海岸带海湾生态系统生态退化的研究--以湄洲湾为例

本文是一项海岸带海湾生态管理研究的课题,选取福建省湄洲湾为研究区,以景观生态学的理论和方法为指导,讨论海岸带水陆交互的复合生态系统,在人类活动持续影响下发生的以污染为主的生态退化问题,针对陆地与海洋生态环境污染的状况,提出解决这些生态问题的措施和对策.     

海岸带海湾生态系统生态退化的研究—以湄洲湾为例

本文是一项海岸带海湾生态管理研究的课题，选取福建省湄洲湾为研究区，以景观生态学的理论和方法和为指导，讨论海岸带水陆交互的复合生态系统，在人类活动持续影响下发生的以污染为主的生态退化问题，针对陆地与海洋生态环境污染的状况，提出解决这些生态问题的措施和对策。     

海岸带利用结构与海岸带海洋经济区域差异——以辽宁省为例

海岸带是陆域环境和海域环境的交叉和相互作用地带,世界上约有60%的人口居住在这一范围相对较小,但具有高生产力和高价值、动态而敏感的区域。海岸带利用结构与自然、人文资源的开发方式直接相关,其结构由两部分元素组成,一是土地和海洋生态系统,另一是人类社会系统,人类自古以来对海洋的开发就以海岸带为重点和基地。论文根据国际上海岸带利用结构分类,重点分析辽宁海岸带利用结构特征。同时文中应用变差系数、集中化指数、锡尔熵指数(锡尔系数)等定量分析方法,重点分析了辽宁海岸带海洋资源开发利用与海洋经济区域差异形成的原因。     

土地利用方式对珠江河口生态环境的影响分析

本文探讨了珠江三角洲近年来主要土地利用方式的变化,其中城市化和植被覆盖的减少,以及农业施肥量 的增加,是造成陆源污染物增加的主要原因。分析了影响珠江河口生态环境的主要陆源污染物(泥沙、氮磷营养元 素、重金属和有机物)的产生和迁移过程,以及对河口生态环境的影响关系。从分析中可以看到,土地利用的变化能 够影响陆源污染物质的产生和迁移,合理的土地利用方式是降低陆源污染物质,改善珠江河口生态环境的重要措 施。陆源物质的产生与水循环密切相关,利用流域分布式水循环模型量化研究不同土地利用下的陆源物质产生、迁 移以及对河口生态环境的影响是未来主要发展方向。     

水环境非点源污染模型研究进展

水环境非点源污染已引起严重的生态环境问题, 非点源污染的量化是当今国际研究热点, 数学模拟是研究非点源污染最直接有效的途径之一, 建立以实用性为目标的非点源污染机理模型已成为管理和控制非点源污染的有效手段。本文阐述了国内外非点源污染模型的发展、功能、存在的问题, 及构建非点源污染机理模型的思路, 最后展望了非点源污染模型研究的发展趋势。     

岷江上游山区生态福祉波动的人类活动干扰研究

探究人类活动对生态福祉的影响机制与作用规律,实现对人类活动的有效调控,是维持地区环境与社会经济可持续发展的重要途径.现有研究主要聚焦于人类活动干扰导致区域生态格局产生变化的过程和原因等,而相对缺乏人类活动与区域生态福祉间的相关性研究.本文利用当量因子法、突变理论及贬值率模型对岷江上游1995年、2005年和2015年生...     

