Investigation of surges in marine estuaries (A case study for the Don River mouth)

Upsurges and downsurges in the Don River mouth are investigated using the observational data of the standard hydrometeorological network. The characteristics ofsurges are determined, andthe catalog of maximum annual dangerous surges is compiled for the observation points in the estuarine offshore zone and mouth reach of the Don River from the beginning of observations till 2014. The series of the maximum annual upsurges and downsurges at marine gaging stations in the Taganrog Bay are formed and statistically processed. The distribution of surges along the Taganrog Bay is analyzed. Catastrophic surges which cause adverse and severe events are identified as well as the qualitative and quaniiiaiive patterns of surge peneiraiion to the Don River mouth. The coefficients of upsurges and downsurges, the intensity of their attenuation, and water levels with the probability of 0.1, 1, and 50% at different river runoff are calculated at all gaging stations in the Don estuary for specific upsurges and downsurges. The results of test computations of surges for the specific point in the Taganrog Bay for 2013-2015 based on the numerical hydrodynamic model of the Sea of Azov are compared with observational data. The possibility was revealed of forecasting downsurges and upsurges based on synoptic conditions over the Sea of Azov with the lead time of three days using hydrodynamic models that allowed developing the prediction scheme of surge transformation calculation.     

Simulation and Analysis of Sea Floods in the Don River Delta

Storm surges and wind waves in the Taganrog Bay (the Sea of Azov) are simulated with the ADCIRC+SWAN numerical model, and the mechanisms of the Don River delta flooding are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the most intensive flooding of the Don River delta occurs in case of southwestern wind with the speed of not less than 15 m/s. A storm surge leads to the intensification of wind waves in the whole Taganrog Bay due to the general sea level rise. As a result, the significant wave height near the Don River delta increases by 0.5–0.6 m.     

Simulation of Extreme Surges in the Taganrog Bay with Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation Models

The simulation the most extreme surges over the period of instrumental observations in the Taganrog Bay since 1881, the surges occurred on March 24, 2013 and September 24, 2014. The objective of the simulation is to study surge formation features and to reveal requirements for the accuracy of simulating atmospheric and oceanic circulation in the Sea of Azov. For this purpose, the Institute of Numerical Mathematics Ocean Model (INMOM) with the spatial resolution of ~4 km and ~250 m was used. The atmospheric forcing over the Black Sea region was specified using ERA-Interim reanalysis data and WRF model data with the spatial resolution of 80 and 10 km, respectively. It is shown that the quality of simulation of extreme surges in the Sea of Azov is more dependent on the quality of the input atmospheric forcing than on the spatial resolution of the ocean circulation model. The usage of WRF data as atmospheric forcing allows the more accurate simulation of extreme surges. However, the simulation of the extreme surge of 2014 overestimates, and simulations for the 2013 surge underestimate the surge level. Evidently, as the used version of INMOM does not take into account the coastal zone flooding, the maximum surge value is overestimated.     

Analysis of the connection of ice cover parameters of the non-Arctic seas in the European part of Russia with global atmospheric processes

Criteria of winter severity for three non-Arctic European seas are determined from long time series of observations. Periods and dates of indices of macrocirculation epochs are estimated. Results of analysis of the connection of macrocirculation processes (E, W, and C forms of atmospheric circulation) with winter severity and with the ice concentration and thickness of the White Sea, the Gulf of Finland, and the Sea of Azov are presented. Some aspects of the ice cover evolution in the non-Arctic European seas are identified for various latitudinal zones from analysis of changes in global atmospheric processes over a large territory.     

赤水市大气负氧离子的时空特征及与气象因子的关系

利用2016年5月—2017年4月赤水市境内复兴驿站、古迹驿站及相邻县市内共6个大气负氧离子自动观测点和气象站的观测资料,分析了赤水市大气负氧离子浓度的时空变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。参照世界卫生组织制定的空气负氧离子等级标准,区划赤水市空气负氧离子的等级。结果表明:(1)赤水市日均大气负氧离子浓度5 056个/m3,高于临近县市的负氧离子浓度,白天略高于夜间,远超过负氧离子含量的一级标准;(2)年均大气负氧离子浓度为5 125个/m3,各季节浓度相差不大;(3)赤水市大气负氧离子浓度空间分布规律为复兴站古迹站,景区大于街道;与邻近县市比较,植被覆盖率大的区域大气负氧离子浓度高于植被覆盖率小的区域;(4)不同天气条件下大气负氧离子与气象因子的相关性不同。在雨日,大气负氧离子与气温、气压、水汽压相关;无雨日,大气负氧离子与日照相关;同时,白天雨相对于大气负氧离子浓度的增加较夜雨更为明显。     

