Changes in Cu Characteristics and Precipitation during Cu Merging

The results of investigation of convective cloud merging observed near Saint Petersburg are presented. Data obtained with a set of remote sensing instruments (radar, radiometer, and lightning location system) were analyzed. Rain gage network data are used. Clouds simulation is performed using a 1.5-dimensional nonstationary model. A method to calibrate the radar measurements to obtain precipitation characteristics using rain gage network data is developed. According to radar data, a 2-km increase in the cloud top height was observed after Cu merging, the maximum reflectivity of clouds increased at 10 dBZ, maximum rain intensity and rain flux increased by about two times. The increase in rainfall intensity is also corroborated by rain gage observations and numerical simulations. An increase in the intensity of lightning discharges during the merging is registered.     

Investigation of high-depth cumulonimbus clouds characteristics after seeding to increase precipitation

Analyzed is the development of three cumulonimbus clouds seeded with the crystallizing reagent in Saudi Arabia. Continuous satellite and radar observations of the clouds were carried out during the five-hour period. Obtained are the data on the dynamics of cumulonimbus clouds and their anvils. The vertical development of cumulonimbus clouds and the increase in the radar reflectivity and amount of precipitation were observed after the seeding. The significant increase in the precipitation was observed in all three cases. The results obtained in the present analysis are in agreement with theoretical concepts of the seeding effects on dynamic properties of clouds and precipitation characteristics. They demonstrate a big potential of seeding for increasing the precipitation falling from cumulonimbus clouds.     

人工引发雷电对雷暴特性可能影响的观测与分析

利用地面电场,地面降雨和雷达资料就人工引发雷电对雷暴特性的可能影响进行了初步分析和讨论。     

华北地区一次积层混合云降水的数值模拟研究

利用WRF ARW中尺度数值模式对2009年4月18日华北地区的一次积层混合云系降水进行模拟。首先,对实况的天气形势和雷达反射率及垂直剖面进行分析;并通过垂直剖面对其流场结构概念图进行分析;然后,通过对比,模拟的自然降水分布与实测结果基本一致,模拟的雷达组合反射率和雷达反射率的垂直剖面与实测结果也基本一致;通过分析云中各要素的分布,了解了积层混合云系的微物理特征和动力特征;最后对积层混合云降水机制进行探讨。结果表明：积层混合云水凝物含水量分布不均匀,对流云和层状云相互粘连跨接,水平方向充分混合,雨水的大值中心、云水的大值中心及冰晶的大值区相互对应,存在播撒-供给机制。从动力场来看,在低层对流云区域垂直上升速度较大,高层对流云区域的旁侧有较明显的下沉气流,云区低层存在辐合,高层存在辐散,此种配置有利于维持云系的发展。积层混合云不仅在层状云区有层状云的简单的＂播撒-供给＂机制,或在积状云区有粒子群的循环增长机制,而且可以发生层云—积云间的粒子群交换。     

汛期短历时强降水过程的闪电特征

对2011年3次短历时强降水天气过程的闪电特征分析结果表明:①3次短时强降水都以负闪为主,负闪占总闪电的比例都在92﹪以上;②小时闪电频数峰值超前降雨峰值1h或同相;③5min闪电频数超前雨量峰值5~60min;④负闪电密集区主要发生在40dBZ以上的回波区,偶尔发生的正闪一般在较弱回波处;闪电大部分发生在回波顶高大于5km以上的区域;多分布在速度不均匀场附近;闪电密集区与VIL大值区对应关系不太好;⑤不同云体,闪电特征不尽相同,闪电频数高峰有的发生在强回波阶段,有的并不是回波最强阶段,而是减弱阶段。强回波前沿出现闪电密集区或前方无回波处发生闪电,预示未来强回波移动的方向;有的云体发展、成熟阶段闪电分布密集,负闪电主要集中在强回波中心附近,云体减弱阶段闪电分散,集中在单体的不同部位。     