一部水环境污染管理研究的新作--评王晓燕编著的《非点源污染及管理》

目前世界范围内,水环境污染已成为一个倍受关注的问题。其中非点源污染的严重性随着点源污染控制能力的提高而逐渐显露出来,由于非点源污染、尤其是农业非点源污染危害的广泛性及控制的复杂性,使水环境污染研究越来越受到重视,成为国际环境问题研究的热点之一。美国、日本等国研究表明：即使点源污染得到全面控制之后,湖泊水质的达标率仍仅为42％。     

舟山群岛海底表层沉积物特征及沉积作用分析

舟山群岛海岸带地质环境条件复杂多样,众多的人类活动对海岸带的自然环境产生着重大的影响。通过舟山群岛局部海域采样、测试,初步分析了舟山群岛海底表层沉积物特征,指出研究海域沉积物以粉砂、粘土质粉砂为主,少量砂质粉砂,极少量的砂;同时指出了研究区域的水动力条件及形成的3个沉积聚集区。     

海岸带土地利用/土地覆被变化研究进展

海岸带地区作为海洋、陆地和大气相互作用的区域, 其环境具有复杂性和多变性的特点, 海岸带地区土地 利用/土地覆被变化( LUCC) 研究是海陆交互作用( LOICZ) 研究的重要组成部分。介绍了海岸带LUCC 研究的目标、 内容以及海岸带LUCC 研究在全球变化研究中的地位和作用, 综述了国内外海岸带LUCC 研究的进展, 指出目前 在海岸带LUCC 研究中主要存在的问题: 即驱动力模型和机制研究相对欠缺; 对气候、水环境等的影响机理不明 确; 对环境脆弱地区的LUCC 研究甚少等。今后应该加强海岸带地区LUCC 物质通量研究、海岸带地区环境之间的 影响模式以及与海岸带区域可持续发展之间的关系模式研究。     

滇池流域非点源污染研究进展

非点源污染是滇池污染治理与控制的重点和难点,自20世纪80年代以来已有大量的研究。这些研究主要涉及了污染物来源及污染负荷估算、不同土地利用方式的污染物流失规律、污染控制方法及治理措施研究等内容、采用了实地考察、调查与监测、试验及模型模拟、3S及计算机技术等研究方法与研究手段。今后,还应在非农业生产所致的非点源污染、完整的监测系统及集成化非点源污染模型建立、水污染总量控制管理以及政策引导、环境保护的监管与实施等方面加强研究工作。     

近20年来沿海地区风暴潮灾害脆弱性评价

采用1990~2009年风暴潮灾害损失数据,选择中国东部沿海地区11个省市为研究对象,借鉴沿海脆弱性指数(Coastal Vulnerability Index,CVI)方法的评估思路,构建风暴潮灾害脆弱性指数SSVI(Storm Surge Vulnerability Index,SSVI),采用加法模型评价中国沿海省区风暴潮灾害的物理脆弱性。结果表明:沿海地区风暴潮脆弱性存在较大年际变化;高和很高脆弱性等级主要分布于东南沿海各省区,低和很低脆弱性等级主要分别于北部沿海各省区,而中等脆弱性等级空间分布则变化较大。     

海滨湿地生态系统的热点研究

海滨湿地具有强大的生态服务功能,然而由于人类活动的长期和强烈干扰,导致该系统严重受损和退化。海滨湿地生态系统的严重退化引起国内外学术界的高度关注。有关其退化及生态恢复的研究热点涉及该系统的演化与机制、对外来种入侵的响应与生态控制、退化海滨湿地生态系统的修复、生态系统健康的评估及其保护与利用平衡的研究。本文综述了上述热点研究的进展,有利于把握国际前沿研究动态,借鉴最新研究方法和经验,推动我国在这一领域的研究尽快赶上国际先进水平。     

Study on ecological structures of coastal lakes in Antarctic continent

Coastal region on the Antarctic continent, where it is under the influences both of ocean and ice sheet, as well as frequent human activities, could be considered as a fragile zone in Antarctic ecological environment. There are many lakes in coastal region, showing much differences from each other in physical-chemical features because of individual evolutionary history in their geographical environments, and suffering from different outside factors, such as climate changes and precipitation. Thus, it results in respective biological distribution and ecological structure in lakes. The present paper reports the results from the studies of chemical components, species distributions and community structures, which mainly consisted of planktons in lakes in the Vestfold Hills (68°38′S, 78°06′E), and the Larsemann Hills (69°30′S, 76°20′E), East Antarctica. It also treats the biological diversities and nutrient relationships of these different types of lakes. So as to provide more scientific basis for monitoring of climate changes and environmental protection in Antarctica.     

