多尺度孔隙岩石的核磁共振扩散耦合现象及其探测方法

油藏岩石的孔隙连通性是反映流体渗流难易程度的重要参数,对渗透率、有效孔隙度等岩石物理参数的评价具有重要作用.连通的孔隙中,核磁共振(NMR)弛豫的交换会产生扩散耦合现象,可作为孔隙连通性的表征和探测方法.本文提出利用横向弛豫T 2-T 2脉冲序列测量岩石的扩散耦合现象.运用随机游走方法模拟多孔岩石的核磁共振响应特征,分析扩散耦合的影响因素,推导表征扩散耦合强度的弛豫交换速率计算公式.结果表明:孔隙间的扩散耦合强度与T 2-T 2脉冲序列的混合时间呈正相关性,基于双孔弛豫交换模型推导的弛豫交换速率计算公式能够准确表征双尺度孔隙系统的扩散耦合强度.在孔隙尺寸不满足快扩散条件时,会出现与扩散耦合无关的非对角峰信号.针对含多类型孔隙的碳酸盐岩模型,随混合时间的增加,扩散耦合强度变大,一维T 2谱的形态畸变程度加重,在T 2-T 2二维谱中,代表微裂缝、粒间小孔、溶蚀大孔的信号能量变化趋势不同,反映不同类型孔隙间的连通性存在差异.本文的分析与讨论丰富了核磁共振弛豫在岩石物理性质评价中的应用方向,对利用核磁共振评价复杂孔隙岩石的孔隙结构和连通性提供了新思路和新方法.     

火成岩核磁共振数值模拟与影响因素分析

核磁共振(NMR)在储层孔隙结构评价和孔隙度计算方面具有明显的优势,但是在某些火成岩地层核磁共振孔隙度比实际孔隙度偏低,这就限制了核磁共振测井在该类储层的应用.针对这一问题,首先开展了核磁共振的弛豫机理研究,从理论上分析了磁化率引起的附加内部磁场梯度是核磁共振孔隙度偏小的主要原因.然后,模拟了不同磁化率、含不同流体岩石以及不同回波间隔的核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)分布,分析了磁化率对核磁共振孔隙度的影响.模拟结果表明,对同一流体的孔隙模型来说,磁化率越大,其引起的扩散弛豫在总弛豫中的比重越大,T2分布前移也越明显,计算的孔隙度就越小.此外,岩心实验也证明磁化率核磁共振的影响较大.此项研究剖析了火成岩核磁共振影响因素,为该类储层的核磁共振测井解释提供了依据.     

孔隙介质核磁共振弛豫测量多指数反演影响因素研究

孔隙介质核磁共振（NMR）弛豫信号的多指数反演在NMR岩芯分析与测井解释中起着关键作用.为了在不同信噪比条件下快速反演出高分辨率的弛豫时间谱,本文利用NMR正演模拟信号以及实验室NMR岩芯分析数据,研究横向弛豫时间布点数、原始回波采集个数、时间域数据压缩方式等对反演结果的影响.同时,在不同信噪比（SNR）下对不同的反演算法(SVD、BRD、SIRT)进行比较,考察反演算法对信噪比的敏感程度,并讨论了相应的校正方法.另外,还分析了信噪比对长、短弛豫组分的影响.研究表明在充分采集有用回波的情况下,减少回波个数,反演得到的弛豫时间谱趋向发散;增加布点数可以提高分辨率,但是需要更多的计算时间;时间域数据压缩可以加快反演计算速度;不同算法对信噪比的敏感程度不同,发展相应的校正方法可以提高反演质量.     

