波流作用下太湖水体悬浮物输运实验及模拟

利用室内外实验和数学模型对波浪和湖流共同作用下太湖水体悬浮物输运过程进行了研究.结果表明:当太湖日平均风速在2~8m/s时,水体悬浮物再悬浮通量与平均风速符合正相关关系;太湖悬浮物沉降属于絮凝沉降.悬浮物浓度较低时,其沉降速率与浓度无明显的相关关系;而浓度较高时,沉降速率随浓度升高而增大.悬浮物浓度和沉降速率符合Logistic函数;将太湖湖流模型和波浪模型耦合,有效地反映了太湖的水动力过程;在太湖悬浮物模型中,引入底泥起悬条件,将底泥的起悬量与沉降量分开处理,有效地模拟了太湖悬浮物的输运过程.模拟结果表明太湖悬浮物沿岸区域受湖流的影响较大,湖心区域受波浪影响较大.     

Modeling Sediment Suspensions in an Idealized Tidal Embayment: Importance of Tidal Asymmetry and Settling Lag

Suspended sediment transport processes in a short tidal embayment with a simple geometry are investigated using analytic and numerical models. On the basis of numerical results, the horizontal gradient of depth-averaged suspended sediment concentration can be parameterized with a combination of the first harmonic and mean. Using the parameterization, the solution of the analytic model is obtained. Evaluation of the major terms from the solution of the analytic model shows that a quarter-diurnal frequency is significant near the mouth while a semidiurnal component dominates the interior area. The settling lag consists of local and nonlocal components. The local phase lag is a function of the ratio between tidal period and settling time. The nonlocal phase lag is determined by the phase difference between tidal velocity and the horizontal gradient of sediment concentration and by the strength of erosion and horizontal advection.     

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数指数变化规律

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数关系与不平衡输沙理论是对河道不平衡输沙同一物理现象的不同描述,两者既有区别也有联系。比较研究发现:对于恒定均匀流不平衡输沙过程,当输沙位于近平衡态时两者含沙量导函数表达式具有一阶近似等价性,当输沙远离平衡态时前者含沙量导函数中隐含考虑有泥沙恢复饱和系数的变化。基于两者等价性,推导建立了幂律函数指数计算表达式,表明指数随泥沙沉速、单宽流量和沿程距离而变化,且随着输移距离的增大呈指数衰减。基于前者含沙量导函数表达式结构特点,分析建立了相应泥沙恢复饱和系数变化的计算表达式。综合以上成果,改进提出了一种变幂指数的泥沙输移幂律函数计算模型。对库里·阿雷克沉沙池沿程断面输沙指数及含沙量计算结果表明,不同距离过水断面输沙指数的变化规律是合理的,含沙量计算值与实测值变化趋势基本符合。     

Modeling the influence of settling velocity on cohesive sediment transport in Tanshui River estuary

Settling velocities of suspended cohesive sediment in estuaries vary over a range of several orders in magnitude. Variations in the suspended sediment concentration are often considered as the principal cause. Turbulence and the suspended sediment concentration, as well as other factors such as salinity, dissolved organic substances, flocculation ability, and the rate of floc growth affect setting velocities. A laterally–averaged finite difference model for hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport is developed and applied in the Tanshui River estuary, Taiwan. The model has been calibrated and verified with water surface elevation, longitudinal velocity, salinity, and cohesive sediment measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available data. The model is used to investigate the influence of settling velocity on cohesive sediment transport dynamics. The simulation indicates that the turbidity maximum zone is near Kuan–Du. When settling velocities increase the surface cohesive sediment concentration at Kuan–Du station trends to decrease and bottom cohesive sediment concentration increases. Both surface and bottom cohesive sediment concentrations decrease at Taipei Bridge and Pa–Ling Bridge. This implies that suspended sediment advected seaward and deposited. There is consequently a net seaward flux of suspended sediment near surface, and a net landward flux near the bed.     

