Consolidation of clays subjected to three-dimensional embankment loadings

A Fourier transform technique is presented which may be used to analyse three-dimensional consolidation problems for soils which are loaded by embankment shaped loadings that are rectangular in plan (or of arbitrary shape which can be divided into rectangles in plan). The introduction of a Fourier transform effectively reduces the three-dimensional problem to one involving only two spatial dimensions and this reduces computer storage and saves computing and data preparation time. The material properties of the soil may vary arbitrarily in the plane which is perpendicular to the axis associated with the variable eliminated during the Fourier transform. Solutions obtained using the method are compared with existing solutions in order to verify the theory and assess accuracy, and illustrative examples are given for problems involving the consolidation of soils under embankment loadings.     

Debris velocity of concrete structures subjected to explosive loading

When designing above‐ground ammunition storage facilities, one has to take into account the debris hazard resulting from accidental explosions. The purpose of this paper is to develop a predictive method for debris dispersion around an ammunition storage site in case of an accidental detonation in a reinforced concrete storage structure. The concrete slabs/walls break up into debris when it is overloaded by the internal blast. The debris velocity is one of the important parameters to describe the debris dispersion. The parameters that affect the debris velocity are complex. This study adopts the energy approach to simplify the formulation. The failure process in a relatively thin concrete slab/wall is treated using the concept of expansion. Based on energy conservation, a general formula is derived for the debris launch velocity in a cubicle structure subjected to internal blast loading. The dynamic strength of concrete and reinforcement are considered in the fracture process. The analytical results are found to be consistent with the relevant experimental results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平偏心受荷群桩p乘子计算

水平偏心受荷群桩同时发生水平移动和绕承台中心的转动,使基桩的运动方向各不相同,因此基桩的运动方向成为影响群桩效应的一个关键因素。研究发现：水平偏心受荷的两根桩,前桩运动方向与两桩连线夹角0o≤η≤90o,后桩夹角?90o≤θ≤90o;量化两桩间桩?土?桩相互作用的折减系数与η和θ密切相关,η和θ组合存在一个范围,在该范围内两桩不存在相互作用;当两桩存在相互作用时,相互作用对后桩的影响往往大于对前桩的影响。通过将定量描述水平受荷群桩群桩效应的p乘子概念拓展到水平偏心受荷群桩,综合运用理论分析、试验和数值计算成果,提出了折减系数计算公式,进而给出了广义p乘子经验计算公式。通过试验案例验证了该计算公式的合理性。     

Multiscale method for long tunnels subjected to seismic loading

A multiscale method for the dynamic analysis of underground structures is proposed, which involves the concurrent discretization of the entire domain with both coarse‐scale and fine‐scale finite element meshes. The coarse‐scale mesh is employed to capture seismic response characteristics of the integral system, whereas the fine‐scale mesh describes in detail the dynamic response in positions of potential damage or interest. For both the coarse‐scale and fine‐scale meshes to overlap, a bridging scale term is introduced so that compatibility of dynamic behavior between the coarse‐ and fine‐scale models is enforced. Both material and contact nonlinearities are considered in the multiscale model. As an application, the model is used for large‐scale seismic response of a newly built long‐distance shield tunnel. Results show that this multiscale method does not have spurious wave reflections at the fine/coarse interface and does not need filtering procedures, which is an advantage compared with the displacement coupling method. Stress and deformation response in lining segments and their connecting bolts are investigated and analyzed within the fine‐scale model, and the capacity of critical structural components, such as bolts and joints is evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘结式锚杆在爆炸动载下轴向应力分布研究

通过物理模型试验,研究在爆炸动载作用下临近工作面支护锚杆的应力状态。根据相似条件和简化假设,采用集中装药进行工程掏槽爆破模拟,利用粘贴在锚杆上的应变片测得近区端锚和全锚锚杆的轴向应变波。测试结果表明,爆破引起锚杆振动时间约为6 ms,经过9 ms的缓降期锚杆变形趋于稳定值;动载期间端锚锚杆在杆体中部锚固段测得峰值应力比杆体尾部自由段的值大,但相差不大,动载过后尾部的残余应力较大;全锚锚杆在杆体尾部测得的峰值应力和残余应力都远大于杆体中部测得值。利用无限体内一点受法向集中力作用的位移势函数,推导锚固体及周围岩体的轴向应力分布,并计算一定预应力在锚固区产生的附加轴向应力,结合动应力的作用分析锚杆的受力状态     

Bonded-particle model-based simulation of artificial rock subjected to cyclic loading

A nonlinear parallel-bonded stress corrosion (NPSC) model is proposed to simulate the fatigue characteristics of artificial rock (concrete) during cyclic loading. Numerical simulations of fatigue tests replicate the main mechanical features of concrete specimens subjected to cyclic loading observed in the laboratory. A nonlinear reduction speed of the bond diameter between two bonded particles represents the damage rate induced by the fatigue load. The damage rate is proportional to the maximum cyclic load level when the minimum cyclic load level is fixed. Compared with laboratory data, a logarithmic function of bond diameter in the NPSC model resulted in the best fit to simulate the fatigue behaviour of concrete. The simulation includes acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during fatigue tests. The axial strain of the assembly is governed by the evolution of bond breakages. The sum of released bond strain energy is documented as value proportional to cumulative AE energy. The simulation results show very similar evolution compared with laboratory data, which verifies the effectiveness of AE energy simulation.