致密油储层核磁共振测井响应机理研究

中国西部某盆地致密油储层孔隙结构差,而核磁共振测井T2谱宽,其复杂的核磁测井响应认识不清,且响应机理也不明确.本文基于致密油储层的特性,通过对三组岩样不同系列的实验测量,包括核磁共振、毛管压力曲线、X衍射矿物分析和润湿性实验,主要研究了碳酸盐岩矿物含量对T2谱的影响和由润湿性引起的T2弛豫机制.根据实验结果分析和讨论,明确了致密油岩石核磁共振响应的影响因素及孔隙流体的弛豫机制.综合分析认为,所述的核磁测井响应特征是由两方面因素综合作用的结果,一是水的T2信号主要取决于表面弛豫,低表面弛豫率的碳酸盐岩矿物导致水的T2信号的长弛豫分量增多;二是由于岩石亲油孔隙表面的存在且其弛豫率低于亲水孔隙表面的弛豫率,使得油的T2信号由表面弛豫和体弛豫贡献.     

油水双相饱和孔隙模型核磁特性理论研究

利用特征函数展开方法，给出了基于扩散效应的核磁共振Bloch控制方程的弛豫模式解表达式, 在此基础上分别给出了水饱和与油水双相饱和孔隙模型的核磁共振特性模拟结果. 结果表明，孔隙流体的核磁弛豫与孔隙大小、孔隙表面弛豫率、孔隙流体的扩散能力以及含油饱和度等有密切的关系. 对于水饱和孔隙，弛豫时间主要由孔隙大小控制. 当孔隙较大时，即使均匀大小孔隙，孔隙流体的弛豫也会表现为多指数弛豫. 而且最小模式弛豫时间与孔隙大小为非线性关系. 对于油水双相饱和孔隙，在孔隙较小时，含油饱和度对弛豫的影响主要表现在弛豫时间随含油饱和度的增加而线性减小；但在孔隙较大时，含油饱和度的增加对弛豫影响表现在两个方面，其一，孔隙水弛豫由多个弛豫模式控制逐渐转变为由最小弛豫模式控制；其二，孔隙水弛豫时间与含油饱和度表现为非线性关系. 对由实际岩芯抽象出的孔隙模型，采用本文获得的理论公式，在油水双相饱和时进行了正反演模拟. 计算结果与已有的实验结果较为一致.     

温度对流体及其在孔隙介质中核磁共振弛豫影响研究进展

研究温度如何影响流体以及在孔隙介质中的弛豫时间对准确利用井下高温核磁共振数据进行原油黏度评价、储层物性评价等十分必要．对于自由状态液体,在不含顺磁性物质时其弛豫机制主要来自于分子内核自旋间的偶极-偶极相互作用,本文概述了由这种相互作用导出的自由流体弛豫BPP理论,总结归纳了依据BPP理论建立的原油弛豫时间与黏度、温度相关的经验模型;当原油中含有沥青时,由于沥青基团内包含顺磁离子,弛豫机制发生转变,基于此本文分析了含沥青原油弛豫机理以及核磁共振随温度变化的响应特征．在表面含微量顺磁离子的孔隙介质中,表面弛豫一般主导核磁共振响应,本文详细介绍了表面弛豫理论发展历程以及各类理论在温度影响表面弛豫方面给出的不同观点,特别是基于Korb模型具体分析了不同类型流体在玻璃珠表面弛豫时间具有不同温度特性的原因．此外对于具有多种造岩矿物和复杂孔隙结构的岩石孔隙,弛豫受温度影响机制复杂,本文概述了岩石孔隙流体弛豫时间受温度影响的实验探索进展并指明其中存在的问题,展望了未来的发展方向．     

砂岩核磁共振响应模拟及受限扩散

本文运用随机游走方法模拟了砂岩储层中流体的核磁共振(NMR)响应及其受限扩散现象.通过改变数字岩心的分辨率模拟生成不同孔隙尺寸的砂岩,研究了不同孔隙尺寸砂岩饱含水时流体扩散系数随扩散时间的变化关系,同时模拟了砂岩饱和单相流体和两相流体的NMR响应;研究了流体的受限扩散系数与横向弛豫时间T2的关系,分析了表面弛豫率和胶结指数对润湿相流体受限扩散系数线位置的影响,并将其用于解释砂岩储层的D-T2分布.结果表明:孔隙流体的扩散系数会随扩散时间的增加而逐渐减小并趋于定值.随着岩石孔隙尺寸的减小,受限扩散现象越明显,受限扩散对岩石NMR响应的影响也越大.润湿相流体受限扩散系数线的位置受岩石胶结指数和表面弛豫率的影响较大.由于润湿相流体扩散系数减小,导致D-T2分布中润湿相流体信号偏离其自由扩散系数线,需要利用流体的受限扩散系数线准确识别D-T2分布中的润湿相流体.     

