堆石颗粒压缩破碎强度的尺寸效应

目前在颗粒材料的尺寸效应研究中,极少考虑颗粒的复杂形状和内部结构非均匀性。采用随机散粒体不连续变形分析方法(SGDD),引入无厚度界面单元和凝聚力模型模拟颗粒破碎,对5组不同粒径的堆石颗粒进行单颗粒压缩试验的数值模拟,分析了颗粒内界面单元强度对颗粒破碎的影响,并采用Weibull分布模型分析颗粒破碎强度的尺寸效应。通过与室内单颗粒压缩试验对比,试验的数值模拟能真实地再现单颗粒压缩下的破碎过程,不同颗粒的压缩曲线规律相似,达到峰值荷载前,承载力曲线急剧上升,随后颗粒发生致命破碎,承载能力骤降。不同粒径组的单颗粒破碎强度均服从Weibull分布,平均Weibull模数为2.48。不同粒径组的颗粒特征强度存在明显的尺寸效应,特征强度随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减小,与颗粒尺寸呈幂指数关系,但小于Weibull模型的预测值。     

考虑土颗粒微细观运动的多尺度耦合有限元分析方法

土体是一种多相碎散性颗粒材料,具有显著的非均匀非连续力学特性。建立在单一宏观尺度上的经典弹塑性有限元法忽略了土体微细观尺度上的控制机制,不能模拟和预测土体跨尺度层次演化的变形-破坏过程。为研究土体微细观尺度上的物理细节和运动特征对宏观力学响应的影响规律,基于多尺度分层次的土体胞元模型,建立考虑土颗粒转动自由度的多尺度耦合颗粒微转动理论,并编制相应的颗粒微转动理论多尺度耦合有限元程序,对地基塑性区的开展深度进行模拟和预测。结果表明:颗粒微转动理论能有效地实现土颗粒微细观运动细节与土体宏观力学响应的跨尺度耦合关联,且可有效地克服经典有限元法的病态网格依赖性问题;土颗粒的转动位移主要集中在地基塑性区范围内,颗粒转动位移最大值为4°;地基塑性区的开展深度随地基土的颗粒粒径和弹性模量的增加而增大。地基塑性区跨尺度演化的微细观物理机制可解释为:土颗粒的微观转动削弱了颗粒之间应变的传递能力,进而形成塑性应变的集中和发展,最终导致地基的塑性区贯通而发生破坏。     

四川兴文二叠纪风暴稳流场颗粒运动的分形研究

颗粒是一种分形介质,其尺寸大到若干米,小到若干埃。通过颗粒系统各种密度函数的研究,可以得到微观方面—分形颗粒的粒径分布分维对系统的影响,对表征颗粒流动性具有重要意义。根据分形介质DLK反映模型的一级反映扩散方程,把布朗颗粒的运动及热力学理论推广到风暴流场,得到Γ(t)-D模型,此模型把颗粒径的分布分维和颗粒的空间坐标(或位移)、密度(或浓度)等总体微观统计特征,及经过空间某一位置的速度、粒径随时间的动态变化行为和颗粒流动的不均匀空间分布结构特征等丰富的信息为作我们研究颗粒运动提供重要的理论依据。     

土壤水分运动空间变异性尺度效应的染色示踪入渗试验研究

探讨了土壤水非均匀流动特性和描述方法,通过染色示踪剂调查了三种试验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式,并采用随机层叠模型对不同实验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式进行了模拟。随机层叠模型中具有对数正态分布性质的随机层叠发生器被用来描述水流入渗过程,不同的方法被用于模型参数求解。试验观测和模拟计算结果均表明,尺度特性是非均匀流动的重要影响因素之一,准确的描述不同研究尺度下的非均匀流动特征,须同时考虑流动在水平和垂直方向的变异性。随着研究尺度的增加,流动的非均匀性变异程度更加明显。     

