基于ADS80数字航空影像的大比例尺立体测图

ADS80数字航摄仪是目前先进的推扫式机载数字航空摄影测量系统。通过介绍ADS80数字航空摄影测量系统及ADS80数字航空影像在大比例尺测图中的应用,阐述ADS80数字航空影像用于全数字立体测图的方法及工艺流程,以及不同于一般的全数字立体测图的坐标转换和建立立体模型程序,对测图过程中容易出现的问题进行分析并提出解决方法。     

近景摄影测量在土壤侵蚀监测中的应用

针对当前近景摄影测量技术对影像采集设备以及操作人员专业性要求高的特点,该文在总结前人研究的基础上,提出了一种基于普通数码相机的近景摄影测量技术方法,并将其应用于微区土壤侵蚀监测试验中。通过该方法在人工水冲试验和天然降雨试验前后的土壤侵蚀动态监测得到:与传统土壤侵蚀监测方法相比,采用该方法测得的土壤侵蚀量精度分别可以达到75%和83.11%,单次测量精度最高可达94.33%。通过分析误差来源,结果表明:在一定条件下,可以实现基于普通数码相机的近景摄影测量技术在生产建设项目土壤侵蚀监测中的应用。     

测绘讲座 航空测量——第七讲 立体摄影测量的基本原理和公式

§7.1 基本定义和解决问题的一般方案一、概 况前面所讲的航测综合法中,航空像片只是用来编制地物平面图,而在野外测绘地貌中,像片上地形的影像仅起着辅助的作用。但在立体摄影测量里,地物和地貌便都是根据像片在室内进行量测。要在室内测绘地貌,必须利用由不同摄影站对同一地区所摄的两张像片（即立体像对）,构成地面模型,以便进行量测。下面先讲一讲基本定义和地面立体模型的建立,然后再讲立体摄影测量作业的方案。     

航空摄影测量学

本书原名《用航空像片测制地图》，是英国东北伦敦综合技术学院土地测量专业教材。全书有十三章和两个附录，内容包括：航摄仪的几何特性；摄影飞行；像片纠正；高程量测；立体模型；图解平面图和影像地图的制作；模拟测图仪和模拟空中三角测量；解析测图仪和解析摄影测量；辅助数据在解析摄影测量中的应用；地面控制；正交矩阵；航摄基本技术规定等。书后附有24幅各种新型航测仪器照片。     

航空摄影立体像对的全自动影像匹配

在原始影像立体像对的基础上,实现DEM的全自动提取是"数字摄影测量”的最重要的技术,是"摄影测量”对"数字地球”科学体系的最大贡献.DEM全自动提取的关键技术就是立体像对的全自动影像匹配.作者经过多年的实践,分别实现了航空影像立体像对的全自动影像匹配和航天影像立体像对的全自动影像匹配.从自动内定向、自动相对定向、全数字影像匹配等3个子过程论述了实现航空影像DEM全自动提取技术的全过程,并且给出了试验的结果和分析.     

航空摄影立体像对的全自动影像匹配

在原始影像立体像对的基础上,实现ＤＥＭ的全自动提取是“数字摄影测量”的最重要的技术,是“摄影测量”对“数字地球”科学体系的最大贡献。ＤＥＭ全自动提取的关键技术就是立体像对的全自动影像匹配。作者过多年的实践,分别实现了航空影像立体像对的全自动影像匹配和航天影像立体对的全自动影像匹配。从自动内定向,自动相对定向、全数字影像匹配等３个子过程论述了实现航空影像ＤＥＭ全自动提取技术的全过程,并且给出了试验的     

航空数字摄影测量对林分立木测高及精度分析

为了解决以往森林调查手段需要在野外工作,并且比较耗费人力、物力与时间的问题,本文提出用航空摄影立体像对数字摄影测量的方法来估测林分立木高度。本研究利用两张廊坊市自然公园拍摄比例尺为1∶2500的航空像对,构建数字立体模型,在此模型上测量50株样木的高度,并结合实地用全站仪实测得出的数据进行精度的分析评价。结果表明:利用航空立体像对数字摄影测量立木高度,与全站仪实测数据相比差异不显著,两组数据呈线性正相关关系,精度达到93.96%,与林业调查上95%的精度要求较为接近。     

用地面立体摄影测量方法进行陡峭地区断面量测

在工程建设测量中，断面测量是一项频繁而艰苦的工作，悬崖陡壁的断面测量更是断面测量中的难点。最近我们采用地面立体摄影的方法（摄影经纬仪是南京生产的DJS 19/1318/01型地面摄影经纬仪）在立体坐标量测仪（上海劳动仪表厂生产的HCZ_1型立体坐标量测仪）上，进行悬崖陡壁的断面量测试验，取得了良好的效果。它的特点是：外业工作量     

