海域天然地震资料采集方法综述

天然地震探测是提取地球深部结构信息的最有效手段之一.而海域约占地表总面积的70%,所以对海域开展地震探测十分重要.但海域有水体覆盖,海底地貌条件复杂,导致海域天然地震资料采集难度非常大,探测程度远低于陆域.针对海域地震采集环境的特殊性,人们先后发展了不同类别的海域天然地震资料采集技术.本文对埋入式、沉底式和漂浮式等传统的和新兴的非常规海域天然地震采集方法、仪器技术参数及其所采集的地震信号质量进行了介绍.然后总结了不同采集方法的优缺点.总体来看,埋入式永久海底地震台网建设成本高,不适宜大规模部署;沉底式海底地震仪(OBS)投放成本低、效率高,适合于密集台阵部署;漂浮式海域潜标地震仪(MERMAID)可以在深海区域采集强震P波信号,对全海域三维成像探测具有独特优势;新兴的海底光缆地震仪对应变敏感,适宜于海啸预警.以上信息有助于推动天然地震探测技术在海域更广泛的应用.     

噪声环境下宽频带与短周期地震仪观测资料对比分析

短周期密集台阵观测是目前开展深浅部地球物理探测的一种低成本、高环保、高效率的地震学手段,目前处于蓬勃发展的重要阶段.为了对短周期地震仪的观测资料有一个全面认识,本文选择接近野外噪声的观测环境,对短周期和宽频带地震记录仪的观测资料进行了系统时频分析和对比.结果 表明:短周期地震仪虽存在仪器频带宽度的限制,但对于观测到的天然地震和背景噪声,在选择合适的滤波器条件下,其观测与宽频带地震仪有较好一致性.本文将两种仪器记录的远震波形进行了接收函数计算与分析对比,结果也表现出较好一致性.本文结果表明传统地震学探测地下结构的方法在合适的频带范围内也可应用于短周期密集台阵资料.该研究对于密集短周期台阵数据的应用具有一定参考价值.     

宽频带地震仪性能现场检测方法进展研究

宽频带地震仪具有采样信号频带宽、动态范围广及采样精度高的特点,常布设于野外流动地震台站中进行长时间的地震观测,利用宽频带地震仪及由其组成的观测系统进行科学研究已成为近年来的发展趋势．由于野外环境存在大量不确定因素,这些变化可能会导致宽频带地震仪性能改变,从而影响数据质量．现场检测作为地震仪器性能检测的一种方法,无需改变仪器的布设位置能够保证仪器采集的连续性,同时考虑野外现场因素的影响．因此,宽频带地震仪性能的现场检测也越来越受到国内外学者的重视．本文以野外宽频地震仪性能检测为研究方向,从仪器性能的影响因素、原位校准方法以及利用观测数据评估仪器性能这三个角度出发：（1）论述了布设位置及方式、温湿度及大气压力变化对仪器性能的影响;（2）介绍了仪器原位校准中的电测法和对比测量法;（3）总结了利用地震信号、地震背景噪声以及潮汐信号对宽频地震仪性能进行现场检测的方法．最后,本文对目前宽频地震仪性能检测方法存在的问题进行分析总结,并对其发展前景提出展望．     

阵列式光纤地震仪在西藏易贡湖地区的浅层探测实验研究

随着野外观测数据的累积和地震成像技术的发展,对地球内部结构的探测范围越来越大,精度越来越高.利用新的技术手段获得更多的观测数据,不仅填补了研究区观测数据的空白,还有助于提高地下结构的探测精度.利用光纤地震仪耐极端环境和易于布设等优势,本研究使用自主研发的阵列式光纤地震仪在西藏易贡湖地区进行野外试验,首次获得了青藏高原地区主动源和背景噪声的光纤地震数据(包含一条水下测线的数据).利用背景噪声成像手段得到了易贡湖岸近地表S波速度结构,但未获得湖底的速度结构.经分析认为,湖水的流动对架设于湖底的探头造成了干扰.本次试验初步验证了阵列式光纤地震仪在极端野外环境中(尤其是水下)进行数据采集的可行性,为未来在极端环境下的数据采集提供了新思路.     

地震背景噪声成像技术研究进展与展望

背景噪声成像技术是21世纪以来地震学研究最为重要的突破性进展之一.该方法不依赖于天然地震事件的发生,利用连续地震记录中普遍存在的"背景噪声",通过不同台站对间连续时间信号的互相关来提取经验格林函数并用以进行地下介质结构成像研究.与传统的天然源地震探测手段相比,背景噪声成像技术从随机场源信号中提取介质结构的信息,具有成像...     

