红壤丘岗缓坡地水资源状况与管理

红壤丘岗缓坡地是我国重要的后备耕地资源。就整个区域而言,降雨总量能基本满足坡地农业开发的需求。然而,由于结壤区降雨的时空分配不均,土壤结构性差、保水能力弱,季节性干旱缺水将阻碍坡地农业的开发利用。以蓄水引水工程建设为基础,生态节技术与农艺栽培措施相结合,改善土壤结构,增强土壤持蓄水能力,实施农林草复合经营,提高坡地径流水的积蓄循环利用率,是降低红壤丘岗区季节性干旱危害,促进坡地农业健康稳步发展的必     

黄土高原地区雨养农业初探

雨养农业是一种汇集雨水发展农业生产的干旱地区农业类型。本文通过对我国黄土高原地区自然条件的综合分析,提出利用这个地区光热潜力大、坡地广布、耕地较多的潜在优势来发展雨养农业的初步建议,并且从雨水的收集、贮存、节水灌溉系统出发,阐明了不同降水量地区的雨养农业开发区划。     

粤北石漠化灌丛坡地模拟降雨地表径流水中钙离子含量变化

通过模拟降雨试验,研究粤北地区不同石漠化程度的灌丛坡地地表径流水中钙离子含量的变化。结果表明,在不同雨强下,不同石漠化灌丛坡地地表径流量、地表径流水钙离子浓度和地表径流水钙离子总量随石漠化程度的加重呈逐渐上升后又降低的倒“U”型趋势;在同一雨强下,潜在、轻度和极重度石漠化坡地径流水钙离子流失量远低于中度和重度石漠化坡地;地表水中的钙离子流失总量和地表径流量、土层厚度、岩石裸露率均有较高的相关性,其中与地表径流量达到显著性相关。     

湘北红壤坡地雨水过程的水土流失及其影响

模拟主要利用方式构建的垫面为主导因子,采用径流场实测方法,通过4a(1998～2001年)实地观测试验,剖析不同下垫面对雨水地表径流及其过程的影响。研究表明:降雨(时间分布及其强度)是影响地表径流特征的主导因素;年降雨量与地表径流量和系统水土流失量呈正相关。不同垫面地表径流产量有显著性差异;雨水径流过程的土壤和养分流失有相似的表现。在假定雨水年份的基础上,应用不同雨水年份出现概率指标,推算出:湘北红壤坡地现今利用状况下,雨水产地表径流过程的年均水土流失量及其养分(有机质、N、P、K)损失量;和可最大开发利用时,可能带来的水土流失与养分损失。提出"利用坡地集雨利用优势,构建与单元生态系统水循环平衡相适应的坡地农林复合生态系统,通过水平衡生态建设来维系生态系统的水分平衡"观点。     

坡地土壤氮素与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型

坡地土壤氮素径流损失表现为两种形式 ,溶解于径流中的矿质氮随径流液流失 ,吸附于泥沙颗粒表面以无机态和以有机质形式存在的氮素。坡地土壤氮素流失过程实际上是表层土壤氮素与降雨、径流相互作用的过程 ,土壤氮素流失的多少主要受相互作用的限制。从分析土壤与降雨、径流相互作用入手 ,分析了土壤氮素与降雨、径流相互作用过程及机理 ,并对相互作用模型进行探讨。     

浙江省坡地资源的分类系统及其生产区划

重点介绍浙江省坡地资源的分类系统,并评价各类等级坡地质量及其分布规律,阐述坡地农业生产特点和坡地开发利用。     

坡耕地径流与土壤侵蚀研究进展（英文）

土壤侵蚀一直是重要的全球性环境问题之一,而坡耕地的土壤侵蚀是坡地水土流失的主要源头。作为坡耕地的主要覆盖方式,作物对坡耕地径流和土壤侵蚀的发生和发展都产生了重要的影响。本文主要回顾了目前坡耕地径流和土壤侵蚀的影响因素,以及作物生长、降雨溅蚀及其空间分布等问题。作物主要影响了坡耕地雨滴溅蚀、坡面径流和侵蚀产沙,并且径流和土壤侵蚀还受降雨强度、坡度、土壤前期含水量、土壤表层物理结皮及土壤糙率等因素影响。不同作物对径流和土壤侵蚀的作用和影响机制,以及它们在不同外部条件下影响侵蚀的能力的变化,都将成为未来研究的重点。作物植被对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响是了解大规模土壤侵蚀系统的一个重要因素,对这一课题的深入研究对坡耕地径流和土壤侵蚀研究的理论和实践都具有重要意义。     