Distribution of suspended sediment concentration in wide sediment‐laden streams: A novel power‐law theory

The diffusion equation of suspended sediment concentration in a wide sediment‐laden stream flow is dependent on the vertical gradient of streamwise velocity and the sediment diffusivity. This study aims at investigating the influence of the streamwise velocity laws on the suspended sediment concentration distributions, resulting from the solution of the diffusion equation. Firstly, the sediment concentration distributions are obtained numerically from the solution of the diffusion equation using different velocity laws and compared with the experimental data. It is found that the power‐law approximation produces good computational results for the concentration distributions. The accuracy of using a power‐law velocity model is comparable with the results obtained from other classical velocity laws, namely log‐law, log wake‐law and stratified log‐law. Secondly, a novel analytical solution is proposed for the determination of sediment concentration distribution, where a power‐law, wall‐concentration profile is coupled with a concentration wake function. The power‐law model (for velocity and concentration) is calibrated using the experimental data, and then a generalized wake function is obtained by choosing a suitable law. The developed power‐law model involving the wake function adjusted by an exponent predicts the sediment concentration distributions quite satisfactorily. Finally, a new explicit formula for the suspended‐load transport rate is derived from the proposed theory, where numerical computation of integrals, as needed in the Einstein theory, is avoided.     

波流边界层水沙运动数值模拟——II.泥沙运动模拟

为解析波流边界层内泥沙运动,建立了基于水动力-泥沙-床面互馈过程的波流边界层1DV泥沙数学模型,可用于模拟不同床面形态下粉沙-沙的含沙量过程。床面形态模块提供床面形态类型和相应参数;给出了平底和沙波床面粗糙高度和泥沙扩散系数的确定方法;采用了适宜粉沙及沙的制约沉速、底部参考浓度和起动剪切应力等公式;引入含沙量层化效应和制约沉降反映水动力与泥沙之间的相互影响。水槽试验资料验证表明,建立的模型较好地模拟了不同床面不同波流组合条件下的含沙量剖面。在此基础上,讨论了不同床面含沙量剖面模拟方法的差异,指出床面形态是决定含沙量变化的重要因素之一,仅通过改变床面粗糙高度不足以反映漩涡沙波床面的含沙量剖面特征。该模型可为研究波流边界层内泥沙运动和物质输运提供工具。     

Flow structure of turbidity currents

A two‐dimensional numerical model is used to describe the flow structure of turbidity currents in a vertical plane. To test the accuracy of the model, it is applied to historical flows in Bute Inlet and the Grand Banks flow. The two‐dimensional spatial and temporal distributions of velocity and sediment concentration and non‐dimensionalized vertical profiles of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and sediment concentration are discussed for several simple computational currents. The flows show a clear interaction between velocity, turbulence and sediment distribution. The results of the numerical tests show that flows with fine‐grained sediment have low vertical and high horizontal gradients of velocity and sediment concentration, show little increase in flow thickness and decelerate slowly. Steadiness and uniformity in these flows are comparable for velocity and concentration. In contrast, flows with coarse‐grained sediment have high vertical and low horizontal velocity gradients and high horizontal concentration gradients. These flows grow considerably in thickness and decelerate rapidly. Steadiness and uniformity in flows with coarse‐grained sediment are different for velocity and concentration. The results show the influence of spatial and temporal flow structure on flow duration and sediment transport.     

浅水湖泊水体中不同颗粒悬浮物静沉降规律研究

为了解浅水湖泊水体中颗粒悬浮物的静沉降规律,以太湖为例,采用重复深度吸管法计算了2005年4月、5月间在太湖进行的4次静沉降模拟实验中的沉降速度。结果表明:①在悬浮物沉降过程内,3种颗粒物的沉速关系为颗粒无机物(PIM)>悬浮物(SS)>颗粒有机物(POM)。在相同的沉降时间内,PIM的沉速为SS沉速的1.6~2.0倍,POM的沉速为SS沉速的0.3~0.7倍,PIM的沉速为POM沉速的2.5~5.5倍;②水体中悬浮物浓度与沉降时间均呈现出明显的指数衰减规律,悬浮物中无机物含量较高时这种规律更为明显;③悬浮物浓度较低时,太湖悬浮物的沉降速率与水体中的悬浮物浓度无明显的相关关系;而悬浮物浓度较高时,沉降速率随悬浮物浓度升高而增大。     

振荡流底层悬沙运动的数值研究

建立了平底振荡流底层立面二维水沙数值模型,利用Smagrionsky(SGS)格子涡模型封闭二维Navier Storkes方程水流运动方程组,控制方程采用SMAC法求解。该模型能较精确地模拟振荡流底层水流流动特性,以及含沙量沿垂线分布和随相位变化的情况,且与水槽实验的实测资料基本吻合。     

