华南秋季蒸发量的时空演变特征

利用华南区域66个气象站点1960～2004年的观测数据分析了华南秋季蒸发皿蒸发量和实际蒸发量的时空变化.分析结果表明:华南中部和西北部是华南秋季蒸发皿蒸发量的两个主要气候变异中心区,华南中部秋季蒸发皿蒸发量具有以年代际变化为主的特征,并且在45年内总体上呈下降趋势.在影响蒸发皿蒸发量的因子中,太阳辐射与蒸发皿蒸发量的相关性最好,呈显著的正相关.对实际蒸发量而言,华南中部和西部偏西地区则是两个主要的变异中心,两区域的秋季实际蒸发量具有以年际变化为主的特征,降水对华南秋季实际蒸发量的影响最为显著,华南秋季实际蒸发量一般都在蒸发皿蒸发量的40%左右,并且比值总体上呈现微弱的由南向北递增趋势.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCIES OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS AFFECTING OCEANIC FACTORS IN THE PAST 50 YEARS

The characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of tropical cyclone frequencies over the South China Sea areas and its affecting factors in the past 50yrs are analyzed based on typhoon data that provided by CMA and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). The results show that the tropical cyclone frequencies from June to October show concentrated geographic distribution, for they mainly distribute over the SCS area from 15 - 20 °N. The characteristics present significant interdecadal changes. The impact of oceanic factors on the tropical cyclone frequencies in the SCS area is mainly realized by La Ni(n)a and La Ni(n)a-like events before 1975 but mainly by El Ni(n)o and El Nifo-like events after 1975.     

近50年南海热带气旋时空分布特征及其海洋影响因子

用中国气象局组织整编的《台风年鉴》资料和全球近表层简易海洋数据同化(SODA)资料,研究了近50年南海海域生成和经过的热带气旋位置点频数的时空分布特征及其海洋影响因子。结果表明,6～10月的热带气旋位置点频数表现出明显的地理分布集聚性特征,主要分布在南海15～22°N海域,并有明显的年代际变化特征。在1975年以前,海洋因子对南海海域生成和经过的热带气旋位置点频数的影响主要以La Nia和类La Nia事件为主,1975年之后以El Nio和类El Nio事件为主。     

中国东部夏季极端降水时空分布及环流背景

基于中国测站的降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,取第95百分位数作为极端降水阈值,通过经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法将中国东部分为华南、长江中下游、华北和东北三个地区,定义极端降水事件,并对中国东部夏季极端降水时空分布及环流背景进行研究。结果表明,极端降水事件随日期的变化与中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动相吻合。近54年来,华南极端降水事件频数在1991年左右突增,长江中下游地区有两次突变,1991年左右突增,2000年左右突减。华北和东北地区在1999年左右突减。发生极端降水事件时,低层850 hPa出现局地异常气旋环流,位势高度异常降低,对应低空异常辐合;中层500 hPa,西太副高位置异常偏南有利于华南极端降水的发生,副高西伸有利于长江中下游的极端降水,位置偏北易造成华北和东北极端降水;高层200 hPa,发生极端事件时降水关键区位于西风急流轴右侧,对应异常反气旋环流,这种高层辐散低层辐合的环流配置为极端降水提供动力条件。极端降水的气候平均态水汽主要来源于南半球和西北太平洋。副高的位置异常影响我国东部水汽输送异常,造成不同地区的极端降水。      

南海地区OLR变化与华南汛期降水的联系

用奇异值分解的方法逐月分析了华南汛期（4-9月）降水与南海地区OLR变化的关系，并用合成分析的方法对OLR异常年份的降水进行对比分析，结果表明两者确实有一定的相关关系，后汛期（特别是7、8月）两者的相关程度比前汛期大，但每个月的情况各有不同。     

华南地区秋季无降水日的变化特征及其与海温的联系

选用中国气象局提供的华南地区(共48个站)1960—2011年共52年的逐日降水资料,通过EOF分解、回归分析等方法分析了华南地区秋季无降水日的变化特征及其与海温的联系。研究结果表明,在华南各个区域的无降水日数年均分布基本保持一致,但秋季的发生频次最多,且线性上升趋势最强。因此,侧重分析华南地区秋季无降水日数特征,EOF分解的主要模态在空间上表现为无降水日数呈现全区域一致变化,时间序列上包含年际和年代际变率。进一步寻找前期典型海区的影响,表明显著影响的海域为前期(7—8月)西北太平洋。该地区的海温将通过影响整层水汽通量散度和局地的下沉运动,不利于秋季降水的发生。     