自然降雨条件下不同生态措施坡地的径流数值模拟

从动量定理和水量平衡原理出发,以Saint Venant方程为基础推导出自然降雨条件下不同生态措施(即同时考虑变雨强、降雨动量和不同生态措施影响下的坡地径流过程)坡地的径流基本方程。在考虑一般问题定解条件的基础上,采用Preissmann隐式格式对模型进行数值求解。利用3个处理(裸地、百喜草覆盖和百喜草+果树覆盖)、5组实测资料(不同雨型)对模型进行了验证,结果表明3个处理的计算值与实测值的平均相对误差分别为:14.97%、13.59%、15.15%,说明模型的计算结果是可靠的,对于模拟预测自然降雨条件下不同生态措施坡地径流过程是可行的。     

自然降雨条件下不同生态措施坡地的径流数值模拟

从动量定理和水量平衡原理出发,以Saint Venant方程为基础推导出自然降雨条件下不同生态措施(即同时考虑变雨强、降雨动量和不同生态措施影响下的坡地径流过程)坡地的径流基本方程。在考虑一般问题定解条件的基础上,采用Preissmann隐式格式对模型进行数值求解。利用3个处理(裸地、百喜草覆盖和百喜草+果树覆盖)、5组实测资料(不同雨型)对模型进行了验证,结果表明3个处理的计算值与实测值的平均相对误差分别为:14.97%、13.59%、15.15%,说明模型的计算结果是可靠的,对于模拟预测自然降雨条件下不同生态措施坡地径流过程是可行的。     

焉耆盆地荒地资源开发利用的几个主要问题

一、水土平衡问题“水利是农业的命脉”,新疆是干旱地区,无灌溉即无农业,未来荒地开发利用的数量和程度,主要由灌溉水源决定,因此研究地区性的水土平衡,是荒地资源综合评价最重要的任务之一。焉耆盆地水资源极为丰富,地表水径流总量为44.04亿立方,约占全疆径流总量的5.0％。地下水储量约5亿立方,占地表径流总量的11％。焉耆盆地的地表水除满足本区灌溉用水外,还灌溉着库尔勒地区的土地,所以水土平衡应按开都河全流域进行考虑。近期在1980年以前,采用75％的保证率,径流量为37.13亿立方;远期由于流域规划基本实现,径流调节能力大大加强,则采用50％的保证率,径流量为42.05亿立方。具体计算前应扣除径流损失和其他用水部分,即博斯腾湖和拟建的水库水面蒸发损失8.7亿立方,(远期增加库尔勒地     

Analysis of soil surface component patterns affecting runoff generation. An example of methods applied to Mediterranean hillslopes in Alicante (Spain)

