青岛灵山岛下白垩统风暴岩与风暴沉积的发现及意义

青岛灵山岛中生界下白垩统碎屑岩中发育了很好的风暴岩与风暴沉积,其特点是:(1)丘状、洼状构造及丘状、洼状交错层理经常可见;丘状交错层理呈对称或近对称丘状,一般发育在三角洲前缘暗色薄层状砂泥岩互层中,薄层一般厚1~2 cm,有时也可以更厚;砂岩中常有平行层理或低角度交错层理,也可以发育丘状交错层理;细层较厚,多在1~2 cm,甚至3~4 cm;但砂岩多数呈块状;洼状交错层理相对较少,多不完善;洼状构造则相对多见。(2)冲刷侵蚀面非常发育。多波状起伏或凹凸不平,起伏可达20~30 cm,甚至更大;内部的冲刷侵蚀面常不连续,但底部的冲刷侵蚀面连续性很好。(3)中厚层状砂岩内部的冲刷侵蚀面可以分为多个次级层,但常因冲刷面的不连续而上下合并在一起。(4)砂岩中常含有内碎屑,以暗色泥砾为主,小者直径多在1~2 cm,大者可达10 cm以上,形态多变;长轴多顺层分布;有时集中在砂岩的顶部。(5)以中细砂岩为主,没有真正的砾岩;砂岩的分选性可以较好。(6)发育了大量的多尺度、多类型软沉积物的变形构造。(7)有时候含有炭屑。灵山岛风暴岩和风暴沉积的发现,揭示了这套沉积是在一个相对较浅水的湖泊条件下形成的,而非海洋深水;此外,风暴形成的砂岩下移到三角洲前缘相中,使其更加靠近烃源岩,优化了生储关系,有利于油气成藏。     

青岛灵山岛下白垩统湖泊风暴沉积与风暴作用

灵山岛背来石剖面发育了非常典型的湖泊风暴岩和风暴作用。非常典型的丘、洼状构造发育在火山岩底部的砂页岩中。丘状构造呈典型的丘状,规模不一,小者高数厘米,宽数十厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽12. 48m;具有典型的二元结构：底部为灰色或浅灰色的砂砾岩或砂岩;顶部为深灰色 黑色泥岩、页岩或薄层砂岩互层。砂砾岩分选磨圆均很差,砾石主要为片麻岩,直径多在数毫米到3~4cm,呈悬浮式胶结。砾岩底部为凹凸不平的侵蚀面,砾岩向丘状构造两翼变薄甚至尖灭,与下部侵蚀面呈典型的角度交切。丘状构造的上部的细粒层有四个要素：①上凸形态;②丘状交错层理;③下细上粗的二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。洼状构造也具有典型的洼状,规模也不一,小者高数厘米,宽十余厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽18. 70m,具有下细上粗的（反)二元结构,但底部多为深灰 灰黑色、甚至黑色的泥岩、页岩或夹薄层砂岩,上部多为砂岩、砂砾岩或砾岩。完整的洼状构造也有四个要素：①下凹形态;②或有洼状交错层理;③下细上粗的（反)二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。丘状构造与洼状构造在空间上相邻共生,但不是同时形成的,一个连续的完整序列是丘状构造形成在先,洼状构造形成在后,其间由一个粒度较细的薄层分隔开（风暴最高水位时的“静”水沉积)。基于实验和丘洼构造参数计算了风暴浪的相关参数。     

滇中中元古代昆阳群因民组碎屑风暴岩及其意义

滇中地区中元古代昆阳群因民组以碎屑岩为主,内发育典型的风暴沉积构造 (包括渠铸型、丘状交错层理和洼状交错层理、递变层理等 )。风暴沉积主要包括 4种岩相类型 :A -具口袋构造的递变层理砂岩段。B -具丘状或洼状交错层理的砂岩段。C -具均质层理的粉砂岩、泥质岩段。D -具水平层理的泥质岩段。上述岩相A、B、C分别代表风暴流作用 -风暴浪作用 -风暴后期的快速悬浮沉积 (事件沉积 ),D代表风暴过后缓慢悬浮沉积 (背景沉积 ),它们组合成不同的风暴沉积序列。滇中地区昆阳群风暴沉积的发现表明中元古代大气圈、水圈及其相互作用与现今近似;中元古代滇中地区位于低纬度 (5 - 30°)的风暴作用带。该沉积对于解释因民组递变层砂岩的成因、证实昆阳群的地层层序也具有重要意义。     

