渭河盆地前新生界分布的物探特征及油气成藏条件分析

渭河盆地是新生代断陷盆地,由地质露头剖面及钻井揭示,盆地基底为太古界及元古界深变质岩系;沉积盖层以新生界为主,局部钻遇古生界地层,沉积岩最厚超过7000 m.以往油气勘探程度较低,以新生界新近系和古近系为目的层,但未获重大发现;对古生界分布及油气成藏条件的研究尤为薄弱,因而制约了渭河盆地的油气勘探.依据区域重力、航磁资料,结合近年完成的电法及地震勘探成果,划分出盆地内前新生界分布区域,初步确定在宝鸡-咸阳断裂以北地区存在古生界,并提出盆地北部斜坡地区古生界的油气成藏模式,以利于今后的油气勘探.     

柴达木盆地英西地区下干柴沟组上段构造裂缝的分布预测

柴达木盆地英西地区下干柴沟组上段碳酸盐岩储层普遍发育裂缝,裂缝是控制其油气高产的关键,但对区内构造裂缝的分布规律认识不清.以声发射测试获得的古构造应力大小和前人研究获得的古构造应力方向为约束条件,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,数值模拟恢复了研究区目的层在喜马拉雅晚期构造挤压背景下的构造应力大小的分布;依据岩石破裂准则计算了岩石破裂值,从而定量预测了研究区目的层构造裂缝的分布,并总结了其分布规律.结果表明,英西地区下干柴沟组上段水平最大主压应力主要分布于110～180 MPa,其展布由北东至南西方向呈逐渐增大的趋势;研究区内盐下层的水平最大主压应力值整体比盐间层高;差应力大小决定着构造裂缝的发育,在差应力为高值的断层附近裂缝发育程度高;构造裂缝的分布主要受断层展布和岩性的控制,邻近盐间层底部的盐下储层和构造上处于北带、中带区域的构造裂缝发育程度较高,是英西地区深层油气的有利勘探区.该研究成果可对柴达木盆地英西地区深层勘探区的预测提供依据.     

姬塬地区延长组长2油层地层的精细划分与对比

地层的精细划分与对比是油气勘探研究的基础工作,地层划分的好坏直接影响着油气勘探后续的研究。在收集大量的地质资料基础上,以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田主要生油层——延长组长2油层组为研究目的,在全区内寻找分布比较稳定的主要标志层K9和长2底砂岩以及K7辅助标志层,将延长组长2油层组地层划分为3个小层。本研究为该地区的开发提供可靠的依据,并为下一步大规模开发建产作好了技术储备。     

也谈地壳内第二深度空间石油、天然气的形成及勘探前景

在当前国内油气供需紧张的严峻形势下,开展"第二深度空间"的油气勘探"势在必行",也是"当务之急"."第二深度空间"的油气勘探需解决3个问题.一是油气无机成因的地球化学证据.原油、沥青、干酪根的Pb,Sr,Nd同位素示踪、原油中异常高含量的金属微量元素、原油中有机硅化合物的发现等均表明原油可以由无机反应而生成.二是油气无机成因论是可以指导油气勘探的.油气的分布与中地壳的低速、高导层的耦合表明有成因关系,中地壳的低速、高导层是油气的发生器,也是初始储层,据此可以对油气田进行预测.柴达木盆地昆北花岗岩油田的发现是一典型案例.三是"第二深度空间"的油气勘探需要地球物理方法和技术的支撑.目前第4代采集处理新理论、新方法业已提出.地球物理学家已经把深部勘探的新方法、新技术提到议事日程.总之,"第二深度空间"的油气勘探是有理论依据的,是可能的,是可操作的.发现大型、超大型油气田指日可待.     

准噶尔盆地金龙2地区佳木河组古地貌特征和油气藏分布关系研究

综合利用三维地震、钻井和测井等资料,通过地震层拉平法和印模法进行佳木河组古地貌恢复.在分析古地貌特征和油气藏分布关系基础上,系统总结了古地貌对油气藏的控制作用.研究结果表明:金龙2地区二叠系佳木河组古地貌整体呈现出"凹—隆—坡"的格局,不但控制着佳木河组沉积类型和岩性,同时控制着优质储层的发育和展布,古地貌较高部位为油气优先聚集部位,同时受长时间风化淋滤及后期构造运动影响,形成溶蚀孔和裂缝发育的双重孔隙介质储集岩,为油气的聚集成藏提供了空间,是油气勘探的有利区域.在此思路指导下,取得金龙2地区勘探的重大突破,发现整装油田,对准噶尔盆地西北缘和类似区块的油气勘探有着积极的指导意义.     

