A finite difference approximation for dynamic calculation of vertical free hanging slender risers in re-entry application

The dynamic calculations of slender marine risers, such as Finite Element Method (FEM) or Modal Expansion Solution Method (MESM), are mainly for the slender structures with their both ends hinged to the surface and bottom. However, for the re-entry operation, risers held by vessels are in vertical free hanging state, so the displacement and velocity of lower joint would not be zero. For the model of free hanging flexible marine risers, the paper proposed a Finite Difference Approximation (FDA) method for its dynamic calculation. The riser is divided into a reasonable number of rigid discrete segments. And the dynamic model is established based on simple Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory concerning tension, shear forces and bending moments at each node along the cylindrical structures, which is extendible for different boundary conditions. The governing equations with specific boundary conditions for riser’s free hanging state are simplified by Keller-box method and solved with Newton iteration algorithm for a stable dynamic solution. The calculation starts when the riser is vertical and still in calm water, and its behavior is obtained along time responding to the lateral forward motion at the top. The dynamic behavior in response to the lateral parametric excitation at the top is also proposed and discussed in this paper.     

抑制涡激振动的螺旋列板设计参数研究

基于水池模型实验结果和工程设计经验,结合国内外试验数据,着重分析用于抑制海洋立管涡激振动的螺旋列板几何参数(鳍高和螺距)及覆盖率对立管涡激振动的影响;并对水动力直径和水动力系数的选取对预报涡激振动的影响进行了分析,进而提出了适合于海洋立管工程应用的螺旋列板几何和设计参数选取的建议,为螺旋列板工程应用、海洋立管强度和疲劳设计提供参考。     

Dynamic motion and tension of marine cables being laid during velocity change of mother vessels

Flexible segment model （FSM） is adopted for the dynamics calculation of marine cable being laid. In FSM, the cable is divided into a number of flexible segments, and nonlinear governing equations are listed according to the moment equilibriums of the segments. Linearization iteration scheme is employed to obtain the numerical solution for the governing equations. For the cable being laid, the payout rate is calculated from the velocities of all segments. The numerical results are shown of the dynamic motion and tension of marine cables being laid during velocity change of the mother vessels.     

海洋生态系统动力学模型研究进展

海洋生态系统动力学模型作为定量地认识和分析海洋生态系统现象的有力工具,近年来得到了长足发展。本文首先回顾了海洋生态动力学模型的发展历史,着重介绍了21世纪以来生态系统动力学模型的三大发展趋势:一是进一步探索海洋生态系统复杂性,二是全球气候变化与海洋生态系统的相互作用;三是不再局限于理论研究,而进入于灾害预报与评估、公共决策等应用领域。其次介绍了海洋生态动力学模型的分类及典型海洋生态动力学数值模型COHERENS的特点、功能和最新的应用情况。最后总结归纳了目前海洋生态动力学模型研究领域的几大问题与挑战,展望了该研究领域未来的发展趋势和方向。     

A variational formulation for three-dimensional analysis of extensible marine riser transporting fluid

This paper presents a model formulation for static and dynamic analysis of three-dimensional extensible marine riser transporting fluid. A variational model formulation is developed based on the principle of virtual work-energy and the extensible elastica theory. The virtual work-energy functional is composed of the virtual strain energy due to axial stretching, bending, and torsion and the virtual work done by the external and internal fluid. The governing dynamic equilibrium equations are derived in the Cartesian coordinate. The finite element method is used to obtain the numerical solutions. The numerical examples are provided to demonstrate interesting effects of fluid transportation and axial deformation on large displacements and dynamic properties of the three-dimensional extensible marine riser.     