含离子浓度参数的粘性泥沙沉速公式研究

以长江为例分析了河流中的水化学特性,得出河流中影响粘性泥沙沉速的主要是Ca2+。阳离子影响泥沙沉速的主要原因是粘性沙的絮凝。对泥沙絮凝沉降过程进行理论分析,推导出絮凝沉速与离子浓度之间的关系式。并且根据试验结果确定以Ca2+浓度为参数时经验关系式中的系数值。用实测的沉速对絮凝沉速公式进行了初步的验证。验证结果表明,用张瑞瑾沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相差很大,而絮凝沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相符合。     

细颗粒对粗颗粒床沙质输沙率影响的初步研究

考虑高含沙紊流涡团中细颗粒絮凝形成网络结构对粗颗粒运动影响后,建立了粗颗粒悬移质泥沙的输沙率计算方法.该方法中包含的细颗粒影响项反映了流域因素对粗颗粒泥沙输沙的影响,证明细颗粒的影响是引起多沙河流中“多来多排”现象的一个重要因素.与黄河实测资料的对比表明,该计算方法能够反映高含沙紊流输沙时随流域细颗粒增多粗颗粒悬移质输沙率相对增大的现象,并具有较好的计算精度     

拟焦沙模拟低含沙量异重流运动初步分析

低含沙量异重流带来大量细颗粒浑水,由于颗粒沉速极小,在山区、高原地区的引调水、水环境、水处理等方面带来难以估量的困难,引起了社会和设计部门重视。以金沙江支流牛栏江上德泽水库回水变动区上下游河段为原型,利用概化水槽试验研究拟焦沙模拟低含沙量异重流形成与运动,探究低含沙浑水异重流运行时头部流速及含沙量沿程变化特征。结果表明:头部流速及含沙量沿程逐渐减小;相同流量不同含沙量所形成的中层、底层异重流头部流速,含沙量越大,同一位置头部流速越大;相同流量和含沙量所形成的表层、中层、底层异重流头部流速,表层异重流头部流速最大,底层异重流次之,中层异重流最小。     

Trapping of sustained turbidity currents by intraslope minibasins

Depositional turbidity currents have filled many intraslope minibasins with sediment creating targets for petroleum exploration. The dynamics of sustained turbidity currents and their depositional characteristics are investigated in a scaled physical model of a minibasin. Each turbidity current deposited a downstream thinning wedge of sediment near the inlet. Farther downstream the turbidity current was ponded by a barrier. The ponded part of the turbidity current was separated from the sediment‐free water above by a relatively sharp, horizontal settling interface indicating highly Froude‐subcritical flow. The very slow moving flow within the ponded zone created conditions for the passive rainout of suspended sediment onto the bed. In the lower part of the ponded zone, the concentration and mean grain‐size of the sediment in suspension tended to be relatively uniform in both the vertical and streamwise directions. As a result, the deposit emplaced in the ponded zone showed only a weak tendency toward downstream fining and was passively draped over the bed in such a way that irregularities in the inerodible bed were accurately reflected. The discharge of suspended sediment overflowing the downstream end of the minibasin was significantly less than the inflow discharge, resulting in basin sediment trapping efficiencies >95%. A simple model is developed to predict the trapping of sediment within the basin based on the relative magnitudes of the input discharge of turbid water and the detrainment discharge of water across the settling interface. This model shows a limiting case in which an intraslope basin captures 100% of the sediment from a ponded turbidity current, even through a succession of sustained flow events, until sediment deposition raises the settling interface above the downstream lip of the minibasin. This same process defines one of the mechanisms for minibasin filling in nature, and, when this mechanism is operative, the trap efficiency of sediment can be expected to be high until the minibasin is substantially filled with sediment.     

波流边界层水沙运动数值模拟——Ⅲ.底部高含沙层模拟

为了解析底部高含沙层特征,研究了物理影响机制和时均含沙量剖面。采用波流边界层1DV泥沙数学模型,结合试验资料,通过设置不同的计算工况进行了影响因素敏感性分析;在此基础上,提出波浪相关的时均泥沙扩散系数分布,考虑主要影响机制,推导了基于边界层物理过程的波浪作用下时均含沙量剖面表达式。结果表明,底部高含沙层与波浪边界层密切相关,是受水动力和床面形态综合影响的结果。仅建立高含沙层与水动力或床面形态的单一关系是有局限性的。含沙量层化效应和制约沉速对底部高含沙层具有重要影响。提出的平底床面含沙量剖面表达式为幂函数-Rouse-指数分布,漩涡沙波床面为指数-幂函数-Rouse分布。预期可应用于二维和三维泥沙数值模拟。     