Current Trends in Atmospheric Circulation in the Azov–Black Sea Region

The daily parameters characterizing the field of surface air pressure from 1960 to 2014 are used for assessing the current trends in atmospheric circulation over the Azov–Black Sea region. It was revealed that the decrease in mean air pressure and the weakening of northeastern air trans port which was typical of the atmospheric circulation in this region in the previous period (1960–1990), occurred from 1991–1993 to 2005–2007. In recent 7–8 years, the ongoing air pressure drop is accom panied by the intensification of northeastern air transport.     

北方局地夏末气溶胶光学特性综合观测分析

本文对中国北方相近地理经度不同纬度的三个试验点（内蒙草原生态定位站、北京、新乡）夏末季节大气气溶胶特性进行了地面粒子计数和整层光学遥感等综合观测。分析结果表明，这三个试验点地面和整层气溶胶数浓度通常有内蒙较小，北京居中，新乡最大的特征。文中提出了浓度比这个参量，它可以定量描述地面源气溶胶对整层大气气溶胶的相对贡献。据此分析可知内蒙地面源较弱，与该地区人类活动稀少相对应。由浓度比推测，新乡除近地面城市空气污染较严重外，滨临的黄河河面水汽蒸发作用也是促成气溶胶浓度增大的原因。     

Estimation of methane sources from concentration measurements in the area of gas production in the north of Western Siberia

Data on atmospheric methane concentrations, measured at different levels (20, 30, and 60 m) with a time step of 20 min at an observation point at a distance of 50 km from the Urengoi field, are presented. The NOAA HYSPLIT model was used to identify technogenic emissions, and method of nocturnal accumulation was used to evaluate emissions from wetlands. It is demonstrated that observed short-term increases in methane concentration can be caused by salvo gas emissions during technological operations in the gas field. Mean methane flux density is estimated for the wetland adjoining the observation point.     

Investigation of effects of spatially and temporally variable wind on currents, surges, and admixture spread in the Sea of Azov

The analysis of surges in the Sea of Azov is carried out on the basis of three-dimensional nonlinear model using the prognostic fields of near-water wind and atmospheric pressure. Carried out is the comparison of the results of numerical computations with the data of direct measurements of the sea level at a number of coastal stations. Studied is an effect of atmospheric impact intensity variations on the maximum values of sea level deviations and current velocities, as well as on the admixture transformation features. The analysis of results of numeric computations enabled to make a conclusion on the dependence of the pollution dissipation time on the wind speed and on the location of pollution areas.     

Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of heavy metals over the North Sea: A literature review

A literature review of the atmospheric concentration rates and dry and wet deposition fluxes of particulate Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn to the North Sea and adjacent areas is given. The results of direct measurements of dry and wet deposition fluxes are compared to indirect estimates and to modelling values. This work points out the large uncertainties in results of different studies on atmospheric input of trace elements into the North Sea. The current knowledge about the dependence of the deposition velocity upon the particle size and about the processes controlling wet deposition fluxes, and the quality and completeness of the emission data are still inadequate for describing the environmental cycle and impact of heavy metals in the North Sea.     

BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project

Summary The Basel UrBan Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE) was a year-long experimental effort to investigate in detail the boundary layer structure in the City of Basel, Switzerland. At several sites over different surface types (urban, sub-urban and rural reference) towers up to at least twice the main obstacle height provided turbulence observations at many levels. In addition, a Wind Profiler and a Lidar near the city center were profiling the entire lower troposphere. During an intensive observation period (IOP) of one month duration, several sub-studies on street canyon energetics and satellite ground truth, as well as on urban turbulence and profiling (sodar, RASS, tethered balloon) were performed. Also tracer experiments with near-roof-level release and sampling were performed. In parallel to the experimental activities within BUBBLE, a meso-scale numerical atmospheric model, which contains a surface exchange parameterization, especially designed for urban areas was evaluated and further developed. Finally, the area of the full-scale tracer experiment which also contains several sites of other special projects during the IOP (street canyon energetics, satellite ground truth) is modeled using a very detailed physical scale-model in a wind tunnel. In the present paper details of all these activities are presented together with first results.     