核磁共振T2分布评价岩石孔径分布的改进方法

岩芯核磁共振（NMR）T2分布和毛管压力分析数据均在一定程度上反映了岩石的孔隙结构,理论分析表明,这两组数据具有相关性.应用NMR T2分布研究岩石孔径分布，关键是在分析两者的相关性的基础上，从T2分布构造出可靠的毛管压力曲线.但以前用饱和水T2分布构造的毛管压力曲线的方法与实际毛管压力曲线匹配性差.事实上，薄膜束缚水部分的存在引起T2分布反映的孔隙空间与毛管压力曲线反映的孔隙空间有差异.本文提出一种改进方法，在消除薄膜束缚水对T2分布的贡献后，用自由水T2分布构造毛管压力曲线.应用本文方法,对24块岩芯数据自由水T2分布构造的毛管力曲线及其孔喉半径分布与隔板毛管压力分析结果进行了对比.结果表明，改进方法对于毛管压力曲线的构造精度有明显改进，从而为NMR T2分布研究孔隙结构提供了可靠的理论和方法上的支持.     

基于微CT技术的砂岩数字岩石物理实验

数字岩石物理技术可弥补传统岩石物理实验的诸多不足,为岩石物理学研究提供一个新平台.本文以常规砂岩为研究对象,利用微CT扫描结合先进的图像处理技术建立了具有真实孔隙结构特征的三维数字岩芯模型;应用Avizo软件内含的多种形态学算法进行数字岩芯孔隙结构量化及表征研究,统计获取了孔隙度、孔隙体积分布及孔径分布特征,建立了等价孔隙网络模型;将Avizo与多场耦合有限元软件Comsol完美对接,实现了孔隙尺度的渗流模拟并计算获得绝对渗透率,对于考虑固相充填孔隙的情况,模拟计算了岩石有效弹性参数,并与近似Gassmann方程良好验证.本文所提出的将Avizo与Comsol结合使用的方法丰富了现有的数字岩石物理研究手段,为其大规模发展提供了一条新途径.     

用孔隙、裂隙介质弹性波理论反演岩石孔隙分布特征

"孔隙、裂隙介质的弹性波动理论"描述了介质中孔隙与裂隙相互作用的弹性波特征,已被广泛用来模拟和解释实际岩石的声学性质.本文将该理论进一步扩展,用以描述孔隙与多形态裂隙体系的相互作用.扩展理论的一个重要应用是模拟实验室流体饱和岩石在压力加载条件下的弹性波速数据,利用不同形态的裂隙在压力作用下产生的波速变化来反演裂隙的纵横比分布谱.对高孔渗砂岩、致密砂岩和花岗岩岩芯数据的反演结果清晰地反映了不同岩性的岩石中裂隙的纵横比分布特征,且与这些岩芯的扫描电镜分析结果一致.本文的研究不仅为扩展理论提供了实验验证,而且给出了一种分析岩石孔隙结构特征的有效方法.     