前梨园地区深层致密气超压特征及成藏效应

以致密气藏为代表的非常规油气藏勘探在国内逐渐得到重视.前梨园洼陷是东濮凹陷最大的生油气洼陷,展示了极好的深层超压天然气勘探前景.在实测压力基础上,结合声波时差及地震速度计算,利用东濮凹陷丰富的测井、测试和地质资料综合分析超压分布和成因.结果表明:前梨园地区地层压力在纵向上具有典型双层结构,其中沙三中下亚段超压普遍发育.泥岩层的压力分布与砂岩储层的压力分布特征具有一定差异,泥岩欠压实所产生的增压并不显著,生烃作用尤其是大量生气为区域超压形成的主要机制.超压的存在对天然气运聚成藏产生重要的影响.超压通过对成岩作用的影响,改善了深部砂岩储层物性从而提高储集性能.相同深度和储集条件下,油气层压力越高,相应含油气饱和度增高.加强超压相关研究对于本区深层致密砂岩气藏勘探意义重大.     

塔里木盆地西南坳陷山前带复杂地震资料“六分法”叠前去噪方法应用研究

塔里木盆地西南坳陷山前带勘探程度较低,是开展油气勘探的重要潜力区之一.受地表条件复杂、近地表激发条件差、目的层埋藏较深等地震地质条件的影响,研究区地震资料信噪比低、品质较差,严重地制约了地震资料解决地质问题的能力.本文在分析研究区新采集的深反射地震资料基础上,根据不同类型地区地震数据记录特点和噪声分布规律,采用"六分法"叠前去噪方法进行噪声压制,在实际资料处理中取得了较好的应用效果,中深层资料信噪比得到较大程度的改善.     

四川盆地边缘石炭系地层地震反射模式分析

四川盆地石炭系地层是川东地区的主力气层,多年来在盆地内形成了良好的勘探认识.然而盆地边缘受古地理环境的影响,石炭纪沉积时期,盆地北部和东部边缘整体为古地貌高部位,石炭系黄龙组、河洲组和下二叠统梁山组厚度均有较大的变化.显然利用盆地内的研究认识进行盆地边缘的石炭系边界预测必然存在较大误差,导致盆地边缘的许多圈闭尚未落实.针对这一问题,本文以下从正演模拟出发,详细分析石炭系地层反射的变化特征.研究发现石炭系地震反射特征不只是受自身地层厚度的影响,受梁山组厚度影响更大,当厚度10 m以上时,石炭系容易形成波峰反射;当梁山组厚度为1 m时,即使石炭系40 m厚,也不会形成波峰反射.鉴于此,本文建立了不同梁山组厚度的石炭系反射特征总结表,其适用于盆地边缘及盆地内的石炭系勘探.在此基础上,结合其他地质资料和地震预测方法,对以往石炭系剥蚀线进行优化调整,研究结果显示,以往石炭系剥蚀线以外的LT1井南侧存在石炭系地层较厚的区域,具有较大的勘探潜力.     

天然地震层析成像技术在油气勘探中的应用

天然地震层析成像技术,主要是利用布设地震台阵记录天然地震事件体波到时信息,通过反演得到研究区域的三维速度结构分布.全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价项目在柴达木盆地西部复杂地区进行的天然地震层析成像试验结果表明,根据层析成像结果所推断的构造分布与其它方法的勘探结果相比具有一定的相似性,波速异常与测井得到的岩性特征有较好的对...     

广域电磁法在鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘含油富集区探测中的应用

宁夏固原地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘,2000年至今利用地震勘探等手段,在侏罗系延安组、三叠系延长组发现了多个含油富集区,油藏类型为构造岩性油藏.但该地区河谷残塬、黄土丘陵广泛分布,地表剥蚀、侵蚀严重,其独特的地质、地貌环境对常规深层油气检测技术带来了挑战,常常出现地震资料采集难度大、成本高、数据品质较差等问题,因此有必要开发利用新的油气探测方法进行深部油气探测.本文利用广域电磁法在鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘含油富集区—宁夏固原地区进行方法应用研究,采用"重磁电三维反演成像解释一体化系统"进行广域电磁法数据处理.获得了地下真实的电性分布,建立了广域视电阻率与目标层的电性关系,精细刻画了研究区内低幅构造与鼻状构造的发育情况以及圈闭特征.在综合研究的基础上,基本查明了测区内延安组地层、延长组地层分布、厚度及构造圈闭等信息,形成了适用于鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘油气勘探的广域电磁数据采集及处理方法.研究表明广域电磁法在该地区可作为优选含油富集区的有效探测手段.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.