Simulation of household evacuation in the 2014 Ludian earthquake

Earthquake evacuation is important to reduce casualties. To identify the requirements for a successful evacuation, we first investigated the casualties in the Ludian earthquake. Then, a simulation model was developed using a typical building destroyed during the earthquake. This model was integrated with the social force model to describe indoor earthquake evacuation behaviors under different conditions. Instantaneous average speed and social forces were estimated. Finally, the acquired safety escape time (ASET) was determined using finite-element method. We adopted the pedestrian library of AnyLogic software to calculate the required safety escape time (RSET) values under different conditions. We found that RSET was greater than ASET. Thus, people at home failed to escape. RSET varied with escaping velocity. RSET decreased as the velocity increased in a certain range. RSET was influenced by people distribution across rooms. Wall designs affected RSET. A reasonable wall layout could shorten the path distance and consequently reduce RSET. The results of the present work implied that ASET is related to earthquake ground motion (EGM). Seismic energy is concentrated at the start of EGM. Therefore, buildings collapse instantly, and people at home hardly escape from the indoors and must seek temporary security zones in their rooms. In addition, the relative velocity seismic response of a building should be considered.     

2014年云南鲁甸M_W6.1地震:一次共轭破裂地震

烈度与余震分布显示2014年云南鲁甸MW6.1(MS6.5)地震的发震构造较复杂.为深入了解鲁甸地震的发震断层与破裂特征,本文考虑了单一断层破裂和共轭断层破裂的情况,对震中距250km范围内的近震资料(宽频带资料和强震资料)和远震体波资料进行了反演,得到了鲁甸地震的破裂过程,探讨了滑动分布与余震分布之间的关系.根据反演得到的滑动分布、震源时间函数和波形拟合,认为鲁甸地震是一次在北西向主压应力与北东向主张应力的统一应力场下发生的两条共轭断层先后破裂的一次复杂地震事件.在破裂开始后0~2s,破裂主要发生在ENE—WSW向(近东西向)的断层上,随后NNW—SSE向(近南北向)断层开始破裂,释放了大部分的地震矩.由于近南北向断层南段(即震中以南)的破裂规模较大,且以左旋走滑为主,对近东西向断层的西段起到了一定程度的解锁作用,可能是震中以西无明显主震破裂但存在密集余震分布的主要原因.     

2014年鲁甸6.5级地震GPS同震位移及反演分析

本文综合GPS流动和连续观测结果,并利用最速下降法（SDM）反演方法,给出并分析了2014年鲁甸6.5级地震同震位移、断层面滑动位移分布特征.GPS同震位移结果表明：此次地震沿北西方向表现出左旋应变释放特征、沿北东向表现出拉张应变释放的同震特征,并且随着离开断裂带距离的增加,拉张变形衰减;受包谷垴—小河断裂控制的左旋剪切应变释放的位移在莲峰、昭通—鲁甸断裂附近较弱,说明该断裂可能没有完全切割昭通—鲁甸断裂,不属于该区域主干断裂;昭通—鲁甸断裂带有一定的右旋应变释放,而逆冲应变释放不明显,表明该断裂带处于受南东向挤压的强闭锁状态.SDM反演结果表明,鲁甸地震以左旋走滑为主并兼有拉张性质,地震矩震级为M_W6.3左右.综上所述,并结合其他研究成果,我们认为莲峰、昭通—鲁甸断裂带仍存在强震危险性.

     

地震受损房屋结构自振特性测试

采用底部剪力法对结构进行抗震计算的重要一步就是确定结构的基本自振周期,抗震设计规范为此提供了自振周期计算和相应的折减方法。对于新建结构,规范经验公式是合理的,但对于地震受损结构,当需要进行抗震加固设计计算时,针对完好建筑结构给出的规范经验公式就不再适用。由于缺乏实测资料,无论是抗震鉴定标准还是加固技术规程,都没有给出可以参考的方法。作者在玉树地震后,利用环境脉动测试方法,对在玉树地震中受到破坏的20余栋不同结构类型的房屋建筑结构进行了现场测试,获得了这些受损房屋结构的实测基本自振特性,给出了对结构震害程度与结构自振周期变化之间关系的初步认识。为震损结构鉴定与加固设计提供了可参考数据,同时,实测结果也可为结构非线性分析方法的发展和结果的验证提供重要参考。     