短周期密集台阵被动源地震探测技术研究进展

近十年来,短周期密集台阵被动源探测技术日益成长为国内外深部结构探测领域的一项重要手段.该技术相较于传统宽频带地震探测具有高分辨、省时省钱、绿色环保等优点.尽管低频信号不足,对岩石圈地幔以深结构探测能力有限,但密集的台站间距使得地壳精细结构成像成为可能;台阵下方不同方位射线形成密集的交叉覆盖,从而可通过反演和叠加偏移等手段获取稳定的壳幔结构图像.因此,短周期密集台阵探测技术已广泛应用于深部速度和界面结构成像,以及矿产资源勘查、火山活动监测、微震精定位、发震断层的几何学和运动学特征研究等多种不同领域.本文系统的总结了短周期密集台阵在地壳结构研究和微震定位检测等方面的研究进展.展望未来,以科学问题为导向,利用天然地震及背景噪声观测、重力测量、InSAR数据、GPS测量等多种地球物理数据,开展联合反演和成像,并提取研究对象的多属性特征正日益成为减少解的非唯一性、揭示地质体真实赋存状态的有效途径;该领域方法技术的迅速提升有望大大促进地震学及地球动力学研究,在深部结构成像、矿产资源勘查等领域具有广阔应用前景.     

MC1微功耗宽频带数字地震仪

介绍了一种完全自主研发的新一代数字地震记录设备——MC1微功耗宽频带数字地震仪. 它的最大的特点是系统功耗小于300mW，体积小、重量轻、成本低廉，非常适合于天然地震的野外流动观测，也可应用在人工地震和工程地震等其他领域.     

背景噪声提取体波方法研究进展

地球深部结构探测是地球物理学的核心领域,而地震体波可以深入地球内部且分辨率较高,是研究地球内部结构不可或缺的技术手段。基于背景噪声提取高信噪比体波信号技术的迅速发展,极大地促进了地震学的发展和应用范围,使其在地球深部结构成像、城市浅层空间探测等领域日益发挥出重要作用。本文详细综述了如何利用地震干涉法及台阵处理技术提取出用于研究不同探测尺度（局部、区域、全球）的各类体波信号。其中,地震干涉法通过对地震台站记录到的波形信号进行互相关,抵消掉重合的射线路径,最后得到台站对之间的地震记录;而台阵处理方法是基于接收器台阵发展起来的数据处理手段,该技术不仅能够进一步提高信噪比（SNR）,而且能够获得方位信息。一般来讲,背景噪声中包含的体波信号能量远低于面波信号能量,提取难度大。本文着重介绍了Bin-叠加法、双波束方法（DBF）以及相位加权叠加法（PWS）,并对3种方法的适用条件进行了总结。      

大别苏鲁地区背景噪声成像与汶川地震科学钻探井孔附近微震定位

<正>1大别苏鲁地区背景噪声成像大别苏鲁造山带是中国东部最重要的构造之一。为了研究该地区的地壳上地幔结构,本文收集了国家数字地震台网和中国区域地震台网山东、河南、安徽、江苏和湖北5省151个宽频带地震台两年的连续三分量记录(2009年5月~2011年5月),采用背景噪声成像技术对该地区进行了成像。背景噪声成像是近年来发展起来的一种无源被动成像方法,将任意两     

背景噪声和密集台阵成像技术在哈尔乌素露天煤矿采空区的应用

未知煤矿采空区是煤矿安全生产的巨大隐患,探测煤矿采空区的位置和形态对于保障煤矿安全生产具有重要意义,因此煤矿采空区探测是煤矿安全生产的关键内容之一。目前采空区探测方法较多,但存在成本高、周期长、效率低等问题。近些年来随着密集台阵观测技术的快速发展,背景噪声成像分析在浅层结构探测方面也得到了广泛应用。本文采用基于节点地震仪密集台阵观测和背景噪声成像技术,在内蒙古哈尔乌素露天煤矿区附近布设的145个台站,台间距为16 m,开展为期10 d的连续观测,利用背景噪声成像技术对煤矿采空区进行成像分析。结果表明：(1)通过背景噪声、ESPAC等方法获得探测区的橫波速度结构,背景噪声探测方法可以较好地圈划出测区内的横波低速异常体;(2)根据横波低速区域分布特征获得采空区潜在位置,与钻孔验证揭示的采空区位置吻合较好,验证该方法勾画采空区的良好效果。相关成果显示,利用地表密集地震台阵观测开展背景噪声成像并结合ESPAC方法进行数据处理是进行露天矿采空区探测的一种经济、有效的手段,具有广泛的应用前景。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.