基于等效介质理论的孔隙纵横比分布反演

孔隙纵横比是描述多孔岩石微观孔隙结构特征的重要参数,目前用于获取岩石完整孔隙纵横比分布的经典模型为David-Zimmerman(D-Z)孔隙结构模型,该模型假设岩石由固体矿物基质、一组纵横比相等的硬孔隙以及多组纵横比不等的微裂隙构成,并认为固体矿物基质和硬孔隙均不受压力影响,在此基础上,利用超声纵横波速度的压力依赖性反演岩石硬孔隙和各组微裂隙的孔隙纵横比及孔隙度.该方法的关键点在于以累积裂隙密度为桥梁,借助等效介质理论建立了岩石弹性模量和孔隙纵横比之间的内在联系.但在D-Z模型中,多重孔隙岩石累积裂隙密度的计算直接由单重孔隙裂隙密度公式实现,这种近似导致该模型在许多情况下难以获得良好的反演精度.为了完善经典D-Z模型,本文提出了一种基于虚拟降压的孔隙纵横比分布反演策略,通过多个假想降压过程实现累积裂隙密度的准确计算,并将基于DEM和MT的经典D-Z模型推广到KT和SCA中,结合四种等效介质理论建立了一套完整的反演流程.采用一系列砂岩和碳酸盐岩样品,测试了反演流程在实际岩芯孔隙纵横比提取中的应用效果,研究结果表明:与D-Z模型相比,本文方法的模拟结果与实际数据吻合更好,并同时适用于砂岩和碳酸盐岩;此外,通过分析四种等效介质理论的模拟结果发现,本文方法并不十分依赖于等效介质理论的选择,这些理论获得的孔隙结构参数随压力的变化趋势基本一致,数值上仅存在略微差异,且这种差异随着压力的增大逐渐消失.本文方法是经典D-Z孔隙结构模型的重要补充,对岩石孔隙结构表征、流体饱和岩石速度预测以及孔间喷射流效应的模拟具有十分重要的意义.     

岩石物理岩石孔喉结构特征对核磁T2谱影响的数值模拟

We built a three-dimensional irregular network model which can adequately describe reservoir rock pore-throat structures. We carried out numerical simulations to study the NMR T2 distribution of water-saturated rocks. The results indicate that there is a good correlation between T2 distribution and the pore radius frequency histogram. The total T2 distribution can be partitioned into pore body and pore throat parts. The effect of parameters including throat radius, pore-throat ratio, and coordination number of the micro- pore structure on the T2 distribution can be evaluated individually. The result indicates that： 1 ） with the increase of the pore throat radius, the T2 distribution moves toward longer relaxation times and its peak intensity increases; 2） with the increase of the pore-throat ratio, the T2 distribution moves towards longer T2 with the peak intensity increasing and the overlap between pore body T2 and pore throat T2 decreasing; 3） With the increase of connectivity, the short T2 component increases and peak signal intensity decreases slightly.     

Quantitative geophysical pore‐type characterization and its geological implication in carbonate reservoirs

This paper discusses and addresses two questions in carbonate reservoir characterization: how to characterize pore‐type distribution quantitatively from well observations and seismic data based on geologic understanding of the reservoir and what geological implications stand behind the pore‐type distribution in carbonate reservoirs. To answer these questions, three geophysical pore types (reference pores, stiff pores and cracks) are defined to represent the average elastic effective properties of complex pore structures. The variability of elastic properties in carbonates can be quantified using a rock physics scheme associated with different volume fractions of geophysical pore types. We also explore the likely geological processes in carbonates based on the proposed rock physics template. The pore‐type inversion result from well log data fits well with the pore geometry revealed by a FMI log and core information. Furthermore, the S‐wave prediction based on the pore‐type inversion result also shows better agreement than the Greensberg‐Castagna relationship, suggesting the potential of this rock physics scheme to characterize the porosity heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. We also apply an inversion technique to quantitatively map the geophysical pore‐type distribution from a 2D seismic data set in a carbonate reservoir offshore Brazil. The spatial distributions of the geophysical pore type contain clues about the geological history that overprinted these rocks. Therefore, we analyse how the likely geological processes redistribute pore space of the reservoir rock from the initial depositional porosity and in turn how they impact the reservoir quality.     