An investigation of earthquake induced pounding between adjacent buildings

The response of adjacent buildings in city blocks to several strong earthquakes is analysed, taking into account the mutual collisions, or pounding, resulting from insufficient or non-existing separation distances. The buildings are idealized as lumped-mass, shear beam type, multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems with bilinear force-deformation characteristics and with bases supported on translational and rocking spring-dashpots. Collisions between adjacent masses can occur at any level and are simulated by means of viscoelastic impact elements. Using five real earthquake motions the effects of the following factors are investigated: building configuration and relative size, seismic separation distance and impact element properties. It is found that pounding can cause high overstresses, mainly when the colliding buildings have significantly different heights, periods or masses. This suggests a possibility for introducing a set of conditions into the codes, combined with some special measures, as an alternative to the seismic separation requirement.     

2014年云南鲁甸6.5级地震烈度分布与房屋震害特征

阐述了云南鲁甸6.5级地震烈度分布情况,并给出了各地震烈度区的房屋建筑震害特征,探讨了不同结构房屋分烈度的破坏比、震害指数,与中国地震烈度表进行了对比,认为调查点数据较为合理,支持各烈度区划定.     

2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震序列的双差定位

本文采用双差定位方法对云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震震后16天的地震序列进行重定位研究.重定位结果显示,主震位于27.11°N,103.35°E,震源深度约15 km;地震序列主要呈“L”形优势分布,分为SSE向和近EW向两支,并均呈现近垂直的震源分布特征,显示此次地震为走滑型,并存在两个不同方向的破裂面.虽然此次地震发生于NE向昭通断裂及其反冲断裂（龙树断裂、大岩洞断裂）附近,但这些断裂均为逆冲型断裂,被排除了作为发震断裂的可能性;鲁甸地震发生在呈放射性分布的多条断裂的交汇部位,SSE向破裂分支与包谷垴断裂的方向一致,近EW向破裂分支与小河断裂南端的走向一致. 鲁甸地震可能已将包谷垴断裂和小河断裂在深部贯通.     

Comparison of strong-motion records and damage implications between the 2014 Yunnan M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake and M_S6.6 Jinggu earthquake

Serial destructive earthquakes have caused heavy casualties and economic losses to the city in southwestern of China. The Ludian M_s 6.5 earthquake and the Jinggu M_s6.6 earthquake occurred in Yunnan province in 2014. There is a question of why the two events with almost the same level of magnitude caused differences in earthquake damage. To understand the uniqueness of the phenomenon,this paper focuses on the characteristics of the ground motions and post-earthquake field investigation for the two events.Firstly, we present an overview of the residuals between the Ludian earthquake and the Jinggu earthquake based on the YW06 Ground Motion Prediction Equation(GMPE), and explain the unusual destructiveness of the strong ground motion. Then we analyze the ground motion recordings at selected typical station, based on the strong motion parameters: equivalent predominant frequency and Arias intensity. The result exhibits a good agreement with the Chinese seismic intensity scale. This study would be helpful to gain a better knowledge of the characteristics and variability of ground motions for M_S6 class earthquakes in China and to understand the implications to future earthquakes with similar focal mechanism and local condition.     

Ground-motion simulation for the M_W6.1 Ludian earthquake on 3 August 2014 using the stochastic finite-fault method