广西北海涠洲岛第四纪湖光岩组的风暴岩

广西北海涠洲岛第四纪湖光岩组以碎屑岩为主, 内发育渠筑型、丘状或洼状交错层理、平行层理等典型的风暴沉积构造.湖光岩组的风暴岩包括3种岩相类型: A.底部具渠筑型、内部具块状层理或递变层理的砾岩、砂砾岩或含砾砂岩; B.具丘状、洼状交错层理或平行层理的砂岩; C.具浪成交错层理的砂岩.这些岩相组合成典型的A -B -C风暴沉积序列, 它们分别代表在风暴作用期间风暴流(A)、风暴浪(B) 和正常波浪(C) 的沉积.晚更新世北海涠洲岛地区位于低纬度的浅海沉积背景下, 上更新统湖光岩组以正常浪及面之上的浅海背景粗火山碎屑和砂沉积为主.湖光岩组风暴岩的发现反映该区晚更新世位于风暴作用频繁的5°~ 2 0°的低纬度地区.风暴沉积发育于正常浪及面之上的浅海地带, 涠洲岛是一个风暴作用控制的浅海陆架.因此风暴岩对解释晚更新世北部湾的古地理和古气候具有重要意义      

渤海湾盆地孤南洼陷沙三中亚段风暴沉积基本特征及其地质意义

首次提出在孤南洼陷沙河街组沙三中亚段发育风暴岩沉积。根据岩心观察及分析,发现两处风暴岩沉积分别发育于浅湖和三角洲前缘沉积环境中。本区风暴岩沉积中发育以下相互伴生而具有指相作用的沉积构造,层面构造包括:渠模、截切、风暴形成的冲刷面;层理构造包括:块状层理、丘状交错层理、洼状交错层理、波状层理和浪成砂纹交错层理5种层理构造;以及生物逃逸迹及同生变形构造。本区风暴岩理想的垂向沉积序列可概括为"似鲍马序列",自下而上为:SA,递变层理段;SB,平行层理段;SC,风暴浪振荡作用段;SD,波状层理段;SE,泥岩段。本次风暴沉积的发现,将有助于对孤南洼陷沙三中亚段地层沉积时期滨浅湖范围的界定,增加了新的沉积相类型,为岩石地层的划分提供了新依据;此外,也为寻找良好的油气储集层和生油层提供了新空间。     

甘肃靖远─景泰泥盆系湖相风暴岩及其古地理意义

甘肃靖远景泰一带泥盆系雪山组和沙流水组以河湖相碎屑岩为主 ,内发育典型的风暴沉积构造 (包括渠铸型、槽筑型、丘状交错层理和洼状交错层理、平等层理、块状层理和递变层理等 )。雪山组和沙流水组的风暴沉积主要包括 3种岩相类型 :A底部具渠铸型或槽筑型的块状层理和递变层理砂岩。 B具丘状或洼状交错层理及平行层理的砂岩。C具均质层理的粉砂岩、泥质岩。上述岩相 A,B,C分别代表风暴事件沉积中风暴流行作用 -风暴后的快速悬浮沉积 (事件沉积 ) ,它们组合成典型的风暴沉积序列。甘肃靖远一带晚加里东 -早海西期位于北祁连造山带北缘同造山盆地的构造背景下 ,泥盆纪雪山组 -沙流水组以河湖相沉积为主。泥盆纪湖相风暴岩的发现表明该区处于低纬度 (5°～ 2 0°)的风暴作用带。中、晚泥盆世北祁连造山带构造隆升渐弱 ,海拔不高 ,不足以阻隔风暴作用对山后湖盆的侵扰。因此在近海湖盆中形成风暴岩沉积。该沉积对于认识北祁连 -河西走廊泥盆纪的古地理、古气候及古构造具有重要意义     