ACCELERATED EROSION ON THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL PLAIN

The Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States has long been considered to have negligible soil erosion owing to low relief and permeable soils. Several recent studies point to a need for reassessment. Post-settlement erosion on the North Carolina Coastal Plain was estimated at the regional scale based on soil-profile truncation of a representative upland soil (Norfolk series). Apparent post-settlement soil-profile truncation ranges from 2.5 to 30 cm (mean 14.5 cm), implying a minimum regional average rate of 0.55 mm/yr since the region was settled in the 1700s. This amounts to a conservative estimated average rate of 9.3 t/ha/yr, a rate of the same general magnitude as estimated erosion rates in the North Carolina Piedmont, long recognized as a problem erosion area. Results imply accelerated water erosion despite the low slopes and permeable soils, and suggest the possibility of significant eolian erosion in the region. This rapid erosion in an area noted for its geological stability is a testament to the importance of vegetation cover and human agency in landscape evolution in the Coastal Plain. [Key words: accelerated erosion, soil profile, geomorphology, coastal plain, North Carolina.]     

中国海岸带自然灾害与环境评估

本文论述了中国海岸带的分布和自然灾害发生的特点，并对其环境进行评估。分析指出，海岸带既是多种自然灾害频繁发生的地带，又是自然资源丰富、社会经济文化发达的地带。鉴于海岸带生态环境的脆弱性和继续恶化的趋势，今后应在掌握中国海岸带资源环境基本状况的基础上，对海岸带资源环境进行动态监测，预测未来海岸带资源环境发展趋势，从而增强中国社会、经济的可持续发展能力。     

中国港口大宗商品交易市场空间布局问题研究

通过多因素综合评价法从物流水平、金融水平、信息及电子商务水平和港口城市开放水平4个方面对35个规模以上港口建立大宗商品交易市场的适宜度进行了测评,根据测评结果选出20个适宜建立大宗商品交易市场的港口。再使用重力P-中值模型测算出港口大宗商品交易市场适合建立的规模和类型。结果表明： 沿海港口在发展港口大宗商品交易市场方面更具优势。 港口大宗商品交易市场的空间分布呈现出“区域性聚集”的特点,主要集中在环渤海、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲地区。 每种类型的港口大宗商品交易市场的分布呈现分散状态,这更有利于交易市场为全国大宗商品的供需双方提供服务。     

北冰洋西部表层沉积物矿物学特征及其物质来源

对北冰洋西部79个表层沉积物样品进行了全岩X射线衍射矿物组成分析,结合洋流和地质背景,探讨各矿物分区的物质来源。矿物组合分区表明研究区物质来源变化较为复杂:(1)在楚科奇海的中部靠近白令海峡处长石含量很高,主要是阿纳德尔流携带的来自阿纳德尔河的沉积物;在楚科奇海的西侧的长石含量也较高,且与其他矿物组合分区相比,角闪石含量较高,这是因为受阿纳德尔流和东西伯利亚沿岸流的双重影响,沉积物来自西伯利亚陆地的一些高含长石的火山岩及沉积岩等。在楚科奇海的东侧,石英含量很高,来源为阿拉斯加沿岸流携带的育空河及卡斯奎姆河的沉积物。在阿拉斯加北部,碳酸盐岩和石英含量高,这与马更些河搬运的沉积物有关;(2)北冰洋西部深水区中加拿大海盆的南端和中部方解石和白云石的含量较低,说明受波弗特环流携带的加拿大北极群岛的碳酸盐影响相对较小,且与其他矿物组合分区相比,云母含量最高,说明沉积物主要来源为来自拉普捷夫海的海冰沉积物;此外,一些黏土级细粒物质可能由大西洋中层水携带而来。深水区的其他海域以方解石和白云石含量高为特点,主要受波弗特环流的影响,来源主要为加拿大北极群岛的班克斯岛和维多利亚岛;此外,还受来自西伯利亚陆架,主要是拉普捷夫海沉积物的影响。     