The stochastic finite-fault simulation method was applied to synthesize the horizontal ground acceleration seismograms produced by the MW6.1 Ludian earthquake on August 3, 2014. For this purpose, we produced first a total of 200 kinematic source models for the Ludian event, which are characterized by the heterogeneous slip on the conjugated ruptured fault and the slip-dependent spreading of the rupture front. The results indicated that the heterogeneous slip and the spatial extent of the ruptured fault play dominant roles in the spatial distribution of ground motions in the near-fault area. The peak ground accelerations(PGAs) and 5%-damped pseudospectral accelerations(PSAs)at periods shorter than 0.5 s estimated on the resulting synthetics generally match well with the observations at stations with Joyner-Boore distances(RJB) greater than20 km. The synthetic PGVs and PSAs at periods of 0.5 s and0.75 s are in good agreement with predicted medians by the Yu14 model(Yu et al., 2014). However, the synthetic results are generally much lower than the predicted medians by BSSA14 model(Boore et al., 2014). Moreover, the ground motion variability caused by the randomness in the source rupture process was evaluated by these synthetics. The standard deviations of PSAs on the base-10 logarithmic scale,Sigma[log10(PSA)], are closely dependent on either the spectral period or the RJB. The Sigma[log10(PSA)] remains a constant approximately 0.55 at periods shorter than 0.1 s, and then increase continuously up to ～0.13 as the period increases from 0.1 to 2.0 s. The Sigma[log10(PSA)] values at periods of0.1-2.0 s show the downward tendency as the RJB values increase. However, the Sigma[log10(PSA)] values at periods shorter than 0.1 s decrease as the RJB values increase up to～50 km, and then increase with the increasing RJB.Furthermore, we found that the ground-motion variability shows the significant dependence on the azimuth.     

云南2020年巧家Ms5.0地震序列发震构造及其与2014年鲁甸Ms6.5地震的关系

本文联合地震震相报告数据与波形互相关数据,采用绝对定位和相对定位结合的方法,对2020年云南巧家Ms5.0地震以及震后一个月的余震序列进行了重定位研究,并结合距主震最近的2014年鲁甸Ms6.5地震序列特征对巧家地震的发震机制进行了深入讨论.重定位结果显示,巧家Ms5.0主震位于27.19°N,103.17°E,震源深...     

Rupture directivity of the August 3rd, 2014 Ludian earthquake(Yunan,China)

An M6.5 earthquake occurred on August 3rd, 2014 in Ludian of Yunnan Province in China, causing severe casualty and economic loss. Local broadband waveform inversion with the CAP method demonstrates that the earthquake is a strike-slip event, with the strike along 70° and 160° for the two nodal planes respectively. However, the geological structure in the epicentral region is complicated with abundant active faults, and it is challenging to identify the seismogenic fault with the focal plane solutions due to nodal-plane ambiguity. We resolved the rupture directivity by measuring the difference between centroid location and hypocenter of the Ludian earthquake with the time shift from CAP inversion, and found that the nodal plane with the strike of 160° is the ruptured fault plane. Moreover, the rupture is found to propagate from northwest to southeast.     

Characteristics of strong motions and damage implications of M S6.5 Ludian earthquake on August 3, 2014

The Ludian County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China was struck by an MS6.5 earthquake on August 3, 2014, which was another destructive event following the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, MS7.1 Yushu earthquake in 2010, and MS7.0 Lushan earthquake in 2013. National Strong-Motion Observation Network System of China collected 74 strong motion recordings,which the maximum peak ground acceleration recorded by the 053 LLT station in Longtoushan Town was 949 cm/s2 in E–W component. The observed PGAs and spectral ordinates were compared with ground-motion prediction equation in China and the NGA-West2 developed by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Researcher Center. This earthquake is considered as the first case for testing applicability of NGA-West2 in China. Results indicate that the observed PGAs and the 5 % damped pseudo-response spectral accelerations are significantly lower than the predicted ones. The field survey around some typical strong motion stations verified that the earthquake damage was consistent with the official isoseismal by China Earthquake Administration.     

