连通性,可作为页岩气赋存空间和渗流通道。页岩孔隙以中孔为主,其次为宏孔,孔隙直径分布范围主要在1~50 nm。比表面积主要由孔径≤5 nm孔隙所提供,页岩孔隙孔径越小,对比表面积贡献越大,越有利于页岩气吸附聚集,随着孔隙体积的增加,比表面积不断增加。有机碳含量是控制页岩微纳米级孔隙发育和比表面积的最重要内因,特别体现在对微孔和中孔发育的控制上;黏土矿物含量增加能增强页岩吸附能力,但对孔隙体积和比表面积主控作用不明显;脆性矿物含量主要控制宏孔发育,对页岩吸附的贡献可以忽略;热演化程度过低或过高均不利于有机质孔隙的发育,微纳米孔隙体积随着成熟度增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,对于高过成熟页岩,不同干酪根类型的有机质孔隙发育程度和比表面积大小次序为Ⅰ型＞Ⅱ型＞Ⅲ型。     

滇东北龙马溪组页岩储层微观孔隙特征研究

基于扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验、高压压汞实验等方法,研究滇东北龙马溪组页岩储层孔隙类型、微孔形态、连通性、孔径分布及比表面积等微观孔隙特征。结果表明：主要发育有机质生烃孔、粒内孔、粒间孔及微裂缝等5种孔隙类型,其中有机质生烃孔和矿物粒间孔最发育;孔隙结构以两端开放圆柱形孔和平板孔等开放透气孔为主,含少量不透气孔影响页岩气渗流;孔径主要集中在过渡孔和微孔,贡献了大部分孔比表面积,为页岩储层的主要孔隙类型。     

黔西北地区石炭系祥摆组页岩微观孔隙结构及分形特征

为研究海相含煤地层页岩的微观孔隙特征,选取黔西北地区石炭系祥摆组页岩作为研究对象,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和液氮吸附实验研究孔隙特征,同时研究其分形特征,并探讨孔隙结构的影响因素。研究结果表明:研究区石炭系祥摆组页岩在扫描电镜下可观察到4类微观孔隙(粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔、微裂缝),其中微裂缝、有机质孔发育较丰富,具有较强的生成烃类气体能力和良好的储集性能;液氮吸附等温线在形态上呈反“S”形,表明中孔在微观孔隙中最为发育,滞后回线类型主要为H2型的细颈广体的墨水瓶孔;BJH总孔体积和BET比表面积值均较大,平均值分别为0.0155 cm³/g和13.20 m²/g,平均孔径为6.22 nm,纳米级微观孔隙大量发育,为烃类气体提供丰富的储集空间;页岩样品微观孔隙结构分形维数D较大,主体大于2.723 2,反映出孔隙结构复杂、非均质性较强;BET比表面积与TOC、石英含量呈一定的负相关性,与分形维数呈一定的正相关性;平均孔径值与石英含量正相关性较好,与分形维数负相关性较好,与黏土矿物含量呈一定的负相关性。石炭系祥摆组页岩微观孔隙的BET比表面积较大、平均孔径较小,微观孔隙结构较为复杂。     

黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层发育特征:以岑巩区块为例

依据矿物学、有机地球化学、孔隙结构、甲烷吸附性、岩石力学性质、裂缝发育特征和保存条件等方面的资料,对研究区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层发育特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,牛蹄塘组页岩具有较高的有机质丰度、脆性矿物含量、热演化程度和甲烷吸附能力。与北美主要产气页岩及龙马溪组页岩相比,牛蹄塘组页岩以Ⅰ型有机质为主,有机孔发育规模较小,孔径多小于5nm,甲烷吸附/脱附能力强。矿物粒间与粒内孔缝是牛蹄塘组页岩储集空间与渗流通道的主要来源,高TOC含量伴随的高石英(刚性矿物)含量有利于微观孔缝的发育、保存及游离气的富集。牛蹄塘组宏观裂缝以构造缝为主,其次为层间缝,微观上主要为层间、粒间和粒内缝;方解石与石英等裂缝充填物内部发育开启的次级微裂缝、解理和溶蚀孔隙,滑脱缝与压扭/张扭性裂缝面糜棱化矿物粒间孔缝发育,增加了充填裂缝的有效性。在良好保存条件下,裂缝的发育对牛蹄塘组页岩含气性与渗透性均具有贡献,而对渗透性的改善是其最主要贡献。当TOC含量低于6.5%,TOC含量与孔隙度、总孔体积、脆性、兰氏压力、裂缝密度和游离气含量等储层参数具有正相关关系;当TOC含量大于6.5%时,正相关关系逐渐变为负相关。有机质类型、含量、成熟度及成岩作用对页岩储层宏观(脆性、裂缝发育程度)与微观(孔隙类型、孔隙结构、甲烷吸附性)性质均有重要影响。     

沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构

储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的重要因素。为评价海陆过渡相高演化煤系页岩储层性质与页岩气储集性能,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N₂和 CO₂气体吸附、微米CT扫描、核磁共振实验方法,对沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙微观特征和孔隙结构进行了研究。结果表明,沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩样品中发育多种类型微观孔隙,常见粒间孔、粒内孔和微裂缝,有机质孔几乎不发育;武乡区块煤系页岩气储层样品孔隙总孔容分布在0.021 9~0.073 5 mL/g之间,平均值为0.039 9 mL/g,总比表面积主要分布在11.94~46.83 m²/g之间,平均为29.16 m²/g,其中介孔(2~50 nm)和微孔(<2 nm)是煤系页岩气储集的主要载体。煤系页岩中的高配位数孔隙数量越多,相应的孔容和孔比表面积越大,孔隙连通性越好;在孔隙数量和总孔容相差不大的前提下,山西组煤系页岩储层孔隙结构与连通性比太原组煤系页岩稍好。     

贵州丹寨南皋下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构特征研究对页岩含气性评价具有重要意义。以上扬子东南缘南皋剖面下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层为例,应用场发射环境扫描电子显微镜观察了页岩纳米级孔隙微观形态,通过低温氮气吸附法测定了页岩的氮气吸附等温线,并结合X-衍射矿物定量分析和有机碳含量测定,探讨了纳米级孔隙发育的控制因素。研究结果表明:矿物成分主要为黏土矿物(伊利石和少量绿泥石)、石英、长石、重晶石和石膏等。石英含量相对较高且沿剖面向上降低,wB平均为53%;相反,黏土矿物含量较低且沿剖面向上增加,wB平均为34%;碳酸盐矿物较少,仅在顶部可见。页岩主要发育粒内孔、粒间孔、裂缝和有机质孔4种孔隙类型,其中前两者较为常见。根据氮气吸附-脱附曲线、孔径分布特征、孔体积和比表面积可将样品划分为4类黑色页岩,孔隙以似片状颗粒组成的非刚性聚合物的槽状孔为主,前3类黑色页岩的孔径分布呈双峰形态,第4类黑色页岩的孔径分布呈单峰形态,最可几孔径分别为d≈0.9nm和d≈3.5nm。孔体积在0.002 8~0.024 3cm3/g之间,平均为0.014 7cm3/g,比表面积在1.056 8~28.825 0m2/g之间,平均为17.541 8m2/g,4类黑色页岩微孔频率分布依次减小,而介孔和宏孔频率分布逐渐增加,即微孔性逐渐变差,至第4类黑色页岩几乎只有宏孔孔隙。有机质丰度和矿物组分控制丹寨南皋牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的孔隙发育,其中有机质有利于孔隙发育且有机质微孔是孔体积和比表面积的主要贡献者;石英有利于孔隙发育,而黏土矿物则降低黑色页岩的孔隙性;它们均主要通过控制微孔和介孔的发育来控制黑色页岩的孔隙发育。     

上扬子区古生界页岩的微观孔隙结构特征及其勘探启示

页岩的微观孔隙是评价页岩气资源潜力以及是否具有开采价值的重要指标。对上扬子区遵义、通江、广元等地下寒武统牛蹄塘组、下志留统龙马溪组和上二叠统大隆组的页岩进行采样,运用扫描电镜、氮气吸附和压汞实验对这些页岩的孔隙结构特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,大隆组页岩具有很低的比表面积和孔隙度,其中孔径小于100 nm的孔对孔隙度的贡献率在10%左右,主要孔隙类型为草莓体黄铁矿晶间孔;龙马溪组和牛蹄塘组页岩则具有较高的比表面积和孔隙度,50%~80%以上的孔隙度来自小于100 nm孔的贡献,主要孔隙类型是干酪根孔隙和溶蚀孔隙。认为页岩微观孔隙的发育与页岩的类型、溶蚀作用以及成熟度等因素有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.