离子电极法系统测定海洋环境中的氟

本文建立了一套系统测定海洋环境中氟的方法。该法在沉积物的分析中用控制溶液的pH值来排除干扰离子,在海水和间隙水中对氟的测定用两次加入法及使用微型计算机,从而避免了斜率误差与传统方法的烦琐计算。本法简便快速,取样量少,并具有良好的精确度,是海洋环境监测和氟的地球化学研究的有效手段。     

海洋纤维增强热塑性立管极限承载拉力预测方法

海洋新型纤维增强热塑性立管因其可盘卷、耐腐蚀、耐疲劳和轻质化等优点,在深水油气开发中应用前景十分广阔。热塑性立管具有复合材料的各向异性、受力耦合效应及复杂的本构关系,且承受浮体运动和复杂海洋环境载荷,其失效模式尚未明确。针对轴对称载荷作用下纤维增强热塑性立管极限承载力问题,进行热塑性管稳态热传导和热应力的理论推导,求解了稳态温度和应力分布,首次给出了在任意温度载荷作用下管体径向位移的解析解,并直接求解其径向、轴向、环向和剪切应力。采用各向同性层Von Mises和各向异性层最大应力（Max Stress）准则或Tsai-Hill准则判定热塑性管的失效,基于应力分布、失效准则和二分法计算了热塑性管的极限载荷。温度载荷、纤维铺设角度和径厚比对管道的应力分布影响显著。不同温度载荷会改变失效指数沿径向的变化趋势,增大轴向拉力将增大热塑性管的失效指数,选用不同的失效准则在管体失效判定上存在一定的差异。热塑性管温度越低、纤维铺设角越小及径厚比越大,管道对轴向拉伸载荷的承载能力越强。     

基于德尔菲法的围填海对海洋资源影响指标体系研究

为了拓展发展空间,围填海已经成为沿海国家海洋开发活动的重大举措,围填海带来巨大的社会和经济效益的同时,对海洋资源会产生许多不利影响,要确定围填海对海洋资源影响程度,急需采用适宜的评价指标体系。分析了受围填海开发活动影响的海洋资源及其影响程度评价指标和权重的确定方法,构建了用于评价围填海开发活动对海洋资源产生影响程度的层次结构指标体系。利用德尔菲法通过三轮专家咨询给出了影响评价指标的权重。研究结果表明:围填海开发活动影响的海洋资源可划分为港航资源、旅游资源、渔业资源、空间资源和其他资源5个方面,在20个评价指标中,浅海滩涂损失率、自然岸线损失比例和珍稀物种资源损失价值的权重较大,陆域空间利用率、人工岸线增加比例、游客增长率、旅游开发投资和海域使用金的权重较小。     

板格形导管架桩基码头稳定性简化计算方法

板格形导管架桩基码头是适用于深水域软土地基的新型港口与海岸工程结构。该结构由预制的板格形导管架及桩基构成,承载特性和破坏模式复杂。假定码头结构发生倾覆失稳时,转动点位于前桩轴线上,且距导管架底面距离为L。除结构的自身重量外,综合考虑板格形导管架与周围土体间的摩擦力、桩侧摩阻力、桩侧水平土抗力等,对结构进行极限状态受力分析,建立基于假想支撑点的稳定性分析模型,并通过强度折减法进行计算,求取安全系数。以天津滨海沿岸水文地质条件为背景,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立板格形导管架桩基码头三维弹塑性有限元模型进行稳定性分析,并与简化方法进行比较。结果表明,通过简化计算方法得到的安全系数与有限元结果较为吻合。     

A finite differences formulation for the linear and nonlinear dynamics of 2D catenary risers

A finite differences (FD) solution method is proposed for the numerical treatment of the dynamic equilibrium problem of 2D catenary risers. The method is based on the so-called Box approximation, which in the scope of the present contribution is applied to the complete nonlinear model as well as to the reduced linearized formulation. The application of the Box method transforms the original governing systems into convenient sets of algebraic equations, which in turn are solved efficiently by the relaxation method. Extensive numerical calculations are presented that describe the dynamic behaviour of the structure and evaluate the amplification in loading due to the dynamic components. The effect of the geometric nonlinearities is assessed through comparative calculations that concern both mathematical formulations examined in the present, i.e. the complete nonlinear, and the reduced linearized model. Special attention is paid to the heave excitations as they amplify significantly the magnitudes of the loading components.     