一次强雷暴天气与大气环境场的关系分析

雷电是电荷聚集到一定程度的放电现象,当雷暴云中电荷累积,在地面附近大气就会有相应的感应电场,因此通过大气电场脉冲波形变化,结合雷达回波资料,可以判断雷暴云的发展阶段。本文分析了2010年8月11~12日陕西省有闪电定位监测网络以来最强的一次雷电天气过程。该过程全省范围内共发生闪电23 570次,8月11日单日闪电14 470次,整个过程以负闪为主,闪电频数高,同时伴随强降水发生。分析发现,此次强雷电天气过程与大气环境场具有以下对应关系:强雷电的发生与西太平洋副热带高压强盛控制陕西大部分地区且呈东西带状分布、西风槽东移南压关系密切;另外还与潜在对流性稳定度指数、抬升指数、能量场和位势稳定度具有较好的相关性;高雷电密度区域与区域性暴雨的强降水落区有一定的对应关系,但强雷电往往先于强降水出现,雨量最大区域与雷电强度最大区域并不对应。     

上海地区几类强降水雨滴谱特征分析

用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪资料对2013年上海地区4—10月份期间4种类型 (层状云、对流暖云主导型、对流冷云主导型和强台风影响下的混合暖云型) 降水过程的雨滴谱特征进行了分析。通过平均雨滴谱及其拟合特征、雨滴数密度与含水量分布、雨滴尺度与速度二维谱分布等对比分析发现:各类降水中, 雨滴谱的峰值结构与雨强大小有关, 其中直径介于0.187~1.312 mm的小雨滴均出现峰值且总数最多。各尺度雨滴数密度及其比例决定了其降水量贡献比, 在冷云强降水中的雨强贡献最大的雨滴尺度要显著大于其他3种类型。雨滴谱宽按大小排列依次为对流冷云主导型、混合暖云型、对流暖云主导型和层状云。最后综合运用雨滴谱、雷达、雨量站、闪电等观测资料对9月13日对流冷云主导型降水过程进行分析后发现:在雷暴的演变过程中, 雨滴谱特征与雷达反射率因子、垂直液态水含量、自动站雨强、闪电频次等要素均有较好的相关性。冷云产生的冰晶和冰雹融化后的大雨滴进入中低层的广谱小雨滴群, 并通过破碎分裂增加了大雨滴的形成概率, 尤其是捕捉碰并过程更加快了大雨滴的增长速度, 使雨强在短时间内迅速加强。雨滴谱中各档粒子数的演变, 揭示了降水强度的变化, 用雨滴谱资料可有效弥补现有雷达定量估测降水的偏差, 且在冷云中改善明显。     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FY-4 LIGHTNING DATA ASSIMILATION ON PRECIPITATION PREDICTIONS

Data from the lightning mapping imager on board the Fengyun-4 meteorological satellite (FY-4) were used to study the assimilation of lightning data and its influence on precipitation predictions. We first conducted a quality control check on the events observed by the first Fengyun-4 satellite (FY-4A) lightning mapping imager, after which the noise points were removed from the lightning distribution. The subsequent distribution was more consistent with the spatial distribution and range of ground-based observations and precipitation. We selected the radar reflectivity, which was closely related to the lightning frequency, as the parameter to assimilate the lightning data and utilized a large sample of lightning frequency and radar reflectivity data from the eastern United States provided by Vaisala. Based on statistical analysis, we found the empirical relationship between the lightning frequency and radar reflectivity and established a look-up table between them. We converted the lightning event data into radar reflectivity data and found that the converted reflectivity and composite reflectivity of ground-based radar observations showed high consistency. We further assimilated the lightning data into the model, adjusted the model cloud analysis process and adjusted the model hydrometeor field by using the lightning data. A rainstorm weather process that occurred on August 8, 2017, in south China was used for the numerical forecast experiment, and three experiments were designed for comparison and analysis: a control experiment, an experiment without the assimilation of FY-4 lightning data (NoLig), and an experiment with the assimilation of FY-4 lightning data (Lig). The results show that after assimilating the FY-4A lightning data, the accuracies of the intensity, central location and range of the precipitation predicted by the Lig experiment were obviously superior to those predicted by the control and NoLig experiments, and the effect was especially obvious in the short-term (1–2 hour) forecast. The studies in this paper highlight the application value and potential of FY-4 lightning data in precipitation predictions.     