甘肃靖远—景泰泥盆系湖相风暴岩及其古地理意义

甘肃靖远-景泰一带泥盆系雪山组和沙流水组以河湖相碎屑岩为主,内发育典型的风暴沉积构造(包括渠铸型、槽筑型、丘状交错层理和洼状交错层理、平等层理、块状层理和递变层理等).雪山组和沙流水组的风暴沉积主要包括3种岩相类型A底部具渠铸型或槽筑型的块状层理和递变层理砂岩.B具丘状或洼状交错层理及平行层理的砂岩.C具均质层理的粉砂岩、泥质岩.上述岩相A,B,C分别代表风暴事件沉积中风暴流行作用-风暴后的快速悬浮沉积(事件沉积),它们组合成典型的风暴沉积序列.甘肃靖远一带晚加里东早海西期位于北祁连造山带北缘同造山盆地的构造背景下,泥盆纪雪山组-沙流水组以河湖相沉积为主.泥盆纪湖相风暴岩的发现表明该区处于低纬度(5.～20.)的风暴作用带.中、晚泥盆世北祁连造山带构造隆升渐弱,海拔不高,不足以阻隔风暴作用对山后湖盆的侵扰.因此在近海湖盆中形成风暴岩沉积.该沉积对于认识北祁连河西走廊泥盆纪的古地理、古气候及古构造具有重要意义.     

湘东南桂阳莲塘上泥盆系风暴岩特征及其古地理、古气候意义

摘　要湖南省桂阳县莲塘镇石龙村上泥盆统锡矿山组以台地相灰岩、白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩为主。该组下部发育典型的风暴岩沉积。风暴沉积标志包括:渠铸型、竹叶状砾屑放射状组构、丘状或洼状交错层理、平行层理、递变层理、块状层理。风暴岩包括４种岩相类型:Ａ－具块状层理的“竹叶状”砾屑灰岩（底部为冲刷侵蚀面或冲刷渠）,Ｂ－具递变层理的砾屑灰岩,Ｃ－具丘状、洼状交错层理的砂屑灰岩,Ｄ－具均质或水平层理的泥状灰岩。它们组成４种典型的风暴沉积序列:Ａ—Ｄ序列、Ａ—Ｃ—Ｄ序列、Ｂ—Ｃ—Ｄ序列、Ｂ—Ｄ序列。湘东南上泥盆统风暴岩的首次发现表明晚泥盆世该区位于低纬度的风暴作用带,它对认识泥盆纪的古气候具有重要意义.     

湘西松柏场地区寒武系车夫组风暴岩的沉积特征及其地质意义北大核心CSCD

湘西松柏场寒武系车夫组为一套浅海相碳酸盐沉积,通过层序界面识别和沉积特征分析,将车夫组自下而上分为3个三级层序,其中第2个层序的低水位体系域和海侵体系域、第3个层序的海侵体系域中发育典型的风暴岩沉积。风暴沉积含有冲刷—充填构造、风暴砾屑层、风暴层理构造(丘状或洼状交错层理、粒序层理、浪成波痕和平行层理、水平层理等),包括5种岩相单元:砾屑灰岩段(A段)、发育水平层理的砂屑灰岩段(B段)、发育丘状交错层理的含砂屑粉屑灰岩段(C段)、发育水平层理或沙纹层理或波痕构造的粉屑灰岩段(D段)和薄层状泥晶微晶灰岩段(E段)。这些岩相单元组成ABCDE、ABDE、AD、ADE、AB、ABD、ACD共7个近源风暴岩类型和1个远源风暴岩类型DE。风暴岩的识别与发现表明该地区在寒武系车夫组沉积时期位于低纬度的风暴作用带,对湘西北寒武纪时期的古纬度与古板块演化、古地理及沉积学研究具有重要意义,同时为湘西北寒武纪地层的划分与对比、探讨该区风暴沉积模式的空间变化等提供了重要依据。     