华南雨日、雨强的气候变化

利用华南110个测站1961-2008年逐日降水资料,通过EOF分析、功率谱分析和计算趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了华南年、前汛期、后汛期的雨日、雨强以及降水量的时空特征和气候变化.结果表明:华南年雨日以4.8 d/( 10 a)的速率明显减少,但前、后汛期雨日减少趋势不明显.华南年雨日长期趋势变化有明显的空间差异,在广西北部、华南沿海和海南,减少速率高达9～17.8 d/(10 a),其中海南的白沙减少趋势最为明显.华南年平均雨强以0.4 mm/(10 a·d)的速率明显增加,但平均雨强前汛期变化趋势不明显,后汛期明显.年雨强增加速率在海南、华南沿海和广西北部高达0.4～ 1.1 mm/(10 a·d),最大,出现在海南的五指山和三亚.华南降水量和雨日的长期变化趋势不相似,但与雨强的变化趋势大部分相似.小波分析表明:华南年雨日和降水量都有2～3年、3～5年两个显著周期,年雨强在2000年后有2～3年的显著周期.根据EOF分析,华南雨日、雨强和降水量主要有“全区一致型”、“东西差异型”和“南北差异型”三种分布型.     

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF SST IN SOUTH CHINA SEA AND TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN AND SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON OUTBREAK

Conclusions are divided regarding the role of the variations of thermodynamics in the monsoon activity for the South China Sea region. In this study, primary eigenvectors are studied for the SSTA from East Asia to the tropical eastern Indian Ocean in May. The results show that temperature anomalies that center on Sumatra are closely related with the outbreak of the South China Sea monsoon. When the SST is warmer (cooler) than average year, it is likely that the monsoon set in late (early). It may be caused by the changes in meridional difference in thermodynamics between the Indochina Peninsula and its southern tropical oceans. Studying the temporal and spatial evolution of primary eigenvector distribution of the SSTA in the South China Sea-tropical eastern Indian Ocean from winter to summer, we find that the temperature anomalies that center around Sumatra in late spring and early summer can be traced back to the variations of the SST fields in the South China Sea in the preceding winter. Being well associated with the outbreak of the South China Sea monsoon, the latter is a signifi-cant index for it. The work helps understanding the atmospheric and oceanic background against which the South China Sea monsoon breaks out and behaves.     

重庆地区大气可降水量的时空分布特征

利用1966—2008年重庆地区34站地面水汽压逐日整编资料,根据经验表达式计算得到了重庆地区43年整层大气可降水量序列,统计分析了重庆地区可降水量的时空分布特征及气候变化趋势,并探讨了可降水量与降水量的关系。结果表明,重庆地区可降水量整体呈西多东少分布,与其年降水转化率和年降水量的分布大致相反;1966—2008年重庆地区可降水量呈增长趋势,各季节增长幅度不同,东北部和中西部偏南区域增长最显著;可降水量与降水量的关系较复杂,仅西部的部分站点二者显著相关,其余地区二者的相关性很小;可降水量仅为降水量的必要条件,即强降水的发生需要大的可降水量(水汽),但大的可降水量不一定能产生强降水;旱年与涝年相比,在盛夏和初秋(伏旱期)的高可降水量日数显著偏少。     

CHARACTERIZATION AND CAUSAL ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION IN DRY-WET CONDITIONS IN AUTUMN IN SOUTHWEST CHINA

Based on the daily precipitation and temperature data of 97 stations in Southwest China(SW China) from1960 to 2009, a dry-wet index is calculated. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of dry-wet conditions,precipitation and temperature are studied. Then the abnormal atmospheric circulation characteristics are discussed using reanalysis data. The results show that SW China has exhibited an overall trend of autumnal drought since the late1980 s, and this drought trend became more significant early in the 2000 s, especially in the eastern SW China. Autumnal dry-wet variation in southwestern China showed two major modes: consistent change across the entire region and opposing changes in the eastern and western regions. The spatial distribution of dry-wet anomalies was more significantly affected by precipitation, while temporal variation in dry-wet conditions was more strongly influenced by temperature. The former mode is affected by the anomalies of the precedent SST near the Western Pacific Warm Pool,the Western Pacific Subtropical High, the East Asian Trough and the South Trough. The latter mode is related to the wind anomalies in the eastern SW China and the vertical movement in the western and eastern SW China. These are the main influencing factors for the autumn dry-wet variation in SW China, which are of great significance to the prediction of drought.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989.With the aid of EOF analysis method,temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied.The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moistrue sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.In winter,the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source,in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the “continent bridge“,at 80°E and 40°E～50° transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moistrue sinks.In summer,Australian Monsoon region anmd southern Indian Ocean are moistrue sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink.In spring and autumn,ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989. With the aid of EOF analysis method, temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied. The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moisture sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region. In winter, the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source, in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the "continent bridge". at 80°E and 40°E ～ 50°E transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moisture sinks. In summer, Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean are moisture sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink. In spring and autumn, ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