脆性颗粒材料的动态多尺度模型研究

脆性颗粒材料的多尺度模型一般包含微观尺度的基本粒子、细观尺度的颗粒和宏观尺度的颗粒堆积体3个尺度。基于离散元方法（DEM）构建多尺度模型,并将该模型应用于动态加载。首先,对多尺度模型所涉及的两种接触模型和两种黏结模型的参数进行分析,详细讨论微细观模型参数与宏观材料常数之间的联系。然后,选用Hertz-Mindlin接触模型[1]和平行键黏结模型,建造石英砂的动态多尺度模型。通过选择合适的强度和局部阻尼参数发现,模型宏细观尺度上的动态压缩响应与对石英砂的相关试验结果吻合很好。利用多尺度模型和选定的参数,探讨与动态加载密切相关的局部阻尼机制对多尺度模型各个尺度上力学响应的影响。结果表明,阻尼越大则颗粒材料对波的衰减能力越强,但过高的阻尼会使团簇强度和模型的宏观压缩曲线都表现出异常的加载速度效应（后者实际是阻尼引起的微惯性效应）。另外,高阻尼会过度衰减颗粒破碎过程产生的应力波,从而阻碍颗粒破碎。最后,应用改进的动态多尺度模型,对脆性颗粒材料的动态破碎特性进行研究,发现该模型不但能给出与试验相吻合的颗粒级配曲线,还能揭示出颗粒破碎过程中微裂纹分布的空间不均匀性,即颗粒破碎过程中波的产生机制和衰减机制相互作用导致的微裂纹聚团分布的现象。     

颗粒煤甲烷吸附过程扩散特征

为了研究甲烷在颗粒煤中扩散、吸附至平衡过程的扩散特性,基于颗粒煤吸附甲烷幂函数扩散模型,利用磁悬浮天平高压等温吸附仪,测定不同压力下颗粒煤甲烷吸附过程中扩散量随时间变化值,研究颗粒煤甲烷吸附达到平衡前的扩散特征。实验结果表明:平衡压力对颗粒煤甲烷吸附和扩散特性影响显著;吸附量和平均扩散系数随着压力增大而增大;颗粒煤甲烷吸附过程扩散系数随时间呈幂函数衰减,前500 s衰减幅度较大,平均扩散系数与时间呈负相关关系。研究认为颗粒煤吸附甲烷幂函数扩散模型对于描述颗粒煤甲烷吸附扩散过程具有较高准确性,有助于分析煤层气排采过程煤层气吸附量的动态变化,提高煤层气采收率。      

高速远程滑坡颗粒流研究进展

颗粒流是高速远程滑坡物质演化过程的一个重要阶段,也是从细观角度揭示其超常运动特性的重要手段.颗粒流所采用的主要研究方法以及取得的重要理论成果,可以为高速远程滑坡动力学机理的研究提供重要的技术手段和理论支持.本文聚焦颗粒流研究进展,从颗粒流基本概念、流态特征及流变本构模型、颗粒流粒径分选机制等方面进行了系统梳理;进而,从理论、实验及数值计算模型3个方面对高速远程滑坡研究中颗粒流理论及方法的应用进行了系统性述评;在此基础上,提出了从颗粒流角度研究高速远程滑坡动力学机理涉及的关键科学问题:高速远程滑坡高流动性的起源涉及哪些物理过程？如何量化和模拟其多分散性和破碎过程？如何量化描述颗粒尺寸分布的时空演变及其与流动的耦合？如何从其沉积特征中探究流动的传播机制？针对这些问题,从基于沉积学特征的颗粒流物理力学过程、考虑尺度效应的颗粒流动力学特性研究、基于颗粒流力学过程的滑坡运动机理及其本构模型、新技术新方法的应用4个方面提出下一步应重点开展的研究工作.      

