地球化学矿致异常非线性分析方法研究

从数学地质和地质统计学角度,应用现代非线性科学的最新成果,对化探异常的再评价,再解释,进一步挖掘化探数据中蕴含的成矿信息是矿产资源预测的关键.本论文研究区是西藏洞嘎普铜矿勘查区,论文从地球化学矿致异常定量评价方法研究出发,利用多种现代数学方法和非线性分析方法,挖掘化探数据蕴含的成矿弱异常信息.首先利用人工免疫算法构建了地球化学数据降噪模型,对地球化学元素数据进行降噪处理,以此消除特高值带来的屏蔽及剔除假异常;然后,利用分形含量面积法确定地球化学单元素及元素组合的异常下限,再利用分形含量梯度法圈定异常浓集中心,进而确定异常分带性;最后,将元素分带特性研究与研究区地质特征相结合,对比单元素异常图及组合异常图,对研究区的地球化学元素作出异常分类和异常评价解释.划分的四个异常区域在后期的工程验证中取得了很好的效果.     

金属矿产勘查技术发展现状与思考

近年来，以寻找金属矿产为目的发愤卢业的勘查新技术可概括为：（1）以寻找隐伏矿为目标的覆盖区地球物理勘查技术，其中包括“三维地震”和“高光谱遥感”技术；（2）地球化学勘查新技术，其中包括“深穿透地球化学技术”、“地球化学信息的综合解释和地球化学填图技术”；（3）“找矿信息提取和综合”技术等。限于篇幅，本文仅对地球化学勘查新技术的研究现状进行了分析，同时对下列问题进行了思考：（1）在一个地区开展地球化学找矿工作首先要确立合适的取样介质，取样介质的立应以查明成矿成晕元素的形成机制和赋存状态为基础；（2）加强不同景观条件下不同矿种和不同矿床类型的异常特征和异常模式研究，建立区分矿异常和非矿异常的模式识别模型；（3）加强不同景观地质条件下，不同勘查尺度的地球化学填图技术研究，以实现迅速掌握全局，逐步缩小靶区的找矿战略；（4）加强地球化学信息与地质、地球物理和遥感信息相结合的信息综合技术的研究，应用综合信息定量圈定和评价找矿靶区，减少矿产勘查的不确定性。     

地球化学勘查综合定量评价在赣东南大墩矿区的应用

赣东南大墩地区铜金多金属矿化主要产于晚三叠世黑云正长花岗岩与南华系接触带附近,受南华系浅变质岩地层岩性及断裂破碎带控制明显。本文以该区1：5万矿产远景调查项目大墩靶区成功找矿为例,基于M APG IS软件系统,对勘查区进行了化探数据处理、化探异常剖析、元素聚类分析、元素定量统计分析、剥蚀程度定量评价等综合定量评价。工作成果表明,勘查区显示铜金为主要矿种、银铅锌为伴生矿种的中低温热液型矿床特征,矿化类型主要为石英脉型,矿床可达小型-中型规模。在风化剥蚀面显露出金铜等近矿地球化学原生晕指示元素。根据地球化学勘查综合定量指标分析,认定大墩地区为面积约15 km2具有中型铜金多金属矿产地勘查前景的找矿靶区。应用以上成果,该区已取得明显找矿效果。     

多尺度地球化学勘查聚焦找矿靶区——以滇东Pt地球化学省勘查研究为例

铂矿资源一直是中国紧缺而急需的矿产资源.以滇东Pt地球化学勘查为例,在极低密度泛滥平原沉积物勘查数据圈定的滇东Pt地球化学省的基础上,首先按不同的勘查尺度对研究区内国家地球化学填图计划采集的水系沉积物样品进行重组形成组合样品,然后应用化学预富集光谱法（C-OES）分析组合样的Pt含量,并应用变差函数定量描述不同勘查尺度数据圈定的Pt异常的变化性及控制其变化性的地质因素,最后基于不同勘查尺度Pt数据分别圈定区域和局部Pt异常块体,按地球化学块体方法估算各异常块体内的Pt资源潜力.结论表明：（1）从区域Pt异常块体到局部Pt异常块体,控制因素由一级裂控-岩控向二级岩控-裂控转化,表明变差函数有效揭示了控制不同勘查尺度Pt异常块体变化性的主要地质因素.（2）存在两类Pt异常：一类是在两个观测尺度下都具有Pt异常显示,且异常含量随观测尺度的变小（取样密度的增加）而显著增强;另一类是随勘查尺度的变小Pt异常弱化甚至消失.表明多尺度地球化学聚焦找矿具有逐步排除非矿异常,筛选矿异常的功能.（3）小尺度勘查数据圈出的局部Pt异常块体的Pt平均含量是大尺度勘查数据圈出的区域Pt异常块体的2倍,局部Pt异常块体Pt资源量占区域Pt异常块体的60%,而前者面积仅占后者的35%.表明Pt资源量主要集中在局部异常区域,聚焦找矿具有高效浓缩靶区的勘查效果.     