岩石孔喉结构特征对核磁T_2谱影响的数值模拟(英文)

本文建立了能够考虑孔喉特征的储层岩石三维非规整网络模型,用数值模拟方法进一步研究饱含水岩样的核磁T_2谱特征。通过模拟储层岩石孔喉核磁共振T_2谱的特征,表明核磁共振T_2谱同岩心孔喉半径分布具有很好的相似性,对T_2谱中孔隙体、喉道信号的分解可以评价储层岩石孔隙体、喉道的半径大小及分布情况。分别模拟喉道半径、孔喉比以及孔隙连通性等孔隙结构特征对T_2谱的影响,发现:1.随着喉道半径的增大,T_2谱峰值向右移动,而且峰值处的驰豫信号强度增大;2.随着孔喉比的增大,T_2谱峰值向右移动,峰值处的驰豫信号强度增大,而且孔隙体T_2谱和喉道T_2谱逐渐分开;3.随着连通性的增大,曲线左端上升,短驰豫时间信号所占比列增大,右边的峰值有所降低。     

Theoretical Mechanism and Application of Sphere–Cylinder Model in NMR for Oil–Water Porous Media

NMR is a unique logging tool that measures porosity, permeability, fluid components and wettability. It also shows different responses from rocks due to different pore-sizes in reservoirs; this gives opportunities to carry out a further study for pore structures and pore sharps in complicated reservoirs. The theoretical mechanism in NMR used for pore structure study currently is based on the Brownstein and Tarr theory (Phys Rev 19:2446–2453, 1979), but it shows that the pore structures are not sensitive to the connectivity of pores. In order to overcome this, we are proposing a theoretical approach called the Sphere–Cylinder Model to conduct NMR relaxation theories. In addition, a procedure for different pores has been discussed for porous media that is saturated by an oil–water phase. Consequently, considerations for the NMR relaxations for the water and oil phase have been taken into account in our model. The Sphere–Cylinder model has been used based on an NMR log in one of the gas fields in southwest China and shows satisfactory results.     

Improved Interpretation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance T1 and T2 Distributions for Permeability Prediction: Simulation of Diffusion Coupling for a Fractal Cluster of Pores

NMR relaxometry is a powerful tool for inferring porosity and permeability data. In practice, measured magnetization decay curves are inverted for relaxation time distributions. Subsequently, one presumes a linear relationship between the pore radius distribution and the T ₁ and T ₂ distribution, for longitudinal and transverse magnetization, respectively. The fundamental equations used are based on a pore model, in which pores are assumed to be isolated from each other with respect to the NMR process and have smooth walls. The present study is based on a geometrical pore space model with connected pores and structured pore walls. The physical processes of surface relaxation, irreversible dephasing of magnetic spins and diffusive proton exchange between pores, are described by a system of differential equations. The solution yields a set of exponential functions representing the relaxation time distribution. We describe the difference between the distributions obtained for diffusion coupling and for isolated pores. With diffusion coupling on, the spectral width of the T ₁ distribution is strongly reduced, which indicates that the influence of large and small radii according to the T ₁-pore radius relationship is mixed to some extent. For a fractal pore space structure, where large pores are surrounded by adjacent minor pores, the T ₁ distribution does not resolve these substructures. Nevertheless, permeability values calculated from the logarithmic mean relaxation time T _1,LM are quite the same for diffusion coupling and for isolated pores. The T ₂ distribution for diffusion coupling is little constricted and gives a better resolution of the pore wall structures than the corresponding T ₁ distribution. The permeability values from T ₂ distributions agree with the values from longitudinal magnetization, provided that we use a corrected relaxation time T _2,corr, accounting for the dependence of the surface relaxivity ρ ₂ on pore radius. The study shows that radius distributions calculated from a T ₁ and from a T ₂ distribution differ from one another and both present an altered image of the true pore radius distribution. In practice, this has no serious influence on estimating permeability of medium- to high-permeability sandstones with the currently applied methods. The presented methodology of calculating the NMR response of pore space models with diffusion coupling may facilitate understanding porosity-permeability relationships of different rock types such as carbonate rocks with micro-porosity.     