一次中小尺度强降水火箭增雨作业效果评估

分析了2003年7月23夜间至24日,衡水市受副热带高压外围强西南气流及弱冷空气共同作用下出现的一次小尺度强雷雨天气。介绍了实施火箭人工催化增雨作业情况,在作业同时进行了雨量、雨滴谱、雷达和闪电定位观测,利用常规天气图资料、雷达观测资料、闪电定位仪和雨滴谱、雨量等观测资料,对此次天气过程进行了分析,并采用作业区和非作业区对比的方法,就增雨效果从雨量、雨滴谱及秩和检验(Wilcoxon氏法)等方面进行了效果分析,结果显示:在局地强对流云系含水量丰沛,云顶高度高,云层温度低,过冷水区浓厚,同时垂直风切变有利于AgI粒子的结晶和扩散时,作业时机宜选择在降雨初期云中能量聚集尚未释放时,可进一步提高增雨作业效果。     

Kinematics and Microphysical Characteristics of the First Intense Rainfall Convective Storm Observed by Jiangsu Polarimetric Radar Network

The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since 2020. The first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29, 2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu Province. The microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study, in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar network. Drop size distribution(...     

一次东北冷涡云降水垂直结构特征分析

利用辽宁阜新国家站(121.7458°E,42.0672°N)的毫米波云雷达(8 mm)和微雨雷达(12.5 mm)对2020年8月12—13日东北冷涡影响下的一次降水过程进行了观测,分析了云降水的垂直结构特征并探讨了降水机制.结果表明:本次过程中,云水平方向发展不均匀,以层状云和层积混合云为主,云内有时还嵌有对流泡....     

2013年“西马仑”台风大气电场特征分析

利用中国气象局提供的台风定位资料和厦门市气象局测得的大气电场等资料,采用对比分析等方法分析了1308号台风"西马仑"登陆后的大气电场变化特征及其与闪电和降水的关系。分析结果表明:测站大气电场、降水和地闪的变化主要受"西马仑"台风后部云系影响。降水强度与负电场强度之间有着较好的对应关系。强降水时段地闪频次较低;地闪活动滞后于大气电场变化5~20min,地闪密集时段也是大气电场跳变最为剧烈的时段。     

暴雨和雹暴个例中闪电特征对比

暴雨与雹暴过程中对应的闪电活动特征显著不同,为了对比这两类对流过程中的闪电活动特征差异,该文选取了两种比较有代表性的雷暴个例——暴雨过程和雹暴过程,利用全闪（包括云闪与地闪）定位数据,分析了两者闪电活动特征以及闪电活动与对流降水之间的关系。研究发现:暴雨过程中地闪频次和正地闪比例均低于雹暴过程;相对于暴雨过程,雹暴过程的主正电荷区放电高度更高,主正电荷区所处的温度偏低;暴雨过程中,总闪频次与对流降水量、总闪频次与对流降水强度的相关性均优于雹暴过程。总体而言,雹暴过程中闪电活动特征及其与降水的关系更为复杂,这可能与雹暴过程具有更为复杂的动力和冰相过程有关。     

四川盆地地闪与对流性降水和雷达回波的关系

利用ADTD型闪电观测资料、SWAN拼图资料及成都CINRAD/SC多普勒天气雷达数据,对2009—2011年12次区域性大暴雨过程中的100个地闪、强降水个例和雷达回波的特征及时间关系进行了统计分析。结果表明:负地闪频数和降水强度随时间的变化较一致,有单峰、多峰的特征;负地闪频数越高,出现强降水的可能性越大;持续性强降水开始之前6~30min,83%的事件伴随有负地闪频数突增并持续性增长的现象,56%的事件有负地闪频数峰值出现,地闪频数突增对持续性强降水的开始有较好的指示意义;负地闪频数峰值出现之后的6~30min,67%的事件有出现降水量峰值,负地闪频数峰值的出现可预示雨强峰值的迅速到来;此外,在强回波移动方向的前方常伴有弱的负地闪活动,负地闪活动主要集中在35dBZ以上的强回波区,且移向与强回波的移动方向较一致。     

贵州中西部冰雹云中闪电特征观测研究

利用贵州省三维闪电监测网资料、新一代天气雷达资料、地面观测资料,对贵州省中西部地区13次冰雹天气过程中闪电特征进行了分析。结果表明：雹暴整个生命史内主要以负地闪为主,且伴随强降水。冰雹云发展阶段,降雹区域闪电频次增加明显,降雹前闪电频次变化均出现“跃增”,部分降雹点出现闪电频次二次跃增;冰雹云消散阶段,闪电频次显著减少。冰雹云总闪、正闪均高于雷雨云,5 min闪电频数大于16次且闪电频次上升度大于12次/5 min可作为识别冰雹云的参考指标。另外,降雹落区与闪电密度中心区域较为吻合,闪电密度中心位置略偏降雹位置之前,闪电逐时分布标识出冰雹云的发展移动方向。以上这些特征可以为冰雹识别、冰雹短时预警预报及人工防雹作业提供参考。     