IMPACTS OF MONTHLY ANOMALIES OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA AND SOUTH ASIA ON THE ACTIVITY OF SUMMER MONSOON AND RAINFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The impact of strong (weak) intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over South China Sea (SCS) and South Asia (SA) in summer on the SCS and SA summer monsoon and the summer rainfall in Eastern China are studied by using the NCEP-NCAR analysis data and the rainfall data of 160 stations in China from 1961 to 2010. It is found that the impacts are significantly different in different months of summer. The study shows that in June and July cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS and SA corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SCS. In August, however, strong (weak) ISO over SCS still corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA. In June and August cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over South Asia corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SA while a strong (weak) ISO corresponds to anticyclonic (cyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA in July. Besides, in June the strong (weak) ISO over SA corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS, while in July and August the atmospheric circulation is in the same phase regardless of whether the ISO over SA is strong or weak. The impacts of the strong（weak）ISO over SCS on the rainfall of eastern China are similar in June and July, which favors less (more) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River. However, the impacts are not so apparent in August. In South Asia, the strong (weak) ISO in July results in less (more) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin. The influence on the rainfall in eastern China in June and August is not as significant as in July.     

中国西北地区和蒙古国40年气温时空特征及其变化趋势

利用我国西北地区及蒙古国共５９个台站（作ＥＯＦ分析时取２５个站）１９５１￣１９９０年逐月平均气温资料，采用ＥＯＦ方法分析了该地区４０年来气温场不同季节的空间分布特征及其随时间变化的规律。分析发现气温场的空间分布主要有三种类型：（１）全区一致型，（２）南北差异型，（３）东西差异型；各月、季、年的变化周期主要集中在三个时段：２￣４年，５￣８年和１０￣１３年；夏季以短周期为主，冬季和年主要是长周期。气温     

亚澳季风区水汽收支时空分布特征

用1980～1989年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算了亚澳季风区视水汽汇并分析了其水汽收支时空分布特征。结果表明,该研究范围水汽收支的典型空间分布型为南北型,即南半球澳大利亚季风区与北半球亚洲季风区相反的分布形势,而且这种分布形势有明显的季节变化。冬季北半球亚洲季风区为水汽源,110～135 E之间大陆桥附近、80 E附近及40～50 E之间的三支越赤道水汽输送通道将北半球水汽输送到南半球澳大利亚季风区及南印度洋,成为水汽汇,夏季南半球澳大利亚季风区和南印度洋为水汽源,上述三支越赤道水汽输送通道实现与夏季反向的水汽输送,将水汽由南半球输送到北半球亚洲季风区,此时亚洲季风区为水汽汇。春季和秋季赤道辐合带为主要的水汽汇,亚澳季风区无明显越赤道水汽输送。     

华北各区夏季降水年际和年代际变化的地域性特征

利用１９５１￣１９９７年华北地区２６个测站的６￣８月降水量资料,分析了上夏季降水标准差的窨分布和降水距平百分率年际和年代际变化的地域性特征。在此基础上,根据各站降水标准差和旱涝的一致性,对华北夏季降水异常进行分区,研究了各区降水长期变化的趋势及其阶段性和跃变的特征。最后,探讨了华北地区目前这个少雨期何时结束的问题。     

