我国的水库地震及有关成因问题的讨论

本文介绍了我国八个水库地震的概况,总结了水库地震的一般特点,同时讨论了与成因有关的几个问题。指出库水沿周围岩石向深处的渗漏及入渗库水的封闭环境是主要的诱发条件。除构造应力外,岩体的重力可能是另一种更具普遍意义的发震初始应力。水库地震属粘滑机制。它与岩溶密切相关     

初探水库地震的形成机理及其诱发环境

本文根据库水诱发作用和水库地震成因分析,认为水诱发地震必须具备两大环境因素:库水渗透——储积条件和发震构造背景。作为例证,文章还具体讨论了湖北丹江口水库地震和甘肃玉门老君庙油田注水效应。最后给出了水库地震诸诱发因素的组合图式以及研究水诱发地震的基本思路。     

从新丰江水库地震的环境条件讨论水诱发地震的研究及其预测

新丰江水库诱发6.1级地震与库区存在库水渗透(漏)—储积(存)及孕(诱)震的活动构造有关。水库诱发地震预测应重视库区总体环境条的研究。对比新丰江库及长江三峡水库的环境组合条件,认为三峡水库三斗坪坝址诱发水库地震的可能性很小,而庙河一香溪库段存在有利干诱震的环境因子,发震的可能性较大,但其震级将不超过5 1/2级。     

水库诱发地震孕育与发生过程中超临界流体作用的思考

水库诱发地震作为一种因人类水利建设活动导致的地震,其地震机制多年来受到地震学界的广泛研究,目前基本认为库水渗漏降低断裂带岩石的摩擦阻力是导致发震的主要原因之一,而地震能量来源自于板块运动的积累.     

小湾水库影响区地震活动性探讨

利用区域构造、小湾库区水载荷变化及云南省区域地震台网2000—2021年的地震监测资料,对小湾水库影响区内水库蓄水前后地震活动空间、频度、强度等进行综合分析,并对区域断层性质、库水位载荷变化、震源机制解、地震应力降参数进行深入分析。结果显示:小湾水库影响区及附近第四纪断裂构造交汇,环境复杂且存在应力水平较高区域;水库蓄水对库区基底岩层及库岸岩体影响显著,地震活动明显增强;水库影响区地震空间分布明显受区域构造控制;在水载荷变化的影响下,触发了构造区的应力释放,发生了走滑断层性质破裂的2015年昌宁5.1级地震。     

渗流与新丰江水库地震

新丰江水库地震是世界上四个震级大于6级的水库诱发地震之一。实际资料表明,地震活动与水库蓄水有明显的相关性。为探讨库水在地震形成机制中的作用,本文试图通过新丰江水库渗流场的有限元计算,对新丰江水库蓄水初期库水渗流与地震的关系进行初步研究。本次对三个不同方向的剖面进行稳定流及非稳定流计算。计算结果表明渗流在地震诱发过程中起很重要作用,并解释了新丰江地震中出现的某些问题。     

复杂构造环境下水库地震活动性研究——以糯扎渡水电站为例

糯扎渡水电站位于澜沧江中下游,该地区构造环境复杂,活动断层发育,地震频发。本文利用区域构造、糯扎渡库区水荷载变化、云南省区域地震台网2000-2021年地震监测资料,对糯扎渡水库区域断层性质、库水位荷载变化、地震震源参数和水库蓄水前后的地震活动空间等进行综合分析。研究结果表明,糯扎渡水库影响区及附近区域活断层密集,构造环境复杂且存在应力水平较高区域,蓄水前库区地震活动强度较高。伴随蓄水量的增加,微小地震活动频度和强度逐渐增强,显示出蓄水对库区内断层上的应力分布具有明显的扰动作用。蓄水后水库坝区附近和澜沧江库区中段窝拖寨断层区的地震活动频度和强度有所增强,普洱大河库段地震活动强度则低于区域背景地震,但微小地震活动的频度有所上升,且与库水位的周期性变化有一定的相关性。地震活动的空间位置与库区内复杂的构造断层密切相关。在区域构造应力和库区水加、卸载的共同作用下,构成了糯扎渡水库影响区微小地震时间、空间、强度的活动图像。未来区内地震活动仍将受到区域构造应力影响和水位变化及水的渗透作用影响,其地震活动强度可能达到5.0级左右。     

溪洛渡水库影响区地震活动性分析

利用2008—2018年云南省及邻省区域地震台网的地震监测资料,结合区域构造特征、溪洛渡库区水载荷变化,对溪洛渡水库影响区内水库蓄水前后地震活动空间、频度、强度等进行综合分析,并对区域断层性质、库水位载荷变化、震源机制解、地震应力降参数深入分析。结果表明:①溪洛渡水库影响区及附近区域第四纪活动与不活动的断裂交汇,构造环境复杂且存在应力水平较高区域,水库影响区地震空间分布明显受区域构造控制;②水库蓄水初期水位变化对库区基底岩层及库岸岩体影响显著;③溪洛渡水库影响区的构造存在高应力背景,在水载荷变化波动的影响下,触发了构造区的应力释放,且蓄水高水位作用使该区域构造应力以双震的形式得以释放;④库区蓄水后,水库载荷变化对区域构造应力有较大的扰动作用,库区持续的微小地震活动无明显的衰减迹象,表明库岸再造仍在持续。     

四川紫坪铺水库区水文地质与工程地质条件研究

分析了四川紫坪铺水库坝区和库区的水文地质和工程地质条件。由于库区内基岩山区为强烈上升区，地形切割深，高差大，各种不良工程地质现象发育，虽然不致于影响水库的正常工作，但也应引起充分注意。水库畜水后，渗漏问题对水库区和坝区影响较大，应采取相应措施解决；水库蓄水后，库水有可能下渗，应加强对该水库诱发地震的监测和研究。     

二滩水库蓄水1年的地震活动

二滩水电站于1998年5月1日下闸蓄水,至今已有1年多。1年来,库首区周边出现了少量与库水位涨落有关的弱震活动。本文使用了二滩水库遥测地震台网的8个高增益子台、1个低增益子台共23道记录的地震分析资料。通过对蓄水前后发生地震比较,重点对1998年5月发生在龙胜乡的小震群,6月鱼干鱼乡西北的小震群及8月发生于大坝附近的小震序列进行了分析研究。探讨了1998年5月至1999年5月的水库水位变化与地震次数及震级大小的关系。由此,得出了二滩水库蓄水初期的地震活动性研究的初步结论:蓄水后数10亿吨库水的加载导致岩石形变附加剪切应力可能是导致初期水库周边弱震活动增加的诱发因素。笔者认为加强对大坝及周围地区的地震监测和对水库诱发地震的预测研究,减轻未来可能发生的构造型诱发地震灾害是下一阶段的首要任务。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...