Statistical analysis of lightning electric field measured under Malaysian condition

Lightning is an electrical discharge during thunderstorms that can be either within clouds (Inter-Cloud), or between clouds and ground (Cloud-Ground). The Lightning characteristics and their statistical information are the foundation for the design of lightning protection system as well as for the calculation of lightning radiated fields. Nowadays, there are various techniques to detect lightning signals and to determine various parameters produced by a lightning flash. Each technique provides its own claimed performances. In this paper, the characteristics of captured broadband electric fields generated by cloud-to-ground lightning discharges in South of Malaysia are analyzed. A total of 130 cloud-to-ground lightning flashes from 3 separate thunderstorm events (each event lasts for about 4–5 hours) were examined. Statistical analyses of the following signal parameters were presented: preliminary breakdown pulse train time duration, time interval between preliminary breakdowns and return stroke, multiplicity of stroke, and percentages of single stroke only. The BIL model is also introduced to characterize the lightning signature patterns. Observations on the statistical analyses show that about 79% of lightning signals fit well with the BIL model. The maximum and minimum of preliminary breakdown time duration of the observed lightning signals are 84 ms and 560 us, respectively. The findings of the statistical results show that 7.6% of the flashes were single stroke flashes, and the maximum number of strokes recorded was 14 multiple strokes per flash. A preliminary breakdown signature in more than 95% of the flashes can be identified.     

一次副热带高压后部层状云降水中山区层状云宏微物理结构探测分析

利用2010年8月18日副热带高压后部层状云降水中山区层状云的飞机穿云观测资料,结合雷达、卫星云图及天气图等资料,详细分析了此次高后降水中山区层状云的宏观特征、微物理结构,并对降水形成机制进行初步探讨.结果表明:此个例由两层云构成,上层为冷云,下层主要为暖云;冷层粒子图像显示主要以板状为主,平板柱状、柱状和霰粒为辅,冰粒子的聚合体在整个冷层都有出现;降水形成机制为播种—喂养机制,冷云中观测到丛集和淞附现象,其中淞附现象主要发生在冷云的中下部靠近融化层附近.     

一类三阶微分方程组边值问题特殊正解的存在性

采用地面降水资料、多普勒雷达数据、探空资料等,利用自主开发的系统软件对实测资料进行增雨效果统计检验,通过目标区作业前后雷达参量的演变或目标区与对比区的回波参量的差异,来完整的分析2010年8月11日海南西部多点作业情况的催化效果。物理统计分析结果显示,催化一般在作业后半小时内起到效果并达到最强,目标区的最大强度、强回波区面积、液态水含量、回波顶高的增大率大于对比区的值,催化作业确实延长了目标云的寿命。     

利用SCIT算法分析江淮地区对流云特征

本文设计了一种运用SCIT算法提取雷达拼图中对流云特征量的方法:用SCIT算法识别并追踪云体,算法中只用一个反射率阈值识别对流单体、云体边界;使用模糊逻辑法区分层状云和对流云,提取对流云雷达特征量。使用该方法提取了2013—2015年江淮地区夏季对流云的雷达特征量,并对雷达特征量与降水量分布的关系进行统计分析。结果表明:江淮地区夏季对流云中生命史为13～30 min的对流云比较多,约占总数的60%;生命史大于30 min的对流云较少,并具有平均回波强度、VIL、冷层厚度较大的特征,其最大回波强度和VIL与降水量的相关性较好。     

多普勒雷达数据在海南省人工增雨效果评估中的应用

采用地面降水资料、多普勒雷达数据、探空资料等,利用自主开发的系统软件对实测资料进行增雨效果统计检验,通过目标区作业前后雷达参量的演变或目标区与对比区的回波参量的差异,来完整的分析2010年8月11日海南西部多点作业情况的催化效果。物理统计分析结果显示,催化一般在作业后半小时内起到效果并达到最强,目标区的最大强度、强回波区面积、液态水含量、回波顶高的增大率大于对比区的值,催化作业确实延长了目标云的寿命。