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震及其强余震序列重定位

本文采用云南测震台网的观测报告数据,利用双差定位方法对2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震及其强余震序列进行了重定位,获得了3 658个地震事件的震源参数。重定位后地震序列的震中分布显示,余震分布存在两个优势方向,分别为近EW向和SES向,呈共轭型分布,近EW向条带展布长度为30 km,SES 向条带展布长度为20 km;震源深度的分布显示,地震序列总体表现为主震附近震源较深,沿近EW向和SES向逐渐变浅,地震序列的震源深度主要分布在4—20 km范围内。截至2017年2月28日,鲁甸M_S6.5地震震源区共发生（同一天发生的一组地震算一次）M_S≥4.5强余震4次。重定位后的鲁甸4次强余震序列震中分布存在差异:2014年9月10日和10月27日两次强余震序列的展布特征与主震相同,而2016年和2017年另外两次强余震的后续余震仅分布在强余震的周边,与主震序列明显不同。综合重定位后余震序列分布、震源区地质调查资料以及前人研究认为,鲁甸地震的4次强余震序列是区域应力场和主震引发的震源区应力场共同作用的结果,2014年9月10日和10月27日的两次强余震序列主要受主震引发的震源区应力场的影响;而2016年和2017年两次强余震序列则主要受区域应力场的影响。      

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震前后地震活动性

2014年8月3日在云南省鲁甸县发生M_S6.5地震,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.关于鲁甸地震的起因,特别是鲁甸地震与溪洛渡水库之间的关系存在一些争议.分析中强地震前后地震活动性的变化可以为判断主震起源提供一定的依据.然而,由于鲁甸地震震中附近固定台站数目少、台站距离震中远及主震后尾波干扰等因素的影响,会造成地震目录的缺失,从而可能影响地震活动性的可靠分析.为了获得更加完备的地震目录,本文采用模板匹配方法对鲁甸地震前后小地震进行了搜索和识别.以台网目录中的541个事件作为模板,在主震之前33天到主震后5天的连续波形中识别出991个未在目录中列出的地震,使余震的完备震级从1.8降低到1.3.根据检测目录得到主震前33天内的b值为1.04±0.18,余震的b值在震后5天内由0.5左右逐渐上升至0.9附近并保持稳定;根据2009年到主震发生前的台网目录得到该区域的背景b值为0.93±0.04.即鲁甸地震前后区域地震活动b值均与背景b值接近,这与典型水库诱发的中强震具有的b值特征不相符.同时通过进一步分析台网目录,未发现溪洛渡水库蓄水前后研究区域内的地震活动性存在明显变化,这也与典型水库诱发地震区域的地震活动性特征不相符.综合以上结果,我们认为2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震不具有典型水库诱发地震的特征.

     

Seismic damage to structures in the M_s6.5 Ludian earthquake

On 3 August 2014,the Ludian earthquake struck northwest Yunnan Province with a surface wave magnitude of 6.5.This moderate earthquake unexpectedly caused high fatalities and great economic loss.Four strong motion stations were located in the areas with intensity V,VI,VII and IX,near the epicentre.The characteristics of the ground motion are discussed herein,including 1)ground motion was strong at a period of less than 1.4 s,which covered the natural vibration period of a large number of structures;and 2)the release energy was concentrated geographically.Based on materials collected during emergency building inspections,the damage patterns of adobe,masonry,timber frame and reinforced concrete(RC)frame structures in areas with different intensities are summarised.Earthquake damage matrices of local buildings are also given for fragility evaluation and earthquake damage prediction.It is found that the collapse ratios of RC frame and confined masonry structures based on the new design code are significantly lower than non-seismic buildings.However,the RC frame structures still failed to achieve the ‘strong column,weak beam' design target.Traditional timber frame structures with a light infill wall showed good aseismic performance.     

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸6.5级地震序列破裂过程研究

本文利用主地震相对定位法,对2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震序列中的8月3日—9月30日地震进行了重新定位,借助于时空图像分析方法,对本次地震破裂过程进行了分析,得到如下结果:(1)2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震主要沿NW向破裂,存在沿NE向破裂的成分,但是NE向破裂并不明显;(2)地震破裂时,主要从主震震中处往ES方向传播,破裂带长度大约为10km,破裂面近乎直立;(3)余震活动主要集中于主震上方区域,震源深度大于主震的余震稀少.根据上述结果,结合当地的地震构造情况和本次地震的震源机制解,分析表明,本次地震的破裂面为NW向,其发震断层为包谷垴—小河断裂的可能性很大.