Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Tidal Current and Sediment for Oujiang Estnary and Wenzhou Bay

A 2-D mathematical model of tidal current and sediment has been developed for the Oujiang Estuary and the WenzhouBay. This model accomodates complicated features including multiple islands, existence of turbidity, and significant differ-ence in size distribution of bed material. The governing equations for non-uniform suspended load and bed load transport arepresented in a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The numerical solution procedures along with theirinitial conditions, boundary conditions, and movable boundary technique are presented. Strategies for computation of thecritical condition of deposition or erosion, sediment transport capacity, non-uniform bed load discharge, etc. are suggested.The model verification computation shows that, the tidal levels computed from the model are in good agreement with the fielddata at the 18 tidal gauge stations. The computed velocities and flow directions also agree well with the values measuredalong the totally 52 synchronously observed verticals distributed over 8 cross sections. The computed tidal water throughputsthrough the Huangda‘ao cross section are close to the measured data. And the computed values of bed deformation fromYangfushan to the estuary outfall and in the outer-sea area are in good agreement with the data observed from 1986 to 1992.The changes of tidal volumes through the estuary, velocities in different channels and the bed form due to the influence of thereclamation project on the Wenzhou shoal are predicted by means of this model.     

Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Tidal Current and Sediment for Oujiang Estuary and Wenzhou Bay

A 2-D mathematical model of tidal current and sediment has been developed for the Oujiang Estuary and the Wenzhou Bay. This model accomodates complicated features including multiple islands, existence of turbidity, and significant differ-ence in size distribution of bed material. The governing equations for non-uniform suspended load and bed load transport are presented in a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The numerical solution procedures along with their initial conditions, boundary conditions, and movable boundary technique are presented. Strategies for computation of the critical condition of deposition or erosion, sediment transport capacity, non-uniform bed load discharge, etc. are suggested. The model verification computation shows that, the tidal levels computed from the model are in good agreement with the field data at the 18 tidal gauge stations. The computed velocities and flow directions also agree well with the values measured along the totally 52 synchronously ob     

瓯江河口挟沙能力的初步探讨

在分析瓯江河口潮流泥沙特性基础上 ,认为瓯江口挟沙能力与水动力及泥沙等因素密切相关。采用断面垂线平均的处理方法 ,引入背景含沙量的概念 ,线性回归拟合出瓯江口挟沙能力公式 ,为瓯江口二维潮流泥沙数模计算提供了辅助方程     

人类活动和自然演变共同驱动下黄河三角洲海域潮波及物质输运变化

在海堤建设等人类活动和三角洲蚀淤等自然演变的共同作用下,黄河三角洲岸线水深近年来发生了剧烈变化,同时也将引起邻近海域潮波系统及物质输运路径的重要变化。本文基于FVCOM数值模式,建立了黄河三角洲及邻近海域三维高分辨率潮汐、潮流及拉格朗日粒子追踪数值模型。通过与环渤海长期验潮站的潮汐调和常数、黄河三角洲临时潮位站和测流站的实测资料对比,模型结果验证良好,能较好反映黄河三角洲及邻近海域潮汐、潮流运动特征,并获得了2019年M₂分潮无潮点位置。通过设置1980年、2019年黄河三角洲岸线自然演变、海堤建设及相应水深地形变化的5个数值实验,结果表明：在人类活动与自然演变共同驱动下,黄河三角洲海域的M₂分潮无潮点向东南方向移动,主要影响因素为水深。黄河口向海延伸和海堤丁坝建设导致的岸线变化,对无潮点位置影响较小,但在该凸出岸段两侧形成余流流涡,使得黄河入海物质在莱州湾内停留时间变长,向渤海输运扩散的时间推迟。     

徐六泾控制节点污染物运移轨迹模拟

对三维多功能动力-生态耦合模式(COHERENS)进行二次开发,运用"网格冻结法"实现了漫滩和露滩过程中的干湿交替,突破其为固定边界和限制水深的局限,使COHERENS模式成功应用于长江口浅滩过程的模拟。对潮位和水流流速的模拟结果进行了较好地验证。在斜压流场的基础上对示踪颗粒拉格朗日运移进行追踪,对污染物欧拉输运进行数值模拟。以徐六泾控制节点横断面设置颗粒示踪子和污染物排放点,对排放的悬浮颗粒物质和溶解性污染物的运动轨迹和特征进行了模拟和比较分析,给出了模拟期间的流场特征和污染物输移规律。     

长江河口北支倒灌盐通量数值分析

应用改进的三维数值模式,研究了长江河口北支倒灌盐通量.当径流量取11 000 m3/s,风况取风速为6 m/s的北风时,长江河口北支上段大潮、中潮、小潮和半月平均盐通量分别为-26.28,-14.65,-1.58和-15.83 t/s,发生北支盐分倒灌进入南支,大潮期间的盐分倒灌量远大于小潮期间.通过数值计算定量分析了...     