黄河下游限制弯曲段河道冲淤数学模型

模型对黄河下游特有的来水来沙条件及河床边界条件下的河道冲淤规律进行了模拟。根据不平衡输沙理论,结合天然河道实际情况,将河道断面进行滩槽划分,采用综合阻力公式反映水沙条件变化,沉速计算考虑了含沙量特别是细颗粒影响,模型可应用于高含沙水流。验证结果与实测资料基本符合。     

A mathematical model on depth-averaged <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-factor in open-channel turbulent flow

The well-known Rouse equation is the most widely used equation to determine the vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration in an open-channel flow. The exponent of Rouse equation, known as Rouse number, contains the parameter β defined by the ratio of sediment diffusion coefficient to turbulent diffusion coefficient. As such to measure sediment concentration accurately, an appropriate expression for β is essentially needed. The present study, therefore, focuses on the derivation of depth-averaged β through modified expressions of sediment and turbulent diffusion coefficients. A regression analysis is done to establish the relation between β and normalized settling velocity, and the relation is used to determine suspension concentration.     

Effect of spatial scale on suspended sediment concentration in flood season in hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau in China

Suspended sediment concentration is a major variable influencing soil erosion and loss, study on which at different spatial scales is of great meaning to understand soil erosion mechanism and sediment transport process. Based on data from 4 sloping surfaces and 7 basins ranging from 0.0003 to 187 km² in area, the suspended sediment concentration in flood season (SSC) with drainage area is studied. With increasing drainage area on the slope surfaces, the mean suspended sediment concentration in flood season (MSSC) enhances continuously until a peak value of 685 kg m⁻³ occurs at the whole slope surface No. 7 runoff plot resulting from harder and harder erosion forms downslope. Entering basin systems, the diluted action of subsurface water on the toeslope on MSSC and small water flow power Ω make a minimum MSSC value of 568 kg m⁻³ occur in the first-order basin system Tuanshangou basin at an area of 0.18 km², and then from Tuanshangou basin to larger basins, the positive feedback function among drainage density, water flow energy, and hyperconcentrated flow as well as its reduction of settling velocity of coarser particles generates continuously increasing MSSC with drainage area.     

Sedimentation by river-induced turbidity currents: field measurements and interpretation

Turbidity currents, initiated from spring runoffs of an influent river, were observed in the upper region of a reservoir in Hokkaido, Japan, by measuring water temperature, velocity and suspended-sediment concentration. Their profiles offer some physical parameters for the sedimentary conditions, assuming the turbidity currents to be quasi-uniform. The bottom sediment deposited by the turbidity currents was then collected by a portable core sampler. The bottom sediment consists of more than 90% silt and clay, and thus offers a hydraulically smooth bed for shear flow; a plane bed as a bed configuration was formed on the reservoir bed, probably because of the low shear velocity and small grain size of sediment. Using a graphic method with log-normal probability paper, the bottom sediment is divided into several overlapping log-normal subpopulations. Grain-size analysis indicates that the bottom sediment may be regarded as cohesionless; criteria for ‘complete deposition’ of transported grains can then be incorporated into the ‘extended Shields diagram’ giving the minimum shear stress to erode bottom sediment. Applying the new diagram to the grain size distribution of the bottom sediment, it is suggested that each of the log-normal subpopulations was deposited in each of four different ‘modes of deposition’, i.e. ‘traction’, ‘saltation (or intermittent suspension)’, ‘suspension’ and ‘suspension under equilibrium’. The last mode may be observed under a sedimentary condition where upward flux of suspended sediment by eddy diffusion is almost equal to its depositional flux due to gravity. The mean and critical grain sizes for bottom sediment and each of the corresponding subpopulations decrease consistently with an increase of Ψ=F_d² log₁₀Re (F_d is the densimetric Froude number and Re is the flow Reynolds number). Ψ correlates inversely with shear velocity, which bears a linear relationship to mean velocity. These results lead to the conclusion that relatively fine suspended sediment is deposited as a result of decreasing bottom friction with a relative decrease of turbulent energy.     

阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速影响实验研究

应用了静态沉降实验方法中的移液管法,初步研究了水中常见阳离子对河流中细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响,这些阳离子包括Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Al3+等。实验结果表明,阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响可以分为两个阶段:①随着阳离子浓度的增加泥沙沉速也增大;②当离子浓度大于某值时,离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响不大。在同样离子浓度条件下,离子价态高者影响较大。同时分析了长江和黄河干流中下游河段的水化学特性;分析结果表明,在一般的河水水质的情况下,有必要考虑水中阳离子(主要是Ca2+、Mg2+)对细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响。