徐州地区震旦系贾园组的风暴沉积

徐州地区震旦系下部的贾园组具有丰富典型的风暴沉积标志,包括各种冲刷－充填构造、丘状交错层理、碎屑流沉积、粒序层理及卷曲层理等。通过详细的野外观测及室内研究,根据风暴沉积标志的组合可划分出6种风暴沉积序列类型。其中,类型Ⅰ为具粒序层理的薄层含粉砂灰岩,形成于风暴浪基面以下的远源风暴浊流的末梢;类型Ⅱ以渠模与丘状交错层理的组合为特征,出现在风暴浪基面与晴天浪基面之间;类型Ⅲ为风暴流成因的碎屑流沉积内碎屑灰岩与底面的冲刷沟槽、丘状交错层理的组合,是形成于晴天浪基面附近的槽道碎屑流型风暴沉积;类型Ⅳ为具颗粒流沉积特征的内碎屑灰岩与冲刷面构造及丘状交错层理的组合,丘状纹层段中常见卷曲层理,形成于滩前陆棚斜坡的上部;类型Ⅴ为夹于湖相薄层灰岩中的鲕粒砾屑灰岩,为风暴水流冲越鲕滩,在滩后湖近滩一侧的风暴沉积;类型Ⅵ为湖相风暴岩,由冲刷面构造、薄层内碎屑灰岩及丘状交错层理的组合,顶部具晴天沉积。各种序列在垂向上叠置,构成向上变浅序列。风暴沉积的研究对于深化区域古地理及地层对比研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

四川盆地龙门山区甘溪石沟里泥盆系养马坝组风暴沉积特征及其地质意义

通过对四川盆地龙门山区甘溪石沟里剖面实测,建立了石沟里剖面泥盆系养马坝组风暴沉积的识别标志,进而对其风暴岩进行了系统研究。石沟里养马坝组风暴沉积的重要标志包括冲刷面、渠模等风暴侵蚀构造和粒序层理、平行层理、丘状交错层理等风暴浪构造。该区养马坝组发育了6种类型的风暴沉积单元组成序列,据此建立了完整的风暴序列模式,由粒序层理段(Sa)、平行层理段(Sb)、丘状交错层理段(Sc)、波状层理段(Sd)和泥岩段(Se)组成,底部常发育冲刷面和渠模构造。龙门山区甘溪石沟里养马坝组风暴沉积可分为近源风暴和远源风暴2种类型,依据风暴沉积的剖面结构类型和沉积构造特点,建立了该区风暴沉积序列的分布模式。龙门山区甘溪石沟里养马坝组发育的风暴沉积是该区混合沉积发育、抑制生物礁发育的重要控制因素,对于该区古地理重建具有重要的指示意义。     

Tempestite facies variability and storm-depositional processes across a wide ramp: Towards a polygenetic model for hummocky cross-stratification

The hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for the genesis and facies variability of shallow-marine sandstone storm deposits (tempestites) have been intensely debated, with particular focus on hummocky cross-stratification. Despite being ubiquitously utilized as diagnostic elements of high-energy storm events, the full formative process spectrum of tempestites and hummocky cross-stratification is still to be determined. In this study, detailed sedimentological investigations of more than 950 discrete tempestites within the Lower Cretaceous Rurikfjellet Formation on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, shed new light on the formation and environmental significance of hummocky cross-stratification, and provide a reference for evaluation of tempestite facies models. Three generic types of tempestites are recognized, representing deposition from: (i) relatively steady and (ii) highly unsteady storm-wave-generated oscillatory flows or oscillatory-dominated combined-flows; and (iii) various storm-wave-modified hyperpycnal flows (including waxing–waning flows) generated directly from plunging rivers. A low-gradient ramp physiography enhanced both distally progressive deceleration of the hyperpycnal flows and the spatial extent and relative magnitude of wave-added turbulence. Sandstone beds display a wide range of simple and complex configurations of hummocky cross-stratification. Features include ripple cross-lamination and ‘compound’ stratification, soft-sediment deformation structures, local shifts to quasi-planar lamination, double draping, metre-scale channelized bed architectures, gravel-rich intervals, inverse-to-normal grading, and vertical alternation of sedimentary structures. A polygenetic model is presented to account for the various configurations of hummocky cross-stratification that may commonly be produced during storms by wave oscillations, hyperpycnal flows and downwelling flows. Inherent storm-wave unsteadiness probably facilitates the generation of a wide range of hummocky cross-stratification configurations due to: (i) changes in near-bed oscillatory shear stresses related to passing wave groups or tidal water-level variations; (ii) multidirectional combined-flows related to polymodal and time-varying orientations of wave oscillations; and (iii) syndepositional liquefaction related to cyclic wave stress. Previous proximal–distal tempestite facies models may only be applicable to relatively high-gradient shelves, and new models are necessary for low-gradient settings.     

