Use of shredded tyre waste in improving the geotechnical properties of expansive black cotton soil

In recent years, geotechnical engineers are using tyre waste to alter the properties of soil for providing sustainable solutions to complex engineering problems. It is noted that black cotton soil, which is expansive in nature, covers a major portion of the Indian sub-continent, such as the Deccan plateau, Malwa plateau and a portion of Gujarat and poses challenging problems to infrastructural development in the region. In the present study, authors have characterised the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, which is partially replaced with 4.75 mm passing – 2 mm retained (coarse fraction) and 2.0 mm passing - 75 micron retained (fine fraction) shredded tyre waste. The results of the experimental studies clearly show that partial replacement of black cotton soil with shredded tyre waste alters the geotechnical properties favourable to engineering applications and greatly reduces the swelling potential of the black cotton soil. It is noted that instead of fine fraction (2.0–0.075 mm), replacement with coarse fraction (4.75–2.00 mm) of shredded tyre waste can better be used for light weight fill behind the retaining walls as well as for embankment construction as it helps in reducing swelling pressure as well as improving the strength properties.     

Studies on the determination of shear wave velocity in sands

Laboratory investigations such as resonant column, cyclic triaxial, and torsional shear tests are usually conducted on undisturbed and reconstituted sand samples in order to determine their shear modulus, which can be used to compute shear wave velocity. However, these methods are extremely cumbersome and indirect, they employ cost-intensive instrumentation, and they require trained manpower. These problems can be overcome by using bender elements, which yield the shear wave velocity of sands directly, easily, and quite rapidly. In this context, efforts made by earlier researchers in developing empirical relationships (based on bender elements and resonant column techniques) which can be employed to compute shear wave velocity in sands are worth consideration. Although these relationships take into account parameters like effective stress and void ratio, they do not directly incorporate fundamental characteristics of sands such as their state (i.e. dry or saturated) and the particle size. Thus a generalized relationship, which can be used to compute shear wave velocity in sands in either the dry or saturated state, has been developed. Experiments were conducted on samples of sand and glass beads of different sizes and the results were used to demonstrate the utility and efficiency of the relationship. Details of the methodology developed for this purpose are also presented in this paper.     

岩土工程勘察中桩基参数的综合取值方法

桩基础勘察中采用综合取值法提供的各土层的桩侧极限摩阻力和桩端极限端阻力,在单桩竖向极限承载力静载荷破坏性试验检测中得到验证,用该方法提供的桩基参数能够满足设计对单桩承载力特征值的要求。从工程桩破坏性试验的角度再次对该方法提供的桩基参数进行论证,采用反向对比计算,结果表明这种取值方法提供的桩基参数较为接近土层的真实应力状态。     

The artificial neural network as a tool for assessing geotechnical properties

Geotechnical properties are controlled by factors such as mineralogy, fabric and pore water: dynamic properties which can change in response to the environment and human intervention. Their interactions are difficult to establish by statistical methods alone due to their interdependence. Based on the application of an artificial neural network, a methodology has been developed for predicting geotechnical properties utilising their Relative Strength of Effect (RSE) and Potential Relative Strength of Effect (PRSE). The PRSE reveals the trend in the neighbourhood of the focus point and has been found to be less sensitive to any noise existing within the data set. An application is illustrated using sandstone data published by Hawkins and McConnel (1991) whereby the possible influence of petrological characteristics on their geotechnical properties has been assessed.     

Effect of Arching on Uplift Capacity of Single Piles

An analytical method has been proposed to predict the ultimate uplift capacity of single vertical piles embedded in sand considering arching effect. The present analysis takes into consideration of various pile and soil parameters such as length (L), diameter (d) of the pile, angle of internal friction of soil (ϕ), soil pile friction angle (δ) and unit weight of soil (γ). A modified value of coefficient of lateral earth pressure in uplift has been developed considering the arching effect of soil. A comparative assessment of the uplift capacity of piles predicted by using proposed theory and the existing available theories is made with the existing field and model test results. It has been observed that the present model considering the arching effect predicts the results closer.     

武汉地区一级阶地黏性土电阻率试验研究

通过电阻率原位测试和室内土工试验,研究黏性土电阻率特性及电阻率与岩土参数的相互关系。在武汉市轨道交通7号线勘察过程中,沿轨道走向,在长江一级阶地共布置完成电阻率测井22组,并于测井位置采取原状土样进行常规土工试验、无侧限抗压试验、直剪快剪试验及三轴UU试验。通过研究发现:黏性土电阻率随含水量及孔隙比的增加而增加,随无侧限抗压强度增加而减小。根据黏性土三轴UU试验结果,其电阻率随黏聚力、内摩擦角的增加而减小。通过拟合,给出了黏性土电阻率与岩土参数间的经验公式,其相关性显著。     