基于均匀混合假设的天然河道水质模拟方法

扩散质进入窄浅型河道后,通常采用有限差分法求解一维对流分散方程进行水质模拟,计算相对复杂。为简化计算,提出了根据河道断面特征等水力特性,将河道划分为若干单元,忽略不灵敏因子分散项对单元间扩散质交换的影响,并引入单元均匀混合假定,提出了基于均匀混合假设的天然河道水质模拟方法,建立相应的水质数学模型。算例表明,该模型运算稳定,与有限差分法模拟精度相当,但可大大简化并节省计算工作量。     

基于UDEC颗粒模型的不确定性分析

颗粒模型的不确定性(颗粒形状、大小及空间分布等)严重影响岩石(体)数值模拟结果的可靠性与合理性。基于UDEC软件中的Voronoi颗粒模型,提出了两种Trigon颗粒模型的建立方法并通过软件自带的FISH语言实现。同时,深入分析了单轴压缩条件下颗粒形状、迭代次数(颗粒大小)和随机种子数(颗粒空间分布)对煤岩试样宏观力学行为及其破坏模式的影响。研究结果表明,迭代次数和随机种子数对煤岩单轴抗压强度及其变形特性的影响与颗粒形状相关:对于Trigon颗粒模型,两者影响程度相当;对于Voronoi颗粒模型,随机种子数的影响明显大于迭代次数。煤岩试样破坏过程中产生的微裂纹类型、数量及其发展规律主要受颗粒形状的影响,而受迭代次数和随机种子数的影响不大。岩石试样的破坏模式同时受颗粒形状、迭代次数和随机种子数的影响。因此,真实考虑岩石(体)组成物质的颗粒形状、大小及其空间分布,可有效提高颗粒模型数值模拟的真实性与可靠性。     

颗粒级配对粗粒土强度与变形特性影响的研究

采用三维颗粒流软件PFC3D的内置FISH语言,进行二次开发,模拟粗粒土级配,建立一个研究高铁填方路基粗粒土变形特性的颗粒流模型。通过粗粒土三轴试验,标定了表征粗粒土细观力学性质的模型参数,并验证了模型的有效性。考虑粗粒土曲率系数和不均匀系数对颗粒级配的影响,模拟并研究了5种不同级配下粗粒土在3种不同围压下的变形特性。试验结果表明,曲率系数对粗颗粒土变形特性影响较大,当其有效粒径与中值粒径及限制粒径的差距过大时,粗粒土中颗粒填充及致密性将变差,变形增大,强度降低。以较大曲率系数与较大不均匀系数组合的粗粒土受力性能较好,但此种级配的粗粒土压缩性大。级配良好且不均匀系数较大,其应力链分布越均匀,颗粒的挤压效果越显著,力的传递和分配也越均匀。     

颗粒沉降问题的高解析度CFD-DEM-IBM流固耦合数值模拟方法

为实现颗粒沉降问题的精确数值模拟,探索稠密颗粒两相流中流体与颗粒间的影响机制,基于浸入边界法（IBM）,建立了高解析度CFD-DEM-IBM流固耦合数值模拟方法。分别通过流体动力学方法（CFD）及离散单元法（DEM）描述连续流体及非连续颗粒,引入浸入边界法处理颗粒移动边界,并在Navier-Stokes动量方程中附加体力项以体现流固相互作用,采用交错迭代算法在同一时间步内多次迭代求解直至收敛以实现流固间的强耦合。通过单、双、群颗粒的沉降行为模拟,结果表明:与传统CFD-DEM方法相比,该方法能够准确考虑颗粒间及流固两相间的相互作用,获得高解析度的流场信息。模拟结果与前人数值计算结果吻合,验证了该方法的准确性与有效性及其对稠密颗粒两相流问题的适用性与优越性。     

受限陆表海的海侵模式

突发性海侵是受限陆表海的特征之一,受海平面升降引起的峡口启闭控制,多发生在板块的活动边缘。突发性海侵常有相序缺失,常见海陆相交互层;海相层在大范围内分布稳定,无明显相变,具有良好的等时性,可以作为区域对比的标志层。受限陆表海的突发性海浸,有利于油气的生成和聚集。     

Sorption and anaerobic biodegradation of soluble aromatic compounds during groundwater transport. 2. Computer modeling