Spatial patterns of soil surface components (vegetation, rock fragments, crusts, bedrock outcrops, etc.) are a key factor determining hydrological functioning of hillslopes. A methodological approach to analyse the patterns of soil surface components at a detailed scale is proposed in this paper. The methods proposed are applied to two contrasting semi-arid Mediterranean hillslopes, and the influence of soil surface component patterns on the runoff response of the slopes was analysed. A soil surface components map was derived from a high resolution photo-mosaic obtained in the field by means of a digital camera. Rainfall simulation experimental data were used to characterise the hydrological behaviour of areas with a specific pattern of soil surface components by means of the parameters of the Horton equation. Plot runoff data were extrapolated at the hillslope scale based on the soil surface component maps and their hydrological characterisation. The results show that in both slopes runoff generation is concentrated up- and downslope, with a water accepting area in the centre of both slopes disrupting the hydrological connectivity at the slope scale. This reinfiltration patch at the centre of the slope is related to the type of soil surface component and its spatial pattern. Herbaceous vegetation and ‘on top rock fragments’ increase the infiltration capacity of soils at the centre of the slope. In contrast, embedded rock fragments, rock outcrops, as well as crusted surfaces located in the upper and lower slopes favour runoff generation in these areas. In addition, a general pattern of water contribution areas downslope is apparent on both slopes. The south-facing slope shows a higher hydrological connectivity and more runoff. 55% of the surface of the south-facing slope produces runoff at the end of a 1 hour rainfall event and 17.3% of the surface is covered by a runoff depth between 0.5 and 1 mm. While on the north-facing slope only 38% of the surface produces runoff under the same conditions. Longitudinal connectivity of runoff is higher at the south-facing slope where more runoff-generating surfaces appear and where the vegetation pattern favours the connectivity of bare areas.     

北京密云水库小流域非点源污染负荷估算

根据不同类型的非点源污染发生区,选择若干径流小区,进行降雨、径流量、径流水质同步监测,分析不同土地利用类型小区地表径流和泥沙中氮、磷的流失情况。根据地貌特征和土地利用情况,利用通用土壤流失方程和SCS法分别计算不同土地利用类型区土壤侵蚀量和径流量,分析氮、磷的流失特点。结果表明:坡耕地和荒草坡单位面积土壤流失量比较严重;村庄中溶解态氮的流失量最多;村庄和坡耕地是氮、磷流失的重点区域。     

西宁盆地黄土区不同草本植物和坡形条件下坡面产流产沙特征

为进一步研究不同草本植物和边坡坡面形态对坡面产流产沙的影响,以西宁盆地毛鸡湾流域长岭绿化区作为试验区,设计了直形和阶梯形2种坡形,选取3种优势草本老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、垂穗披碱草(Ely-mus nutans Griseb.)和细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum L...     

Runoff and Soil Erosion on Slope Cropland: A Review

Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice.     

潮河流域时变增益分布式水循环模型研究

在广泛了解有关分布式水文模型研究进展的基础上,结合中国实际资料条件和问题,提出了一种"水文循环机理-系统理论"相耦合的分布式水循环模型——时变增益分布式水循环模型(DTVGM),并建立了潮河流域分布式水文循环模型。实例研究表明,DTVGM的应用是比较成功的,基本上能够满足水资源管理的要求。     

近50年来新疆天山山区水循环要素的变化特征与趋势

天山山区由于其特殊的地理位置与高海拔,成为新疆地表径流的主要产流区域。近几十年来,全球平均气温的持续上升对该区域气温、降水、径流等水循环要素产生重要的影响。根据天山南北坡有关水文气象台站的观测资料,系统地分析了该区域1960年代以来各水循环要素的变化特征与趋势。结果表明,受全球变暖的影响,1980年以来整个天山地区气温和降水均呈明显的上升趋势,其中10 a气温的升幅更为显著;对于降水而言,天山南坡降水增幅大于北坡,而南坡的西段是近10 a降水增幅最大的区域。受气温上升与降水增加的影响,天山地区出山径流总体上呈增加的趋势,其中,近10 a天山南坡中西段河流出山径流量增幅最为显著,平均增幅在30%以上。     

Efficiency of rainwater harvesting of microcatchments and the role of their design

Microcatchment is a technique for collecting, storing and conserving local surface runoff in order to grow trees/shrubs. In this system, runoff water is generated on a plot and stored in the soil during runoff events, and trees/shrubs may utilize this water during the next dry season.Microcatchments have relatively small runoff generation areas (from dozens to hundreds sq. m) and are cheap and simple to implement Their collection area is usually a small depression located nearby the runoff generating area in which one or a few trees/shrubs may be planted Due to the short overland flow path runoff generation is efficient and even short low intensity storms may generate runoff. The drawback is however that due to the small size of the generating area small volumes of water are conveyed to the storage plots. Another drawback is susceptibility of the augmented water to evaporation. The main objective of present research presented hereafter was to estimate the effect the depth of the depression has on the efficiency of the water conservation in the soil profile. In the present study the storage plots were circular pits and the effect their depth had on evaporative losses and water distribution were studied.The results clearly show that the depth of the pit significantly affects evaporative water losses. The losses were separately computed for the soil cylinder whose upper surface is the bottom of the pit and for the surrounding shell. No differences between treatments were evident for losses from the inner cylinder. Significant differences in water losses were however observed for the surrounding shell where the shallow pits losing as much as six times more than the deeper pits.     