岩土工程试验成果的自检与审核问题探讨

本文重点阐述了岩土工程勘察中的土工试验样品测试至取得成果中的自检和审核内容,对审查项目的求实起到了很好的引导作用。     

地下水对岩土工程的危害及预防

地下水问题在工程勘察设计和施工过程中,始终是一个极为重要而又易于被忽视的问题。本文提出了地下水的危害及其解决措施,为工程设计和施工提供必要的水文地质资料,以消除或减少地下水对岩土工程的危害。     

The geotechnical properties and behaviour of a pro-glacial lake clay, and its cementitious stabilization

The Tees Laminated Clay forms a continuous deposit around the Tees estuary in north east England and was deposited in a proglacial lake which occupied the Teesside area during late Devensian times, disappearing about 13 000 years ago. It overlies till, with which it has a sharp contact and reaches a maximum thickness in parts of central Middlesbrough of just over 9 m. The laminations consist of alternating thin layers of clay and silt, and represent seasonal increments of sediment. Kaolinite and illite, with lesser amounts of chlorite, dominate the mineral composition. Quartz tends to account for less than 35%. The notable carbonate content may be diagenetic in origin. The birefringence ratio of the clay minerals indicates a medium degree of particle orientation which suggests a partially flocculated fabric.This laminated clay has a high plasticity. However, the liquid and plastic limits of the silty layers differ significantly from those of the clay layers or the bulk samples. The clay fraction has a greater influence on these limits than the silty fraction. In addition, the linear shrinkage, liquidity indices and consistency indices of the silty layers differ appreciably from those of the clay layers and the bulk samples. The laminated clay is inactive. The orientation of the laminations in relation to the direction of maximum principal stress influences the shear strength, the lowest strengths being developed when these orientations are between 30° and 60°. The stress paths, anisotropic ratios and values of Af indicate that the Tees Laminated Clay is normally consolidated or lightly overconsolidated. The McLamore–Gray concept possibly can be applied to the anisotropic strength behaviour.Tees Laminated Clay can give rise to problems during construction operations since it can lose strength significantly on remoulding. Accordingly, these soils were treated with cementitious materials to determine the extent to which their engineering behaviour was enhanced by the addition of such materials. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

图像测量技术在岩土工程CT图像定量分析中的应用

首先对计算机层析成像技术(CT技术)原理进行了简单的介绍,基于图形图像处理技术,引入了数学形态学中图像平移、反射、腐蚀、膨胀等运算方法,基于定义的兴趣域边界提取算法和形状因子实现了其几何测量和空间描述,定量分析了CT图像兴趣域的空间物理特性.该方法异于以往数学建模的思路,而是借用数学形态学中空间几何描述的思想,以实现对岩土体中的天然缺陷及其演化过程进行合理刻画.该项工作对于推动岩土工程CT图像定量化描述具有一定意义.     

冻结粉土的动强度特性及其破坏准则

在恒应变速率增长的等应变幅动力模式下，冻结粉动哟度最初随静有效正应力增大而增加；在后者为７－８ＭＰａ时，动强度达到峰值；以后随着静有效正应力继续增大，动强度趋于减小。不同应变速率下的动强度包络线呈现相似形式，服从抛物线破坏准则，研究中引进当量动内摩擦角ψｃ的和当量动内摩擦系数为ｔｇψｃ概念，从而使抛物线破坏准则方程与线性破坏方程在形式趋于一致。当量动内摩擦角ψｃ是一个动态变量，除取决于静有效正应力     

原状土的抗剪强度研究

为了研究土的现场原位与室内试验抗剪强度指标的关系,根据饱和土固结理论,土的固结过程就是在某一压力作用下有效应力增大、孔隙水压力消散的过程。因此,随着有效应力增大土的孔隙比减小,而土的抗剪强度增大,土的压缩曲线与土的抗剪强度线之间有一一对应关系,从土的现场原位和室内压缩曲线出发,研究了加、卸载过程中土的抗剪强度的变化规律,然后根据土的卸载抗剪强度的计算方法推导出土的黏聚力和土的内摩擦角两者之间的相互关系,最后分析得到了原状土抗剪强度的计算方法     

Uplift capacity of single piles: predictions and performance

The paper pertains to the development of a simple semi-empirical model for predicting the uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand. Various pile and soil parameters such as length (L), diameter (d) of the pile and angle of friction (ϕ), soil–pile friction angle (δ) and unit weight (γ) of the soil which have direct influence on the uplift capacity of the pile are incorporated in the analysis. A comparative assessment of the ultimate uplift capacity of piles predicted by using the proposed theory and some of the available theories are made with respect to each other and with reference to the measured values obtained from model tests in the laboratory. For this purpose experimental data have been collected from the literature and also from model tests conducted as a part of the present investigation. The study shows the proposed model has an excellent potential in predicting the uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand that are consistent with model pile test results.     