基于MicroStation V8的立体采编系统开发与实现

在VC环境下进行MicroStation的二次开发,实现了一套基于MicroStationⅤ8平台的全数字摄影测量立体采编系统。该系统在核线立体模型建立之后,利用摄影测量基本原理解算三维坐标,直接通过鼠标进行立体切准和量测,实现了面向地物要素的立体采集和立体编辑。     

基于GIS与RUSLE的土壤侵蚀量时空变化分析

基于修正的土壤流失方程(RUSLE),运用RS和GIS技术对葫芦岛市的土壤侵蚀状况进行分析。结果表明,葫芦岛市年均土壤侵蚀量17 867 598.32 t,年均土壤侵蚀模数为16.13 t/(hm2×a),属于轻度侵蚀。葫芦岛市中度侵蚀以上的土壤侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的11.31%,土壤侵蚀模数占总侵蚀量的40.17%。中度侵蚀以下的土壤侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的88.96%,土壤侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的59.83%,研究区土壤侵蚀空间差异性大。分析土壤侵蚀与坡度和土地利用之间的关系表明,6°~25°为研究区主要侵蚀坡度段,裸土地、旱地、林地和草地是研究区土壤侵蚀的主要发生区,葫芦岛市应将其列为水土保持重点治理对象,采取有效措施,改善土壤侵蚀现状。     

Comparison of small scale soil maps prepared by conventional methods and air photo-interpretation procedure

A small scale soil map for a part of Barnagar Tehsil prepared by the adoption of a systematic air photo-interpretation procedure has been compared with the soil map for the same area resulting from a previous reconnaissance soil survey using toposheets as base maps. Tt has been shown that the soil boundaries of the photo-interpretation map are both more accurate and natural in shape; delineation of gullied lands has been achieved more accurately by the A.P.I. procedure; soil erosion could be mapped more consistently and accurately through photo-interpretation. Additionally. the photo-internretation procedure achieves accurate delineation of distinctive facets of land forms because of the advantages arising from the viewing of a stereo model of the landscape; this paves the way for easier and better soil mapping in view of the correlation between landscape elements and soil patterns. Apart from the increased accuracy and diminished costs the photo-interpretation procedure will be helpful in modernising previously prepared reconnaissance soil maps.     

Temporal and spatial relationships between soil erosion and ecological restoration in semi-arid regions: a case study in northern Shaanxi,China

ABSTRACT

To assess the effects of the Grain for Green Program (GGP) on soil erosion is essential to support better land management policies in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Studies on the evaluation of the effects of the GGP on soil erosion have garnered heightened attention. However, few studies examined the efficiency of GGP on soil erosion control through spatial relationship analysis. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing the spatial variation relationship between soil erosion and GGP in northern Shaanxi, Chinese Loess Plateau, from 1988 to 2015. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to quantify changes in soil erosion at the regional and watershed scales, and the Geographically Weighted Regression model was used to analyze the spatial relationships between land use and land cover (LULC) and soil erosion. Our results indicated that the major characteristic of LULC change during the GGP was a rapid increase of vegetation area and a rapid decrease of cropland. Bare lands contributed to the most serious soil loss, followed by croplands and sparse grasslands. The GGP had a globally positive influence on the decrease in soil erosion over the study area, but the amount of soil erosion in western and northern regions maintained a severe level. Spatial heterogeneity in the nature of the relationships among different vegetation, croplands, and soil erosion was also observed. The change rate of wood and the change rate of soil erosion in northern sub-watershed represented a negative relationship, while the change rate of sparse grassland was negatively correlated to the change rate of soil erosion in 21 sub-watersheds, account for 72% of the study area. The GGP implemented in northern sub-watersheds were more effective for soil erosion control than southern sub-watersheds. We propose that current areas of vegetation can support soil erosion control in the whole northern Shaanxi, but local-scale ecological restoration can be considered in northern sub-watersheds.     

基于数据融合的行树与篱笆三维信息自动提取

通过融合GIS数据、DSM和CIR立体影像等不同数据源,自动提取行树与篱笆的三维信息。综合采用了影像分割、边缘提取、直线段连接与编组、DSM三维验证等手段,成功地从航空立体像对中提取出目标信息。所提取的行树与篱笆信息可以应用于GIS数据更新、土壤监测与保护、风侵蚀的危害计算等。     

长江上游小流域土壤侵蚀动态模拟与分析

以长江上游甘肃省尚沟流域为研究区,在遥感影像和GIS空间分析技术支撑下,根据USLE因子算法生成各因子栅格图,借助地图代数运算,估算了尚沟流域1998年和2004年的土壤侵蚀量,并对2004年土壤侵蚀与其环境背景因子进行叠加和空间统计分析。在此基础上,构建了与GIS软件平台集成的地理元胞自动机,模拟了该流域2004年、2010年和2020年土壤侵蚀空间演化情形。结果表明:研究区平均侵蚀量从1998年的6598.1t/km2下降到2004年的5923.3t/km2,侵蚀面积净减少172.3hm2,输沙量减少9.15×104t;1300～1400m的海拔高程带、25～35°坡度带、南坡和旱耕地是发生水土流失的主要区域;经模拟,2010年总侵蚀面积为93.49km2,侵蚀总量73.15×104t,侵蚀模数为5126t/km2,土壤侵蚀状况总体上将有所减缓。     