A storm and tidally-influenced prograding shoreline—Upper Cretaceous Milk River Formation of Southern Alberta, Canada

The Santonian-Campanian Milk River Formation of Southern Alberta represents the transition from an open shelf, through a storm-dominated shoreface into a non-marine sequence of shales and sandstones, with coal. The open shelf deposits consist of interbedded bioturbated mudstones with sharp-based hummocky cross-stratified sandstones. There are no indications of fairweather reworking of the sandstones, which are therefore interpreted as having been deposited below fairweather wavebase. The shoreface sequence consists of a 28 m thick sandstone. It has a very sharp, loaded base, and is dominated by swaley cross-stratification, a close relative of hummocky cross-stratification. Angle of repose cross-bedding is preserved in scattered patches only in the top 5 m of the sand body. Channels up to 180 m wide and 7 m deep are cut into this sand body, with channel margins characterized by lateral accretion surfaces. Regional dispersal trends, as well as local palaeocurrent readings suggest flow toward the NW. Within the channels there is some herringbone cross-bedding and at least two examples of neap-spring bundle cycles, suggesting that the channels are tidally-influenced. Above the channels there is a sequence of carbonaceous shales with in situ root casts and lignitic coal seams. No marine, brackish or lagoonal fauna was identified, and the sequence appears to represent a distal floodplain. The sequence from interbedded hummocky cross-stratified sandstones and bioturbated mudstones into a 10–20 m thick, sharp-based shoreface sandstone characterized by swaley cross-stratification is uncommon. The scarcity or absence of angle of repose cross-bedding in the shoreface, and the dominance of swaley cross-stratification suggests that the shoreface was so storm-dominated that almost no fairweather record was preserved. Other examples of swaley cross-stratified shorefaces are reviewed in the paper.     

柴达木盆地新近纪湖相风暴岩的发现及其对青藏高原隆升的地质意义

通过对柴达木盆地路乐河和西岔沟剖面新近系沉积的详细分析,发现柴达木盆地新近纪发育典型的湖相风暴岩沉积。风暴沉积构造主要有风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造、风暴浪构造以及及风暴期后快速沉积构造等,包括渠铸型构造、冲刷面构造、泥砾、丘状交错层理、洼状交错层理、平行层理和粒序层理等构造类型。根据风暴岩序列的规模、丘状交错层理的波长大小等因素分析柴达木盆地新近系上干柴沟组风暴的规模明显强于下油砂山组。上干柴沟组与下油砂山组之间古风暴强度的变化说明柴达木盆地在该时期发生了一次重大的古气候转型事件,与青藏高原整体初次隆升时间有较好的响应关系。风暴岩的发现,对于分析柴达木盆地新近纪的古地理、古气候、古构造及板块的运动规律具有重要意义,也为青藏高原的隆升研究提供了新资料、开辟了新途径。     

Upper Cretaceous Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin, northeast Benue Trough: a storm and wave dominated regressive shoreline complex

The Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin displays lithological characteristics, textural variations and sedimentary structures that facilitate palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The 41 m thick Gongila succession is divisible into: (i) a mudstone facies association (at the bottom) composed of fossiliferous limestone, clay shale, and sharp-based, graded and swaly-bedded shell debris; and (ii) a cross-stratified sandstone facies association that constitutes the uppermost 60% of the entire succession. The cross-stratified sandstone facies association is further subdivided, on the basis of sedimentary structures, into: (i) a lower interval represented by a coarsening upward fine- to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone and shale in which units characterised by parallel lamination and hummocky cross-stratification pass upward through a zone of small-scale low angle cross-stratification into units characterised by planar cross-stratification and sparse Teichichnus and Skolithos burrow traces; and (ii) an upper interval dominated by fine- to medium-grained sandstone and bioturbated siltstone characterised by erosive based, high angle tangential foresets, subhorizontal laminations and burrow structures belonging to the Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Skolithos ichnogenera.The overall sequence of the Gongila Formation represents progradation on a wave influenced coast, passing from shelf mudstone at the base to lower and upper shoreface sandstones at the top. Each facies association displays an alternation between relatively high energy conditions when sediment was mainly deposited by decelerating suspension laden currents, and relatively low energy conditions when wave reworked fine-grained sediment as it was deposited from suspension. The influence of storms in these conditions is inferred from the associated lithofacies, textural characteristics and sedimentary structures.     

四川广元清风峡剖面上泥盆统风暴沉积特征及其古环境意义*

泥盆纪吉维特期—弗拉期(G-F)之交的环境突变拉开了晚泥盆世生物大灭绝的序幕。然而,不同学者对于该时期环境变化的认识仍存在争议。为了解泥盆纪G-F之交的环境变化特征,通过对四川广元清风峡剖面泥盆系观雾山组中6套风暴岩的详细沉积学研究,识别出了典型的风暴沉积标志,如底面侵蚀构造、粗粒滞留沉积、粒序层理、丘状交错层理等。根据风暴沉积构造的组合特征,建立了3种近源风暴沉积序列: 序列Ⅰ,底部为具侵蚀构造的砾屑灰岩,顶部为块状泥晶灰岩;序列Ⅱ,底部为具侵蚀构造的砾屑灰岩,顶部为具粒序层理的砂屑灰岩;序列Ⅲ,底部为具侵蚀构造的砾屑灰岩,中部为具粒序层理的介壳灰岩,上部为具丘状交错层理的颗粒泥晶灰岩,顶部为具波状层理和水平层理的泥晶灰岩。牙形石生物组合分析显示,风暴岩形成于晚泥盆世弗拉期初期。基于现代风暴成因分析,认为弗拉期初期全球低纬度地区广泛分布的风暴岩与气候变暖和快速海侵密切相关。研究区风暴岩的发现对认识上扬子地区晚泥盆世沉积环境、古地理、古气候均具有重要意义。     

风暴沉积的遗迹学研究

遗迹化石正在证明其在鉴别和解释事件地层中的作用。风暴沉积含有一套混合的、与能量水平变化相适应的遗迹化石组合,两种不同的遗迹群落反映变化着的行为方式对生物所移居的两种连续的,但是单个性质不同的生境所作出的反应:常住的或平常天气的遗迹群落可以作为一种稳定的底栖群落的代表,在这一群落里单个的居群达到或接近它们的承载能力;而周期性产生的风暴遗迹群落则代表着在一种不稳定的、生态环境恶化的、机械控制的环境下繁盛的机会主义生物的群落。典型的陆源碎屑的风暴沉积中的遗迹群落可以加拿大艾伯塔上白垩统卡迪组中的遗迹群落为例,而碳酸盐风暴沉积中的遗迹群落则可以中国华北地台东部上寒武统崮山组中的碳酸盐风暴沉积序列中的遗迹群落为例,本文详细介绍这两种类型的成因及结构、构造特点。     

湘中下石炭统风暴岩的研究

本文在对湘中各地发现的下石炭统风暴岩的一般特征的讨论的基础上,区分出浅缓坡近源型、过渡带远源型以及深缓坡末梢型等风暴岩类型,并认为这些风暴岩的发育受当时全球古地理控制。早石炭世北方大陆和南方大陆之间存在的古地中海,造成了赤道附近飓风的形成条件。当时华南板块位于赤道以南接近赤道的地方,必然形成了大量风暴沉积。