强弱南海夏季风活动及大气季节内振荡

应用ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料和中国降水资料，分析研究了对应南海强、弱夏季风的环流形势及其与之相应的中国东部的降水异常。其结果表明，由强、弱夏季风所引起的中国气候异常是完全不同（甚至反相）的。分析大气季节内振荡（ＩＳＯ）的活动还表明，对应大气强（弱）南海夏季风，南海地区 ８５０ ｈＰａ也有强（弱）大气 ＩＳＯ；而强、弱南海夏季风环流（２００ ｈＰａ和 ８５０ ｈＰａ）主要由异常的大气ＩＳＯ所激发。本研究还揭示了南海地区大气ＩＳＯ的变化往往与江淮地区大气ＩＳＯ的变化反相，例如南海地区的强（弱）大气ＩＳＯ常与江淮流域的弱（强）大气ＩＳＯ相对应。对于大气ＩＳＯ的强度，一般多表现出局地激发特征，经向传播相对较弱。     

Occurrence of water soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols at a coastal area

Aerosol samples (205) were collected from January 2005 to November 2006 at a coastal site at Keelung City (Taiwan), on the southern East China Sea. The atmospheric concentrations of major ions indicated that the area was dominated by different air masses at different times of the year: continental Asia from January to May and November to December; air masses from Indonesia and surrounding islands (south-eastern region) dominated during early-summer (July 2005 and June 2006), and air masses directly from the adjacent ocean dominated during late-summer (July to August 2006) and early-autumn (September to October 2005). The atmospheric concentrations of water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) corresponded to the different sources and weather conditions. The results of a factor analysis of combined major ions, water soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN) and WSON indicated that a fossil fuel combustion source and biomass burning were the two major controlling factors during the sampling period. We discuss the correlations between WSON, WSIN and major anthropogenic ions in relation to the different formation mechanisms for the various sources. We propose a mechanism whereby biomass burning is the major input of aerosols derived from mainland China. Fossil fuel combustion was found to be important during periods when aerosols were derived from the south-eastern area. Our data indicate that WSON was predominantly associated with aerosols derived from biomass burning when the origin of the air mass was mainland China.     

中国地区山谷风研究进展

随着城市化的发展,越来越多的城市建立在山区附近或山谷之中。受地理环境和气象条件等因素影响,各地山谷风特征各不相同。山谷风对局地风场、气候特征有着重要作用,与逆温和污染物浓度变化也具有良好相关。本文从山谷风研究的主要手段—观测、理论和数值模拟出发,重点回顾了国内山谷风研究成果,并讨论了与其他中尺度环流(海陆风、湖陆风、城市热岛、植被风、冰川风环流)的相互作用,以及包括山谷风在内的山地环流对大气污染的影响。最后对国内研究进展进行总结,并提出了一些还需深入研究和探讨的问题。     

大气环流模式SAMIL模拟的夏季全球加热场和东亚夏季风

各国科学家一直致力于从理论和数值模拟上对季风系统进行全面地研究。本文根据“热力适应”理论, 从分析中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室的最新版本大气环流谱模式(SAMIL2.4.7) 对全球非绝热加热场的模拟性能出发, 分析并解释了SAMIL对东亚夏季风 (EASM) 子系统的模拟情况。通过与再分析资料Reanalysis-2 ( NCEP/DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis ) 对比分析发现, SAMIL能很好地模拟出夏半球副热带地区加热场的四叶型分布 (LOSECOD), 但模拟的各加热场在强度上存在一定的偏差, 主要表现在感热加热在大陆上普遍偏高, 而潜热加热在印度半岛两侧、西太平洋地区(尤其在南北纬10°) 偏高, 赤道带、中南半岛、中国南海等地区偏弱。而对EASM子系统的分析发现, SAMIL能很好地模拟南亚高压; 较好地模拟西太平洋副热带高压的主体, 但西太平洋 (30°N附近) 潜热偏强使得模拟的副高强度偏强、 西伸脊点过于偏西; 模式也能较好地抓住夏季西风急流的两个中心, 但中纬度潜热、 感热的模拟偏弱造成急流两中心风速均小于Reanalysis-2资料 10 m/s左右。进一步的讨论可知, 造成感热和潜热偏差的主要原因是模式中云参数化方案和积云对流参数化方案的不足, 改进模式中相关的物理参数化方案将是SAMIL后续发展的首要工作。     