基于监测数据的深水水下井口循环弯矩计算方法

水下井口的疲劳完整性是海洋油气田长期安全开采的前提。工业界往往采用贴应变片直接测量水下井口应变来计算弯矩和疲劳损伤,但水下井口应变片粘贴困难且不能长时间连续工作。采用对水下井口监测方法,基于隔水管—防喷器组—水下井口的运动和力学特性,考虑防喷器组惯性力矩建立系统耦合动力学方程,最终形成基于监测数据的水下井口循环弯矩计算方法。以南海某深水水下井口为例,建立隔水管—防喷器组—水下井口系统有限元模型并进行动态分析,提取隔水管底部张力、转角、防喷器组加速度及转角等参数,代入所建立的系统耦合动力学模型,得到水下井口弯矩与有限元计算结果吻合良好。研究表明只需通过在线监测获得所需的输入数据,无需监测水下井口应变即可获取水下井口循环弯矩。建立的系统耦合动力学模型可为水下井口疲劳完整性评估提供理论依据。     

象山港海洋生态环境评价方法研究

本文基于1988—2014年的监测数据,针对象山港海洋生态环境状况,建立了象山港海洋生态环境评价的科学方法,结果表明:(1)根据象山港生物生态、水质、水动力、水团提出了三类三级评价指标体系,其中水质指标的确定综合考虑了水体中主要超标物质、长时间序列的波动及变化趋势;(2)根据东海E2断面、象山港及口门监测数据统计分析确定象山港的活性磷酸盐和无机氮的环境污染变化推荐基准年分别为1993年和1992年;结合频数分析法,象山港海域活性磷酸盐和无机氮的推荐基准值分别是0.023mg/L和0.50mg/L;(3)评价分级根据生态环境现状及分区衔接确定为3个等级,其中水质指标选择2011年25%、75%所对应的营养盐浓度值为分级依据;(4)评价结果表明,2011年象山港从口门至港底生态环境分别为好、较好、一般,2014年为好、较好、一般、差;与2011年相比2014年象山港2、4、5、7、8、9区的综合环境有所下降。     

A simplified calculation method for axial cyclic degradation of offshore wind turbine foundations in clay

Abstract

Pile foundation is the most popular option for the foundation of offshore wind turbines. The degradation of stiffness and bearing capacity of pile foundation induced by cyclic loading will be harmful for structure safety. In this article, a modified undrained elastic–plastic model considering the cyclic degradation of clay soil is proposed, and a simplified calculation method (SCM) based on shear displacement method is presented to calculate the axial degradated capacity of a single pile foundation for offshore wind turbines resisting cyclic loadings. The conception of plastic zone thickness R_p is introduced to obtain the function between accumulated plastic strain and displacement of soil around pile side. The axial ultimate capacity of single piles under axial cyclic loading calculated by this simplified analysis have a good consistency with the results from the finite element analysis, which verifies the accuracy and reliability of this method. As an instance, the behavior of pile foundation of an offshore wind farm under cyclic load is studied using the proposed numerical method and SCM. This simplified method may provide valuable reference for engineering design.     

海洋溢油溯源数值模拟方法的研究进展

海洋溢油溯源数值模拟可以为海上溢油事故的应急处置提供技术支撑,同时对确定溢油事故的泄漏源和责任方也具有重要的指导意义。本文概述了海洋溢油溯源数值模拟方法的最新研究成果,总结分析了包括对流扩散过程的逆运算、受体模式、粒子追踪模式和垂向溯源方法等在内的四类数值模拟方法的基础理论和研究进展。同时,归纳了三种常用的溢油溯源数值模拟结果分析方法,并给出了每种方法的优缺点及其对应的适用条件。在分析海洋溢油溯源数值模拟方法应用现状的基础上,初步探讨面临的挑战。这对全面理解溢油溯源数值模拟方法的理论和应用提供了重要参考,并可为相关工作和后续数值模拟方法的改进奠定基础。     

基于热红外图像的海面油膜面积的测算方法

针对现有油膜检测技术难以准确测算油膜面积且检测精度受天气条件影响大的问题,本文提出了一种基于热红外图像的海面油膜面积测算方法。采用波段为 8耀14 滋m 的红外热像仪获取海面油膜的热红外图像,对采集的油膜图像进行预处 理 （灰度化、中值滤波和锐化）;基于图像灰度分布特征分割油膜区域 （感兴趣区域,ROI）,采用形态学操作对 ROI 进行填充、腐蚀与膨胀,并对 ROI 进行数学表征;通过像素面积法计算 ROI 实际物理面积。实验结果表明：在不同的外界天气环境下 （如海浪、海风、海雾、不同光照等环境）,该方法对不同黏度的石油样品在海面形成的油膜均有良好的检测精度, ROI 面积计算平均误差为 3.77%。     