A study on the limit void ratio characteristics of medium to fine mixed graded sands

The minimum and maximum void ratios, corresponding to states of densest and loosest packing, of 111 systematically prepared mixed graded sand samples are determined with Method 2A and Method B according to ASTM D 4253 and ASTM D 4254 standards, respectively. Although, those standards are applicable to soils that may contain up to at most 15% fines content, for the harmony of the results even for samples having fines content greater 15%, no other methods are used throughout the experimental program. The test results show that 3rd degree polynomial equations derived from existing experimental data, as a function of packing material percentage, are quite reasonable (R² ≈ 1.0) to estimate the variation of minimum and maximum void ratios for the sands considered. Furthermore, error analysis of the limit void ratios is also carried out. It is found that predictability of maximum void ratio for the soil types and gradations considered is more accurate than that of minimum void ratio.     

中主应力对饱和松砂不排水单调剪切特性的影响

利用土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪,针对相对密度为30 %的福建标准砂,在不排水条件下控制主应力方向、中主应力系数、平均主应力保持不变,进行了单调剪切试验。以此着重探讨了中主应力系数对相变有效内摩擦角、峰值有效内摩擦角及有效应力路径的影响。研究表明,中主应力系数对在不排水单调剪切条件下饱和松砂的强度参数具有显著的影响,而对有效应力路径及应力-应变关系发展模式影响较小。基于广义双剪强度准则,从理论上探讨了土的强度参数对于中主应力的依赖性,并与试验结果进行了对比。     

A one-dimensional integral approach to calculating the failure probability of geotechnical engineering structures

This study focuses on the geotechnical engineering structures with implicit or unknown expressions of performance functions. A one-dimensional integral approach (ODIA) consisting of sampling, evaluation of statistical moments for multivariable functions, probability density function fitting, and simple integration of failure probability was developed through system integration. A convergence study of an illustrative example was conducted, and the error analysis revealed that the accuracy of ODIA is equivalent to that of the second-order reliability method. Applications of ODIA to a slope and surrounding rock of an excavation were presented to further confirm the accuracy, efficiency, and practicability of the approach.     

金乐滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数分析与确定

滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数是滑坡稳定性分析和治理工程设计的最基本、最重要参数,它的大小及其变化直接影响到滑坡稳定性的计算,并由此得到不同的结果和涉及到治理措施的有效性。通过室内试验、滑带土现场原位大剪试验、反分析值及相似滑坡类比法综合确定三峡库区金乐滑坡滑带土的抗剪强度参数,指出该滑坡滑带土抗剪强度参数的确定和分析应采用多种方法,才可获得合理可行的结果。     

Shear strength characterization of municipal solid waste at the Suzhou landfill, China

The current practice of slope stability analysis for a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill usually overlooks the dependence of waste properties on the fill age or embedment depth. Changes in shear strength of MSW as a function of fill age were investigated by performing field and laboratory studies on the Suzhou landfill in China. The field study included sampling from five boreholes advanced to the bottom of the landfill, cone penetration tests and monitoring of pore fluid pressures. Twenty-six borehole samples representative of different fill ages (0 to 13 years) were used to perform drained triaxial compression tests. The field and laboratory study showed that the waste body in the landfill can be sub-divided into several strata corresponding to different ranges of fill age. Each of the waste strata has individual composition and shear strength characteristics. The triaxial test results showed that the MSW samples exhibited a strain-hardening and contractive behavior. As the fill age of the waste increased from 1.7 years to 11 years, the cohesion mobilized at a strain level of 10% was found to decrease from 23.3 kPa to 0 kPa, and the mobilized friction angle at the same strain level increasing from 9.9° to 26°. For a confinement stress level greater than 50 kPa, the shear strength of the recently-placed MSW seemed to be lower than that of the older MSW. This behavior was consistent with the cone penetration test results. The field measurement of pore pressures revealed a perched leachate mound above an intermediate cover of soils and a substantial leachate mound near the bottom of the landfill. The measurements of shear strength properties and pore pressures were utilized to assess the slope stability of the Suzhou landfill.     

膨胀土裂隙的工程特性研究

裂隙是膨胀土的重要特征之一,长期以来,人们常常把分布于膨胀土大气影响深度范围内受干湿循环影响而产生的干缩裂隙与膨胀土地层中特有的原生裂隙混为一谈。在对膨胀土边坡失稳机制的研究中,也忽视了原生裂隙对边坡稳定的重要影响。为研究南水北调中线工程膨胀土地段渠道破坏机制,在河南省南阳市郊建设了一条长为2.05 km试验渠道,通过渠道开挖期间的地质勘察、现场观测和取样试验,以及对现场滑坡体的取样分析,研究了膨胀土裂隙及周边土体的物质成分、密度、含水率和强度特性,结合现场观测资料分析了裂隙与渠道滑坡的关系。研究表明,膨胀土地层中的原生裂隙有两种类型：光滑蜡状裂隙和有一定厚度充填黏土的裂隙。裂隙面上的物质成分与两侧土略有不同,且天然密度低、含水率高,强度远低于相邻土体的强度,一旦地层与边坡倾向一致,将产生沿裂隙面的滑动。