长江河口北支倒灌盐水输送机制分析

基于三维数值模式ECOM-si,采用通量机制分析的方法,对长江河口北支倒灌盐水的输送机制进行了定量研究.模式计算了南北支分叉口和南支河段的潮平均单宽盐通量、各叉道上10个断面的潮平均盐通量和上述两者的机制分解项.基于计算结果讨论了北支倒灌盐水输送的动力机制,发现Lagrange余流输送和潮泵输送在倒灌盐水的输送中起主导作用.讨论了南支各叉道输送倒灌盐水的数量关系,给出了北支盐水倒灌输送的主要路径.     

长江口盐度的时空变化特征及其指示意义

2003年2,7月在长江口进行了枯、洪季大规模综合水文测验,布控范围西自江阴东至口外-20m,测验站点覆盖4条入海汊道.测验资料统计分析表明:(1)径流大小、汊道分流比、潮汐强弱和地形条件是控制盐度时空变化的主要要素;(2)在盐度空间分布上从大至小的顺序是:北支,南槽,北槽,北港口;(3)北支枯季发生盐水倒灌南支,而洪季可有一半以上区段为淡水所控;在其他3个入海汊道中,北港口门段是长江口盐淡水混合相对最弱的区段,盐度潮周期变幅最大,但洪枯变幅最小;南槽的盐淡水混合较强,盐度潮周期变幅较小,但洪枯变幅很大;北槽介于两者之间.(4)盐度时空变化反映洪季北支、南港和南槽分流比都有所增加.     

闽江口河网二维潮流数学模型

应用“河网正交贴体坐标”技术拟合闽江河口多汊道河网，将网格控制在河道有效区域内，使网格空间步长大大缩小，提高了计算的可信度，应用“矩阵追赶法”和“非线性二维潮流模型”等求解方法，很好地模拟了闽江河口复杂的潮流场，计算时间步长可长达10min。该数学模型已在闽江口等多个工程中得到应用，效果良好。     

长江口滞流点洪、枯季移动的数值分析

为研究长江口滞流点位置的季节变化,利用Delft3D-Flow模块建立长江口二维潮流数学模型,通过实测水文资料对模型进行验证。在此基础上,模拟长江口各汊道洪、枯季滞流点移动情况,并从各汊道沿程断面的落潮量、涨潮量和落、涨潮量之比3个方面进行了水动力分析。结果显示:洪季,北支滞流点在八滧港东北方向约1.9 km处;在南支各汊道中,北港滞流点位于鸡骨礁东北方向约10.0 km处,北槽滞流点位于牛皮礁东南方向约3.8 km处,南槽滞流点位于大辑山东北方向约14.1 km处。枯季,除北槽外,其余各汊道均出现两个滞流点,且北支的两个滞流点相距最远,分别在灵甸港西南方向约3.2 km处和六滧港东北方向约3.1 km处;北港滞流点分别在鸡骨礁西北方向约25.8 km和20.2 km处,北槽滞流点在横沙以西约5.3 km处,南槽滞流点分别在中浚西北方向约6.5 km和东北方向约5.5 km处。北支洪、枯季滞流点的移动距离为4.6~53.3 km,北港、南槽洪、枯季滞流点的移动距离分别为22.0~27.7km和34.6~39.2 km,而北槽洪、枯季滞流点的移动距离最大,为57.1km。长江口各汊道滞流点的移动反映了河流径流和海洋潮流的综合作用。     

Analysis on the Circulation of the Yangtze River Estuary Based on ADCP Measurements

According to analysis on field data obtained by ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler),the flow regime of the Yangtze River Estuary is studied by use of a 3-D numerical model.The flow field characteristics,under the influence of Coriolis force,saltwater intrusion and freshwater inflow and tidal current interaction,are depicted in details.The main driving forces and some important effective factors of lateral,longitudinal and horizontal circulation are also analyzed.     