. The natural attenuation of a binary mixture of toluene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, which was previously experimentally demonstrated in anaerobic column experiments, was simulated with the newly-developed PHREEQC model to reveal the biogeochemical processes involved. The processes considered in this model include advection, diffusion, sorption, redox reactions (e.g., oxidation of toluene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene coupled to the reduction of microbial ferric iron), precipitation of secondary minerals such as siderite and magnetite, and dissolution of hydrous ferric oxides, as well as other thermodynamic equilibrium reactions. The functions of advection and diffusion built into the PHREEQC were conventionally simulated. The sorption was kinetically simulated based on a bicontinuum model, whereas biodegradation was described using a multiple-term Monod model. The processes mentioned above were coupled with a geochemical equilibrium model. The consistency between the experimental and modeling results indicates that the processes defined and the controlling parameters chosen could describe the coupled interactions between transport and biogeochemical reactions for the studied system. The discrepancy between modeling and experimental observations, however, also revealed the limitation of the modeling approach. In general, the model approach, which incorporates simplified mathematical representations of the true physico-chemical dynamics of the sorption and biodegradation processes of toluene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene under anaerobic conditions is a very efficient and good predictive tool in management and remediation of contaminant groundwater aquifers.     

Cause and prevention of well bore clogging by particles

Well bore clogging is caused by accumulation of particles on the well bore. However, all abstracted groundwaters contain particles, but not all wells clog. Apparently, clogging is not caused by the mere presence of particles, but other factors are also involved. Results from on-line well-head readings demonstrate that the clogging rate is not constant: the specific capacity decreases during long abstraction periods and remains constant during intermittent abstraction. Results of particle counts reveal that the particle concentration in the abstracted groundwater shows a peak immediately after switching on the well. This concentration peak is caused by the removal of particles from the well bore that accumulated during the preceding abstraction period. As long as all accumulated particles are removed, no clogging will occur; if not, clogging will occur. Consequently, well bore clogging can be prevented by switching the pump on and off with sufficient frequency to remove the particles accumulated on the well bore during the preceding abstraction period. Moreover, this explanation leads to additional recommendations for well operation, well construction and well design to prevent well bore clogging.     

A numerical model for porosity modification at a sandstone-mudstone boundary by quartz pressure dissolution and diffusive mass transfer

In many sandstones quartz cements significantly reduce porosity. The origin of these cements is often unclear. This paper investigates a possible mechanism for the generation of silica for quartz cement by pressure dissolution in interbedded mudstones. Theoretical models of quartz pressure dissolution, including the effects of silica precipitation kinetics, show that the concentration of dissolved silica in the pore fluids of a compacting sediment increases with decreasing grain size and silica precipitation constant. Quartz precipitation is strongly inhibited by the presence of small amounts of clay within a sediment, suggesting that siltstones and quartz-rich mudstones which are undergoing pressure dissolution may act as a source of dissolved silica for export to nearby, coarser sediments. A computational model for the diagenetic modification of a sandstone-mudstone interface due to pressure dissolution is described. Both sandstone and mudstone layers are assumed to be actively compacting by pressure dissolution, and mass transport by molecular diffusion is considered. As quartz precipitation in the mudstone layer is relatively slow compared to that in the sandstone, significant amounts of dissolved silica become available in the mudstone, and may be exported into the adjacent sandstone. In the absence of pore-fluid advection, this may result in the formation of extensive secondary quartz within the sandstone, close to the interface. The volume of silica exported from the mudstone is limited by the length scale over which diffusion through the mudstone is effective. This is typically 3–5 m. The volume of silica available therefore suggests that extensive porosity modification within the adjacent sandstone can only occur close to the mudstone. Thus it is possible that thin sandstones could become cemented by slow diffusive transfer of silica, but that in thicker sandstones the silica may become dispersed by pore-fluid advection.     