土壤水力侵蚀的遥感信息模型研究——以江西省为例

通过利用Terra/Aqua卫星上搭载的MODIS传感器计算获取的16d合成植被指数产品(MOD13A2),进一步按照最大值合成法计算月合成光谱植被指数,按照USLE模型月模式评价江西省2005年土壤侵蚀,并与传统的USLE模型年模式计算的结果进行了比较。     

“礼炮”号遥感图像在于桥水库流域土壤侵蚀调查及治理规划中的应用

本文论述了采用前苏联“礼炮”号航天遥感图像作信息源开展天津市于桥水库流域1:10万比例尺土壤侵蚀现状调查与制图、面积量算、分区治理规划措施等项研究工作的方法和结果。并在典型样区初步探讨了遥感调查土壤侵蚀与氮、磷元素流失关系,为天津市人民生活和工农业用水水质富营养化问题的解决提供了科学依据。     

长江上游重点水土流失区遥感动态监测及泥沙输移分析

以嘉陵江流域重点产沙区为试点,选择1992和1996年两个时段,通过遥感、GIS以及数学模型相结合的方法对水土流失现状和水土保持效益进行调查分析,建立水土流失变化动态监测信息系统,并从流域的土壤侵蚀推测和分析流域河流泥沙的输移变化。     

Photo-interpetation for erosion assessment in the beas catchment

Panchromatic vertical aerial photographs in the scale of 1: 15,000 were interpreted for assessment of erosion in the Bcas River Valley Project catchment, Himachal Pradesh in terms of the erosion intensity units. The erosion intensity units imply the relative quantum of sediment yield as deduced from the probable interaction of the significant parameters of erosion comprising physiography, slope, soil characteristics, Vegetation, land use and the visible erosion conditions. The procedure of photo-interpretation as also computation of sediment yield index for each of the different watersheds in the Beas RVP catchment is discussed. The survey revealed that out ofa total of 494 watersheds involving an area of 5.5 lakh ha, 132 watersheds comprising an area of 1.55 lakh ha, have silt yield index of over 1150 and need soil conservation measures on priority basis. Application of photo-interpretation has proved 2 times more efficient than the conventionai method that was followed in a piain area of Matatilla RVP catchment. In a more simpler terrain than Beas catchment and with ideal photographic scale of 1:60,000, the efficiency is expected to increase by 2-3 times than was achieved in Beas RVP catchment     

Soil erosion modeling using MMF model -A remote sensing and GIS perspective

Hardly any part of the world has remained unchanged since the arrival of the speciesHomo sapiens including the mountain ecosystems. Himalayan physiographic unit of India in due course has become populated and is tolerating all kinds of human interventions. Soil erosion in this region has been identified as a major problem due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Remote sensing and Geographical Information system (GIS) techniques hold great promises in the assessment and conservation of natural resources including the surface soil. The major objective of the present study was to apply a process based model to quantify soil erosion and to prioritize the sub-watershed on this basis. The sub-watershed located at Jakhan rao area of Western Dun in lower Himalayan belt was taken as the test site for the study at 1: 50,000 scale. Deforestation, unscientific agricultural practices, terrace farming, cattle grazing and land degradation in the sub-watershed are some of the anthropogenic factors causing soil erosion in the area. Here, MMF model was used for estimation of soil erosion by incorporating layers derived from both remote sensing and ancillary data. IRS 1C LISS III satellite data was used for the preparation of land use map that was used to derive RD map, BD map and K map. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) provided slope map, an intermediate layer used in equation 6 to generate G map, and soil map provided MS map, BD map and K map. The above intermediate layers generated were then integrated in GIS domain to estimate the amount of soil erosion in the sub-watershed area. Results show high values 4572.333 kg/m² for G map, which depicted transport capacity of overland flow. Comparatively lower values 13.15, and 7.98 kg/m²were observed for F map, which depicted soil detachment by raindrop impact. The subtracted image of the aforesaid layers produced the real picture, where in the highest value 3.770 kg/m² was found in the midland region of the site. The crossed erosion map was then classified into different erosion classes for sub-watershed area. This study illustrates the applications of remote sensing and GIS techniques for soil erosion modeling.     

基于GIS的小流域水土流失遥感定量监测研究

以三峡库区典型小流域为研究区域，通过遥感和野外调查进行信息采集．建立了流域环境数据库；在GIS支持下，根据修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）模型对数据库实施运算操作，探讨了流域内土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布规律，并估算了小流域水土流失量。