基于SWAT模型模拟乌江三岔河生态系统产流服务及其空间变异

产流是生态系统水源涵养服务的重要内容,也是保水固土等服务的关键驱动。脆弱的喀斯特生态系统叠加人类活动的影响引起生态退化,在此背景下亟需深刻理解喀斯特地区产流服务空间格局及其影响因子。选择典型的喀斯特峰丛洼地流域,基于率定校准的SWAT水文模型,对喀斯特流域产流服务（包括地表、地下以及总径流量）进行模拟,并结合空间梯度分析和局部回归模型,剖析不同服务变量的空间变异特征。结果表明：研究区产流量空间分异规律明显,总径流系数约为70.0%;地表径流整体处于较低水平,地下径流量丰富（约为地表径流量的2~3倍）。地形因子对喀斯特流域产流服务具有宏观控制作用,随海拔和坡度升高,总径流量、地下径流量显著增加;植被分布特征对地表径流有重要影响,在上游林地和下游园地分布区存在空间差异,在植被因素的影响下随坡度的增加呈现转折性的变化趋势。此外,空间叠加分析表明林地总径流及地下径流最大：一方面是由于森林生态系统更强的土壤水分涵养能力以及水分快速入渗的地质背景特征;另一方面反映了地表覆盖与地形特征的复合效应,即林地大多分布在相对海拔和坡度较大之处。本文有助于推进喀斯特生态系统服务研究领域的发展与创新,并为生态恢复建设提供科技支撑。     

降水和植被变化对径流影响的尺度效应——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

自黄土高原退耕还林还草政策实施以来,在水源涵养功能明显提升的同时径流显著减少,导致该区域出现了水源涵养服务与水供给服务间的权衡问题。为探究径流减少的原因,进而为不同空间尺度的生态系统服务权衡提供支撑,本文分析了陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区2006-2011年降水和植被变化对径流影响的尺度效应。结果表明：研究区域内汛期降水量呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的空间分异特征;在研究时段内,植被恢复效果明显,近8成地区植被覆盖状况得到了改善,尤其是植被覆盖较差的地区恢复效果更为显著;在各子流域中,降水与径流间呈现出显著的正相关性,二者的相关系数随着子流域面积的增加而增大,表现出明显的尺度效应。随着子流域面积增大,15°以上土地比例增加,陡坡植被覆盖类型趋于均一化,具有显著截流功能的林地呈现减少趋势是尺度效应形成的主要原因。NDVI与径流的相关性不显著,二者的相关系数随着子流域面积变化的规律性不强,植被对径流影响没有明显的尺度效应。     

基于地块汇流网络的小流域水沙运移模拟方法研究

全流域逐地块水土流失计算,是目前水土保持定量评价的重要手段,其实现过程既需要有考虑地貌因子和上下游关系的土壤侵蚀模型,也需要建立全流域地块汇流网络,并与侵蚀模型有机连接。本文针对黄土高原特殊的地理条件和水土流失规律,对传统的基于栅格的小流域汇流技术进行了改进,考虑地块间上下游汇流关系,建立了基于地块的水沙汇流网络模型,模拟水沙在流域复杂下垫面的汇流过程,提取出流域各地块间的水沙汇流网络,并计算出3个重要参数:流域地块间水沙汇流的顺序、流域地块间水沙汇流数目的空间分配、水沙流经各地块的坡长。将土壤侵蚀模型按地貌部位与特征分为坡面模型、沟坡模型和沟道输移模型,与地块汇流网络有机集成,实现了水沙运移的全流域按地块沿程计算。