南海、孟加拉湾不对称环流变化对2009年西南特大秋旱的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料及我国160站降水资料,分析了2009年秋季东亚中、低纬环流特征和水汽输送特征及其对西南干旱的影响。同时讨论了秋季不同ENSO状态下东亚地区水汽输送差异,并与2009年进行比较。结果表明:孟加拉湾(简称孟湾)和南海之间环流形势在2009年秋季发生不对称变化,造成两地上空气压梯度减小,孟湾和南海上空分别出现一个反气旋式和气旋式距平环流中心,我国西南至中南半岛处于两距平环流中心之间偏北距平风控制之下,使得进入我国的西南气流异常减弱。水汽输送随之出现变化,南海南部季风低压水汽环流圈异常偏强,孟湾和南海水汽主体经中南半岛重回南海而未进入我国,最终造成我国西南降水异常偏少,出现干旱。这段时间内,西南地区上空出现异常下沉运动,对流活动受到抑制,加剧了干旱程度。在El Ni o年,我国西南及江南地区秋季水汽通量比La Ni a年明显增大,西北及华北则减少。2009年秋季我国的降水分布及南海一带水汽输送特征与普通El Ni o年特征不符,甚至出现相反状态,经对2009年秋季东亚El Ni o影响特征作简单模拟还原和分析,认为上述差异可能与El Ni o反气旋环流影响位置偏北有关。     

近50年广东省雷暴、闪电时空变化特征的研究

用1957-2004年广东省24站和1951-2004年曲江、广州、汕头、湛江4站的年、月雷暴、闪电的观测资料,研究了广东省年、月的雷暴日、闪电日的时、空分布特征。对年雷暴日、闪电日的经验正交分解表明,在研究的时间段内。广东省年的雷暴日、闪电日都有明显减少的趋势。广东省平均每10年雷暴日减少4．8天、闪电日减少9．5天。雷暴日和闪电日的趋势变化有明显的区域特征,雷暴日减少最明显的是在广东雷州半岛的湛江、徐闻;广东东南部的雷暴日、闪电日则减少不多。闪电的负趋势比雷暴的负趋势更明显。研究表明,雷暴日、闪电日的长期趋势有明显的季节变化。5-9月是雷暴日、闪电日减少最明显的月份,冬季（12、1、2月）的雷暴日、闪电日略有增加。1983年以后广东冬季的雷暴、闪电比1980年以前更加频繁。广东雷暴、闪电的减少是气候变化的一个反映,它们与广东省雨日的气候变化比较一致。     

南海夏季风爆发前后华南前汛期降水日变化对比分析

利用华南地区248个国家级地面气象站逐小时降水数据和14个探空站数据,分析了2003—2016年4—6月华南前汛期降水日变化特征。据南海夏季风爆发时间,将降水分为爆发前后两个时段。华南地区主要存在两条大雨带,一个位于云贵高原至南岭山脉以南,另一个位于广东沿海地区。偏北雨带集中发生在后半夜至清晨时段,偏南雨带集中发生在中午至下午时段。南海夏季风爆发前后,降水量不存在明显相关性,相关系数较大时次位于中午至下午时段。前后期年降水标准差在0.5附近,变化幅度明显时段主要集中于凌晨至清晨。午后出现3 h多年降水量变化幅度最大值,最小时段为中午12时。降水量、降水频率和降水强度的经向分布特征明显且相似:降水量和降水频率在112 °E附近出现日变化转折,以西多出现不稳定夜雨,以东白天降水波动较大。在南海夏季风爆发前,降水特征主要表现为西部高频、南部高强,在清晨更多作用于对暴雨系统的增长;季风爆发后则表现为西北-东南南的高频率高强度降水形态,在傍晚更多作用于增加降水发生频率。      

INVESTIGATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATURE IN CHINA WITH DETRENDED FLUCTUATION AND PERMUTATION ENTROPY

With temperatures increasing as a result of global warming,extreme high temperatures are becoming more intense and more frequent on larger scale during summer in China.In recent years,a variety of researches have examined the high temperature distribution in China.However,it hardly considers the variation of temperature data and systems when defining the threshold of extreme high temperature.In order to discern the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme heat in China,we examined the daily maximum temperature data of 83 observation stations in China from 1950 to 2008.The objective of this study was to understand the distribution characteristics of extreme high temperature events defined by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA).The statistical methods of Permutation Entropy(PE)were also used in this study to analyze the temporal distribution.The results showed that the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China presented 3 periods of 7,10—13 and 16—20 years,respectively.The abrupt changes generally happened in the 1960s,the end of 1970s and early 1980s.It was also found that the maximum frequency occurred in the early 1950s,and the frequency decreased sharply until the late 1980s when an evidently increasing trend emerged.Furthermore,the annual averaged frequency of extreme high temperature events reveals a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend from southwest to northeast China,but an increasing-decreasing trend from southeast to northwest China.And the frequency was higher in southern region than that in northern region.Besides,the maximum and minimum of frequencies were relatively concentrated spatially.Our results also shed light on the reasons for the periods and abrupt changes of the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China.