Pore size distributions and hydraulic conductivities of rocks derived from Magnetic Resonance Sounding relaxation data using multi-exponential decay time inversion

In hydrogeology there is a variety of empirical formulae available for determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media, all based on the analysis of grain size distributions of aquifer materials. Sensitivity of NMR measurements to pore sizes makes it a good indicator of hydraulic conductivity. Analogous to laboratory NMR, Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) relaxation data are of a multi-exponential (ME) nature due to the distribution of different pore sizes in an investigated rock layer. ME relaxation behaviour will also arise due to the superposition of NMR signals which originate from different layers. It has been shown, that both kinds of ME behaviour coexist in MRS and can principally be separated by ME inversion of the field data. Only a few publications exist that have proposed approaches to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate petrophysical parameters such as the hydraulic conductivity from MRS measurements, i.e. MRS porosity and decay times. The so far used relations for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity in hydrogeology and NMR experiments are compared and discussed with respect to their applicability in MRS. Taking into account results from a variety of laboratory NMR and MRS experiments mean rock specific calibration factors are introduced for a data-base-calibrated estimation of hydraulic conductivity when no on-site calibration of MRS is available. Field data have been analysed using conventional and ME inversion using such mean calibration values. The results for conventional and ME inversion agree with estimates obtained from well core analysis for shallow depths but are significantly improved using a ME inversion approach for greater depths.     

Pore size distributions and hydraulic conductivities of rocks derived from Magnetic Resonance Sounding relaxation data using multi-exponential decay time inversion

In hydrogeology there is a variety of empirical formulae available for determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media, all based on the analysis of grain size distributions of aquifer materials. Sensitivity of NMR measurements to pore sizes makes it a good indicator of hydraulic conductivity. Analogous to laboratory NMR, Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) relaxation data are of a multi-exponential (ME) nature due to the distribution of different pore sizes in an investigated rock layer. ME relaxation behaviour will also arise due to the superposition of NMR signals which originate from different layers. It has been shown, that both kinds of ME behaviour coexist in MRS and can principally be separated by ME inversion of the field data. Only a few publications exist that have proposed approaches to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate petrophysical parameters such as the hydraulic conductivity from MRS measurements, i.e. MRS porosity and decay times. The so far used relations for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity in hydrogeology and NMR experiments are compared and discussed with respect to their applicability in MRS. Taking into account results from a variety of laboratory NMR and MRS experiments mean rock specific calibration factors are introduced for a data-base-calibrated estimation of hydraulic conductivity when no on-site calibration of MRS is available. Field data have been analysed using conventional and ME inversion using such mean calibration values. The results for conventional and ME inversion agree with estimates obtained from well core analysis for shallow depths but are significantly improved using a ME inversion approach for greater depths.     

分层多指数磁共振弛豫信号反演方法研究

磁共振测深技术传统反演方法包括平滑反演和分块反演,通过分别获取初始振幅和平均弛豫时间构建地层含水量及有效孔隙度.然而,这些方法局限于单指数拟合方式,损失了大部分有效采集信息,受限于多孔地质环境解释,并在某些情况下无法刻画含水层清晰分界面.针对上述问题,本文建立了基于MRS全数据的多指数反演方法,依据全部采集时间下的有效信息,通过弛豫时间e指数分解,推导出新的磁共振正演核函数,结合泛函极小值方程,直接反演建立含水量,弛豫时间及地层深度三个重要参数关系,适用于复杂地质环境解释.为得到快速稳定的反演结果和更清晰的含水层分界面,本文借鉴分块反演思想,进一步构建了新的反演目标函数,利用基于不等式约束的空间信赖域算法进行优化,最终实现了一种基于分层反演与多指数结合的磁共振弛豫信号反演方法.模型数据以及实测算例表明该方法的效果和优势,并具备较高的计算效率,本研究为地面磁共振反演提供了一种新的思路与方法.