A simple experimental method to regain the mechanical behavior of naturally structured marine clays

Quantitative laboratory studies on the structural behavior of natural intact marine clays require a large number of identical natural samples leading to an expensive and challenging task. This study proposes a simple method to reconstruct an artificial structured marine clay as the state of its natural intact clay at both macro and micro levels. For this purpose, the Shanghai marine clay is selected and mixed with low cement contents (1–6%). The clay-cement slurry is mixed in a container with the ice-covered sides at a low temperature about 0 ± 2 °C to postpone the hydration reactions until consolidation began. The purpose of adding cement is to generate the inter-particle bonding and structure in reconstituted samples. Initially, the reconstituted samples are consolidated under the in situ stress of 98 kPa and then under the pre-consolidation pressure of 50 kPa. Mechanical characteristics such as compression index, yield stress, unconfined compression strength, shear strength ratio, and the stress paths from triaxial tests are compared with natural intact clay accordingly. Scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses are also performed to analyze the microstructure of clays for comparison. Furthermore, the proposed method is also examined by using natural intact marine clays of different locations and characteristics.     

酸洗法测定海洋沉积物有机碳和无机碳含量的致命缺陷

Organic and inorganic carbon contents of marine sediments are important to reconstruct marine productivity,global carbon cycle, and climate change. A proper method to separate and determine organic and inorganic carbons is thus of great necessity. Although the best method is still disputable, the acid leaching method is widely used in many laboratories because of its ease-of-use and high accuracy. The results of the elemental analysis of sediment trap samples reveal that organic and inorganic carbon contents cannot be obtained using the acid leaching method, causing an infinitely amplified error when the carbon content of the decarbonated sample is 12%±1% according to a mathematical derivation. Acid fumigation and gasometric methods are used for comparison, which indicates that other methods can avoid this problem in organic carbon analysis. For the first time, this study uncovers the pitfalls of the acid leaching method, which limits the implication in practical laboratory measurement, and recommends alternative solutions of organic/inorganic carbon determination in marine sediments.     

A finite element method for dynamic analysis of long slender marine structures under combined parametric and forcing excitations

This paper presents a numerical analysis of lateral responses of a long slender marine structure under combined parametric and forcing excitations. In the development of the 3-D numerical program, a finite element method is implemented in the time domain using the Newmark constant acceleration method. Some example studies are performed for various water depths, environmental conditions and vessel motions. The relative amplitudes of combined excitations to a conventional forcing excitation are examined. The response amplitude of a combined excitation is much greater than that of a forcing excitation in the even number of instability regions of the Mathieu stability chart. The results demonstrate that a combined excitation needs to be considered for the accurate dynamic analysis of long slender marine structures subjected to a surface vessel motion.     

A metrologic method of anomaly field amplitude bottom reduction in undersampled geomagnetic marine surveys

We show the results obtained by means of a seabed reduction technique on the intensity of geomagnetic anomaly fields applied to a synthetic case and then to the real case of a geomagnetic survey of eastern Ligurian Sea (Italy). The eastern Ligurian Sea has very intense short waves anomaly fields and a sea bed that varies greatly in depth. As a result the geomagnetic space signal is characterized by a very large spectral content; in these conditions it is not possible to obtain a full sampled marine survey and vertical continuation analytic procedures and standard numerical bottom reduction based on a single vertical incremental parameter, whichever is applicable, fails to give accurate results. The present technique, which has been fine-tuned over 4 years of experimentation in environmental researchs, aims to provide a simple and efficient means to reduce the distortion of geomagnetic anomalies field caused by the variation of distance between survey plane and magnetic outcrop source position. The compensation procedure is based on evaluation, by comparison of two measurements carried out at different altitudes, of the mean vertical increment typical of each anomaly field principal frequency component bands. The component anomaly fields are then corrected by application of the corresponding vertical increments and lastly, the anomaly geomagnetic field reduced to the sea-bed is computed as Inverse Fourier Transform of a spectrum built as synthesis of the component anomaly fields' spectra. The results obtained have shown a notable increase in definition of anomaly field intensity without the production of appreciable distortions or false geomagnetic echoes. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.