近60年来长江河口河势变化及其对水动力和盐水入侵的影响Ⅱ.水动力

本文基于本系列论文Ⅰ中数值化的长江河口20世纪50年代、70年代海图获得的岸线和水深资料,以及2012年水深实测资料,设置不同年代模式网格,考虑径流量、潮汐和风应力作用,建立长江河口水动力和盐水入侵三维数值模式,模拟和分析不同年代潮汐潮流、单宽余通量、分汊口水通量和分流比,及其河势变化对它们的影响。最大潮差在3个年代间的变化主要在北支区域,50年代至70年代,北支潮差减小,减小区域集中在北支中段,2012年相比70年代北支潮差增大。单宽水通量在50年代北港大于南港,北支下段向上游输运、上段量值较小,在70年代南港大于北港,北支下段量值较小、上段向下游,在2012年南北港水通量较为接近,北港稍大,整个北支水通量向上游。定量给出了50、70年代和2012年南北支、南北港大潮期间和小潮期间涨潮、落潮和净水量和分流比,结合河势变化分析了不同年代间的变化原因。     

长江口南北支二维氯度数学模型

枯水大潮期间，长江口北支向南支倒灌盐水，使南支河段和黄浦江水质恶化。，多年来这一问题为各界所重视。本文采用二维数学模型模拟了南北支水流和氯度的变化。数学模型经验证以后，计算了封堵北支方案，分析了工程前后含氯度变化情况。封堵北支后，切断了北支向南支倒灌盐水的来源，南支河段含氯度大幅度下降，数模计算反映了北支倒灌盐水在南支河段中的重要作用     

长江河口涨落潮不对称性动力成因分析

长江河口存在着涨落潮流速和历时的不对称现象.本应用长江河口三维数值模式,数值试验定量给出了不同径流量、潮汐和水深下南北支、南北港和南北槽涨潮落潮平均流速和历时,通过横断面涨潮落潮通量必须满足质量守恒观点从动力机制上给出了涨潮落潮流速和历时不对称的成因.     

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and salinity transport model of estuarine circulation with an application to a macrotidal estuary

A three-dimensional semi-implicit finite volume numerical model has been developed and applied to study tidal circulation and salinity stratification in the region of Oujiang River Estuary, China. The model employs horizontally unstructured grids and boundary-fitted coordinate system in the vertical direction. Governing equations consisting of continuity, momentum, and transport equations are all solved in the integral form of the equations, which provides a better representation of the conservative laws for mass, momentum, and transport in the coastal region with complex geometry and bottom bathymetry. The model performance was firstly quantified with skill assessment statistics on the choice of different parameters and validated with observed tidal elevation, current velocity, direction and salinity data over a spring–neap tidal cycle collected in 2006. Numerical results show that the model with wetting–drying capability successfully simulated the tidal currents and salinity fields with a reasonable accuracy and indicate that the Oujiang River Estuary is a macrotidal estuary with strong tidal mixing. In addition, the model results also show that the Oujiang River Estuary is a well-mixed estuary during spring tide. Then, the numerical simulations were performed to compare the hydrodynamic process and salinity distribution before and after a river training, which was conducted by blocking the south branch of the Oujiang River mouth. The results reveal that with the only north access to the sea, the influence of the blocking project on the flood discharge capacity is limited and the incremental velocity is beneficial to the navigation channel maintenance, although it will cause some scour to the embankment. Furthermore, the redistribution of tidal prism passing in or out the north branch makes a little severe salinity intrusion during high tide or low tide. However, the salinity intrusion is still within acceptable range, although it can cause some adverse effect on water intaking of production and life. The variations of salinity levels in Yueqing Bay situated at the north of the river mouth are not obvious, so the blocking project will not bring damage to local aquiculture. However, significant changes of salinity happen inside or outside of the south branch, so enough attention need to be paid to the changes of environment caused by the salinity variation after the blocking project. Overall, by weighing advantages and disadvantages of the blocking project, it is feasible and the model can be considered as a tool for managing and studying estuarine circulation.     