黄土高原晋陕蒙毗邻地区土地退化遥感分析

本文利用遥感技术通过典型区的分析,对黄土高原土地退化现状及其成因过程进行了深入研究。结果表明,黄土高原地区由于特殊的自然条件,加以长期人类活动影响,土地退化十分严重,并处于不断发展之中,主要表现为水土流失和土地沙化等。     

Contrasting soils and landscapes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, eastern United States

The Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces comprise 80 percent of the Atlantic Coastal states from New Jersey to Georgia. The provinces are climatically similar. The soil moisture regime is udic. The soil temperature regime is typically thermic from Virginia through Georgia, although it is mesic at altitudes above 400 m in Georgia and above 320 m in Virginia. The soil temperature regime is mesic for the Piedmont and Coastal Plain from Maryland through New Jersey. The tightly folded, structurally complex crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and the gently dipping “layer-cake” clastic sedimentary rocks and sediments of the Coastal Plain respond differently to weathering, pedogenesis, and erosion. The different responses result in two physiographically contrasting terrains; each has distinctive near-surface hydrology, regolith, drainage morphology, and morphometry.The Piedmont is predominantly an erosional terrain. Interfluves are as narrow as 0.5 to 2 km, and are convex upward. Valleys are as narrow as 0.1 to 0.5 km and generally V-shaped in cross section. Alluvial terraces are rare and discontinuous. Soils in the Piedmont are typically less than 1 m thick, have less sand and more clay than Coastal Plain soils, and generally have not developed sandy epipedons. Infiltration rates for Piedmont soils are low at 6–15 cm/h. The soil/saprolite, soil/rock, and saprolite/rock boundaries are distinct (can be placed within 10 cm) and are characterized by ponding and/or lateral movement of water. Water movement through soil into saprolite, and from saprolite into rock, is along joints, foliation, bedding planes and faults. Soils and isotopic data indicate residence times consistent with a Pleistocene age for most Piedmont soils.The Coastal Plain is both an erosional and a constructional terrain. Interfluves commonly are broader than 2 km and are flat. Valleys are commonly as wide as 1 km to greater than 10 km, and contain numerous alluvial and estuarine terrace sequences that can be correlated along valleys for tens of kilometers. Coastal Plain soils are typically as thick as 2 to 8 m, have high sand content throughout, and have sandy epipedons. These epipedons consist of both A and E horizons and are 1 to 4 m thick. In Coastal Plain soils, the boundaries are transitional between the solum and the underlying parent material and between weathered and unweathered parent material. Infiltration rates for Coastal Plain soils are typically higher at 13–28 cm/h, than are those for Piedmont soils. Indeed, for unconsolidated quartz sand, rates may exceed 50 cm/h. Water moves directly from the soil into the parent material through intergranularpores with only minor channelization along macropores, joints, and fractures. The comparatively high infiltration capacity results in relatively low surface runoff, and correspondingly less erosion than on the Piedmont uplands.Due to differences in Piedmont and Coastal Plain erosion rates, topographic inversion is common along the Fall Zone; surfaces on Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain are higher than erosional surfaces on regolith weathered from late Precambrian to early Paleozoic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont. Isotopic, paleontologic, and soil data indicate that Coastal Plain surficial deposits are post-middle Miocene to Holocene in age, but most are from 5 to 2 Ma. Thus, the relatively uneroded surfaces comprise a Pliocene landscape. In the eastern third of the Coastal Plain, deposits that are less than 3.5 Ma include alluvial terraces, marine terraces and barrier/back-barrier complexes as morphostratigraphic units that cover thousands of square kilometers. Isotopic and soil data indicate that eastern Piedmont soils range from late Pliocene to Pleistocene in age, but are predominantly less than 2 Ma old. Thus, the eroded uplands of the Piedmont “peneplain” comprise a Pleistocene landscape.