雅安市近地面空气负(氧)离子状况初探

本文基于2010～2011年雅安市气象局进行的“雅安市空气负(氧)离子观测研究”资料,对雅安市近地面空气负(氧)离子状况进行了初步分析.主要结论为:(1)雅安市具有优异的空气负(氧)离子生态资源,城区空气负(氧)离子浓度等级大多数情况都在6级(负离子浓度≥2100个/cm3)以上,近郊的负(氧)离子浓度大多数情况都超过6级,较高时可接近60000个/cm3,风景区的负(氧)离子浓度大多数情况都远远超过6级,较高时≥60000个/cm3,是名符其实的“天府之肺”、“中国的绿色宝石”和“中国生态气候城市”.(2)雅安市境内,空气负(氧)离子浓度的日变化规律通常为7时左右最大,15时左右最低;空气负(氧)离子浓度和天气、相对湿度有较密切的关系,通常的规律为:降雨后的清晨、雷雨后,空气负(氧)离子浓度明显增加;空气负(氧)离子浓度和相对湿度成正相关.(3)和国内已有研究资料的地区比较,雅安市空气负(氧)离子浓度水平在国内为最高地区之一.     

大气边界层物理与大气环境过程研究进展

总结了近5年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室(LAPC)在第二代超声风速温度仪研制、城市边界层研究、复杂地形大气边界层探测与数值模拟、湍流机理研究、大气污染模式发展与应用等领域的主要进展,其中,第二代超声风速温度仪的野外对比测试结果表明其主要性能完全达到了国际先进水平;北京城市化发展使得北京325 m气象塔周边近地面流场已经具备了典型城市粗糙下垫面的流场特征,近地面夏季平均风速呈现非常明显的逐年递减趋势;北京沙尘暴大风时期湍流运动主要是小尺度湍涡运动,而大风的概率分布偏离高斯分布,风速较大的一侧概率分布呈指数迅速衰减,大风中风速很大的部分具有分形特征;珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区两次综合强化探测实验是迄今为止在青藏高原大型山地中实施的针对山地环流和物质／能量交换最为全面和连续的大气过程探测实验;白洋淀地区的观测研究表明,非均匀边界层具有一般边界层不具备的特点,无论是边界层结构还是湍流输送方面,水、陆边界层之间存在一定的差异,凸显其地表非均匀性的作用;为了解决不同尺度、不同类型的大气污染问题和实际应用,研制或发展完善了多套大气污染模式系统,包括全球大气化学模式、区域大气污染数值模式、城市大气污染数值模式和微小尺度(如街区尺度)范围内污染物输送扩散模式。     

西沙永兴岛降水的酸度及其化学组成

本文对1987年5月在西沙永兴岛的雨水采样进行了分析。在西南季风盛行初期,副热带高压控制下的孤立分散的积雨云降水中,采集了雨量大于0.1mm的5次降雨。采样点设在西沙气象台二楼平台上,距海面约13m,向西距海岸边约70余米;每次采样用一直径45cm的塑料盆(用去离子水冲洗3次),现场测定pH值和电导率,水样装入洁净的聚乙烯塑料瓶中存入冰箱。同期,每隔一周     

福建高山、重点城市春季TSP对降水酸度的影响

利用福建九仙山和福州市两地监测的TSP资料，对高山、重点城市的TSP酸碱特性和酸化缓冲能力进行分析研究。结果表明，九仙山、福州市的TSP均为酸性颗粒物，是福建省春季酸雨的致酸因子之一，福州市的TSP致酸性能比九仙山的弱。     

地面电场仪测量数据的误差来源及分析处理

地面电场仪测量数据准确性和一致性会直接影响到其在研究区域大气电学和进行雷电预警工作的应用准确度。通过模拟理论计算和实际观测数据进行的统计对比分析,指出了电场仪自身高度和周围环境均会产生测量误差,不同高度上的电场测量值与地表处均呈现出一定的正相关性。在晴天和雷暴两种天气情况下,由于产生地面电场的电荷源不同,提出了分别利用统计和线性拟合对这两类测量数据进行修正的方法。