长江口南支潮流的一个数值模拟

为了能够精确地拟合天然水域不规则的水陆边界,并能保持有限差分数值计算在矩形网格中进行,本文利用Thompson的数值网格生成技术,在长江口南支七丫口至横沙河段设计了一个椭圆型边界拟合坐标系,并在这个坐标系下建立了平面二维潮流数学模型。通过数值求解此数学模型,实现了计算区域内现状潮流的一个数值模拟,模拟结果表明,模式的设计是成功的。     

长江河口下扁担沙水域最长连续不宜取水时间

长江河口已建成陈行水库、青草沙水库和东风西沙水库,提供了约80%的上海用水。但随着社会和经济的发展,用水缺口仍然存在。下扁担沙位于南北港分汊口上游,大潮落潮期间滩涂露出。本文利用研究组长期研发和应用的长江河口盐水入侵三维数值模式,计算在1978-1979年特枯径流量条件下该水域的盐水入侵和连续最长不宜取水时间,了解下扁担沙水域能否作为备用水源地。本文采用2017年2月19日到3月1日北支8个站位的观测资料,结果表明表层和底层盐度模拟值和实测值之间相关系数、均方根误差和技术分数的平均值分别为0.85、1.82和0.82,模式计算盐度和实测值吻合良好,能较好地模拟长江河口盐水入侵。模式计算表明,下扁担沙模式输出点最长连续不宜取水时间为13.79 d,盐水入侵在大潮后期和大潮后中潮主要源自上游北支倒灌,小潮后中潮主要源自下游正面入侵,且前者影响比后者大。能取水时段就出现在小潮后中潮,淡水是南支上游南侧随落潮流平流过来的。下扁担沙水域的最长连续不宜取水时间远比青草沙水库和东风西沙水库的短,表明下扁担沙水域淡水资源远比南支上游和下游水域充足,是个极为优越的备用水源地。     

A New Model for Velocity Profiles in Estuarine Waters

Water motion in estuarine waters is the result of the action of various dynamic factors. Firstly, based on the hydro-dynamic characteristics in estuarine waters, neglecting the nonlinear effects of various flow hydrodynamic factors, the logarithm velocity profile of tidal current and the cubic velocity profile of Hansen and Rattray (1965) made for linear superposition at a sense of first order, a new model for velocity profile in estuarine waters is established. Then, by introducing the least square method combination of enumeration, the velocity profile data of wind-driven current measured in the laboratory and that observed at the North and the South Branches of the Yangtze Estuary are verified and compared with other formulas, all with satisfactory results. The results show that the new model not only considers the influences of various dynamic factors, such as tide, wind force, run-off and density pressure with high accuracy, but also provides reasonable boundary conditions on the bottom for hydrodynamics numerical simulation in estuarine waters. Thereby, the accuracy and credibility of numerical computation and prediction of water flow are improved. The research is theoretically important for the estuarine hydrodynamics.     

长江口北支盐水倒灌南支对青草沙水源地的影响

自1978年以来，在长江口的几个关键岸段（例青龙港、新建、高桥、堡镇等）设置盐度观测站；1992－1994年的枯季、在青草沙水源地的南、北两侧各抛测量船一般，在一个完整的大、中、小潮期间、连续逐时观测流速、流向、水深、盐度等，同时在青龙港等处设置6个岸边观测点同步取样；1995－1996年在船站位置各设置氯离子自动监测仪一台；1996年3月又进行了一次大规模的长江口水文测验。本文对大量的现场资料作了分析计算。研究结果表明，青草沙水源地盐水来源主要有北支倒灌咸水团和外海咸水入侵。前者的特征为，氯度的半月变化是小潮期（或小潮后的寻常潮）的氯度反高于大潮期，氯度的潮周日变化是日最高值出现在落憩附近，日最低值出现在涨憩附近，氯度的垂向分层不明显。这与外海盐水入侵引起的氯离子浓度在半月和潮周日内的变化特征正好相反。     

ECOM模式在丁字湾的应用

应用河口、陆架和海洋模式 (ECOM模型 ) ,引入干湿网格法模拟潮滩涨落的改进 ,并建立丁字湾及近岸海域的三维变动边界潮流模型。该模型考虑了湾口拦门沙、湾内水道和人工围海等地形特点。计算结果与实测值比较符合良好 ,较好地刻画出丁字湾 M2 分潮潮流场的时空分布特点。