The shape of loess particles reviewed

An important property of loess is a tendency to collapse on loading and wetting (hydroconsolidation) which can have serious consequences worldwide for civil engineering projects. This paper describes the use of Monte Carlo and other analytical techniques to predict the shape of naturally occurring loess particles. Randomly generated particles are classified according to Zingg shape categories: disc, sphere, blade and rod. By assuming a uniform distribution for the basic particle, average relative dimensions are calculated for the blade category, into which most loess particles have been shown to fall.     

延安晚更新世黄土颗粒微观各向异性特征及其成因分析

土颗粒的形状及其空间方位的择优取向是导致宏观土体各向异性的重要原因之一.以具有明显各向异性的晚更新世马兰黄土为研究对象,借助Quanta FEG型电子显微镜扫描照片所包含的相关信息,揭示其微结构在水平向和垂直向上的差异,并对该微观结构的各向异性成因进行了分析.发现:(1)水平向和垂直向切片中颗粒的圆形度R0具有正态分布...     

Upscaling polydispersed particle transport in porous media using pore network model

Understanding particle transport in porous media is critical in the sustainability of many geotechnical and geoenvironmental infrastructure. To date, the determination of the first-order rate coefficients in the advection–dispersion equation for simulating attachment and detachment of particles in saturated porous media typically has been relied on the result of laboratory-scale experiments. However, to determine attachment and detachment coefficients under varied hydraulic and geochemical variables, this method requires a large experimental matrix because each test provides only one set of attachment and detachment coefficients. The work performed in this study developed a framework to upscale the results obtained in pore-scale modeling to the continuum scale through the use of a pore network model. The developed pore network model incorporated variables of mean particle size, the standard deviation of particle size distribution, and interparticle forces between particles and sand grains. The obtained retention profiles using the pore network model were converted into attachment coefficients in the advection–dispersion equation for long-term and large-scale simulation. Additionally, by tracking individual particles during and after the simulation, the pore network model introduced in this study can also be employed for modeling the clogging phenomenon, as well as fundamental investigation of the impact of particle size distribution on particle retention in the sand medium.

     

黏土颗粒含量对蒋家沟泥石流启动影响分析

黏土颗粒在泥石流中的含量并不大,但却显著地影响着泥石流的启动。在室内通过筛分配成9种不同黏粒含量级配的土体,在自行设计的模型槽内以1.64 g/cm3（松散干密度）,1.79、1.94 g/cm3（天然干密度）3种干密度堆成边坡模型,在雨强为85 mm/h下进行人工降雨试验,初步探讨了黏土颗粒含量对泥石流启动的影响,得到：黏粒含量在5%～18%时可以形成泥石流,其中黏粒含量10%时所需时间最短,低于5%或大于18%难以形成泥石流,黏粒含量具有临界性;填筑干密度越大,泥石流启动越困难,表现在启动时间长、深度浅、规模小、且填筑干密度不改变黏粒含量临界性;降雨条件下土体入渗率越高,泥石流越容易启动产流。通过试验的研究,可以深入揭示泥石流形成的内在机制,黏粒含量临界性为泥石流预测、预报提供了新思路。     

Stochastic response surface method for reliability problems involving correlated multivariates with non-Gaussian dependence structure: Analysis under incomplete probability information

This paper aims to provide a stochastic response surface method (SRSM) that can consider non-Gaussian dependent random variables under incomplete probability information. The Rosenblatt transformation is adopted to map the random variables from the original space into the mutually independent standard normal space for the stochastic surrogate model development. The multivariate joint distribution is reconstructed by the pair-copula decomposition approach, in which the pair-copula parameters are retrieved from the incomplete probability information. The proposed method is illustrated in a tunnel excavation example. Three different dependence structures characterized by normal copulas, Frank copulas, and hybrid copulas are respectively investigated to demonstrate the effect of dependence structure on the reliability results. The results show that the widely used Nataf transformation is actually a special case of the proposed method if all pair-copulas are normal copulas. The effect of conditioning order is also examined. This study provides a new insight into the SRSM-based reliability analysis from the copula viewpoint and extends the application of SRSM under incomplete probability information.