西藏马扎拉矿区综合信息找矿模型建立与应用

马扎拉金锑矿是西藏藏南地区特提斯喜马拉雅成矿带上典型的受构造控制的蚀变岩型矿床.为了查明工作区控矿构造的空间展布以及为找矿评价提供依据,在前人总结的区域成矿模式的指导下,以物性为桥梁,将成矿模式转化为地质-地球物理模型,并以此模型为指导思想,综合分析了工作区地质资料和面积性的地球物理和地球化学资料,圈定了找矿有利的靶区,然后在靶区开展大比例尺的音频大地电磁测深和联合剖面测量工作.对音频大地电磁反演解译的断层进行了评价,推测与容矿相关的构造主要为F7、F12、Ft1、Ft2、Ft3.最后通过钻探对Ft1进行验证,成功发现了矿化破碎带.从而证明了综合信息找矿的合理性,为区内相似地质背景下的找矿工作提供了成功的经验.     

江西省瑞昌市邓家山—东雷湾矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿远景分析

江西省瑞昌市邓家山—东雷湾矿区位于江西九瑞矿集区西北部,成矿地质条件优越。通过本次土壤地球化学测量工作,较好地显示了本矿区以Cu、Au为代表的主要成矿元素的地球化学异常特征,显示本区Au-Ag-Pb-Zn异常组合、CuMo-W异常组合分布特点和格局。全区圈定了综合异常区10个,划分出最具有找矿意义的Ⅰ级异常区3个、Ⅱ级异常区3个、Ⅲ级异常区4个。其中Ⅰ级异常区具有较好的找矿远景,是下一步工作的重点。     

宁芜地区地质——地球物理综合探矿模型

本文在从事多年综合物探方法找矿的基础上,结合宁芜地区地质矿产及其地球化学特征,总结出了一套地质——地球物理综合探矿模型:用高精度磁测查明断裂构造,圈定矿体和矿化体异常带,利用电法对成矿有利地段的地球化学异常开展激发极化法异常查证,配合电测深和电磁测深法查明异常体的地下展布,合理布置钻探工作。利用该探矿模型在尖山～荞麦山勘查区取得了较好的找矿效果,对宁芜地区寻找多金属矿有较好的指导意义。     

综合电磁法在矿区深部成矿机制中的应用研究——以皖南乌溪多金属矿区为例

乌溪矿区介于长江中下游多金属成矿带与华南成矿带之间,是江南造山带上的一个找矿新区.本文在这一找矿新区开展了有效的电磁方法综合勘探,试图对该区深部成矿机制进行研究.我们收集了该区的地质地球化学资料,从地质地球化学资料中分析了区域成矿背景;我们还采集了区域出露的主要岩石类型,在实验室开展物性测定,在此基础上选择了三种电磁方法开展研究区的野外测量.通过地面高精度磁测、激发极化法和可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)三种地球物理方法,开展了研究区的磁化率、极化率和电阻率的分布特征研究.深入分析了地质、地球化学和地球物理三种资料与成矿的关系,相互约束,探讨成矿模型、成矿机制和成矿的可能性,推测可能的矿体赋存位置和深度范围.在地球物理研究结果基础上,结合地质和地球化学背景资料,构建了研究区的成矿动力学模型,推测了研究区成矿机制,揭示了矿区的成矿潜力.综合所得结果布设了钻孔,钻探结果揭示了研究区深部存在强烈矿化蚀变和强蚀变斑岩,初步确认为斑岩型矿床,与CSAMT剖面的解释结果基本一致,也与推测的测区内深部成矿机制相吻合.钻孔结果和地球物理结果的一致性以及对已构建的成矿动力学模型的支持,充分证明了综合电磁方法在斑岩型多金属矿床的发现和预测中的重要作用,同时斑岩型矿床的确认进一步印证了华南成矿带与俯冲作用形成的成矿带的相似性,从而推动整个华南地区的成矿地质研究.     

湖南省新化县杨家山矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿前景

湖南省新化县杨家山矿区位于湘中北部涟源盆地,成矿地质条件优越。本次土壤地球化学测量工作较好地揭示了矿区W、Cu以及As、Au等10个元素的地球化学异常特征以及异常的分布格局,由此圈定了5个综合异常区。成果显示:W、Cu异常最为发育,异常内、中、外三带发育明显,面积、规模较大,地表已发现钨、铜、金矿体。若加强对该区的地质工作,有望在该区取得良好的找矿成果。     

黄土覆盖区钼矿综合地球物理找矿技术组合:以沙坡岭钼矿为例

覆盖区寻找隐伏矿成为当前找矿工作的热点问题,为了能在地表地质信息少的黄土覆盖区,寻找隐伏的有经济价值的矿床,本文以沙坡岭钼矿为例,综合应用r能谱、高精度磁法、高密度电法三种地球物理方法进行找矿勘探,辅以偏提取化探法对地球物理异常进行约束,结合地质资料进行解译,预测了有利的成矿区域,通过钻探得到了有效验证,初步建立了黄土覆盖区钼矿的综合地球物理找矿模式,为下一步的综合勘探打下了基础.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.