     

多级循环荷载下饱和岩石的弹塑性响应

根据流体饱和的大理岩和砂岩的多级循环荷载试验,利用内时理论模型,分析了流体饱和岩石的弹塑性响应。在多级循环荷载过程中,岩石的应力-应变关系呈现尖叶状的滞后回线,滞后回线随着循环次数的增加向应变增大的方向移动,并不断地产生弹塑性应变。分析表明,多级循环荷载过程中,塑性应变相对于弹性应变而言是比较小的,而且随着循环数的增加,产生的塑性应变占整个应变总量的比例越来越小。黏弹性和微塑性分量分别通过时间和振幅因素影响了岩石的刚度,在中等应变范围内微塑性分量的存在使得饱和大理岩和砂岩的滞后模量随着应变振幅的增加而减小,而且孔隙流体的类型对岩石的滞后模量有影响。石油饱和岩石的滞后模量比水饱和岩石的滞后模量要大,这可能与孔隙流体的黏滞性有很大的关系。     

Constitutive modeling of dense gravelly soils subjected to cyclic loading

A constitutive model for dense gravelly soils was developed to reproduce their responses under cyclic loadings. Its application aims at nonlinear dynamic analyses of earth structures involving gravelly soils, such as rockfill dams and railroad ballasts. The framework of generalized plasticity was modified to incorporate the concept of stress distance for better simulation of unloading and reloading responses. It was then combined with the theory of critical state soil mechanics to develop the constitutive model. The model has the following important features: unified simulation of particle breakage through translating critical state line, smooth transition from unloading to reloading in the stress space, and proper modeling of cyclic hysteresis, cyclic densification, and cyclic hardening of dense gravelly soils. Most of the model parameters can be obtained through simple calculation using conventional triaxial test results, and their calibration process was discussed. The model was used to simulate the cyclic responses of three gravelly soils with satisfactory accuracy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竖向圆形荷载作用下弹性地基半空间问题的解析解

竖向圆形荷载作用下弹性半空间问题的位移和应力解是桩基分析的基础。利用Hankel积分变换,首先导出了弹性地基半空间位移与应力的积分形式的通解。通过适当地引入边界条件和界面位移和应力的连续条件,求得了内部作用竖向圆形荷载时弹性地基半空间位移与应力的积分形式解。在此基础上,给出了不同深度处荷载作用投影范围内竖向位移和竖向正应力的平均值。数值结果验证了解析解的正确性。     

Analysis of curved tunnels in soil subjected to internal blast loading

Acta Geotechnica - The present study deals with three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses of tunnels with curved alignment in the longitudinal direction, subjected to internal blast...     

冲击荷载下土体位移特征研究

建立了冲击荷载作用下土体动力压密有限元方程及其数值计算方法。用Ansys-Ls-dyna软件包对山西化肥厂地基冲击荷载作用后土体的动力响应进行了分析,得出了冲击荷载作用下分层土体中的位移分布特征及其它们的变化过程,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。研究结果表明：冲击荷载作用下土体位移的影响范围为一椭球体。侧向加固半径距荷载作用中心接近2D(D为夯锤直径),荷载作用中心下加固深度能达到2D甚至更大。     

动载荷作用下岩石破坏过程的数值试验研究

采用基于细观损伤力学基础上开发的动态版RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对动载荷作用下应力波延续时间、应力波峰值和围压对岩石试样破坏的影响进行了数值研究,结果表明,应力波延续时间较短,则尾随应力波波前的高应力区范围较窄,应力波衰减较快;相反,应力波延续时间较长,则紧跟应力波波前的高应力区范围较大,岩石处于破坏状态的时间延长,岩石的破碎程度加大。此外,存在一个合适的应力波延续时间,过分地加大应力波延续时间,反而不利于岩石裂隙的发育。动载荷的峰值越大,试样的破坏程度越大,当峰值达到一定值时,试样顶部呈现粉碎状,试样从上到下破坏程度逐渐减弱。在冲击载荷作用下的岩石随着围压的增加更难破碎,但当围压增大到一定程度时,岩石会突然失稳破坏。     

Nonlinear three-dimensional analysis of reinforced concrete piles subjected to horizontal loading

A three-dimensional finite element approach is proposed to predict the response of reinforced concrete piles to horizontal loading. This approach allows the nonlinear effects arising from the soil–pile interaction to be properly accounted for. In particular, the occurrence of plastic strains in the soil, concrete cracking and steel yielding in the pile as well as the occurrence of slip and gap at the soil–pile interface are reliably simulated using appropriate constitutive models. Another advantage of the present method is that it requires few material parameters as input data. In addition, these parameters can be readily obtained from conventional geotechnical and structural tests. The proposed approach is used to analyse the results from some loading tests documented in the literature concerning a large-diameter pile and a large-section rectangular pile (barrette) embedded in sandy soils. The theoretical results from these analyses are found to be in fairly good agreement with the experimental measurements available from the loading tests. Remarks of practical interest on the response of the structures considered to horizontal loading are also made.     

Fluctuation responses of saturated porous media subjected to cyclic thermal loading

Normalized, coupled governing equations for one-dimensional thermal consolidation problems are established. The non-dimensional coefficients of thermal consolidation and thermal diffusivity are defined accordingly. An analytical solution is deduced by using the Laplace transform and the Gauss–Legendre method of Laplace transform inversion. The responses of saturated porous media subjected to cyclic thermal loading are studied. The evolution of temperature, pore pressure and displacement from instantaneous state to quasi-steady state, with elapsed time, are analysed. The characteristics of cyclic fluctuation and the attenuation of the field variables with increased depth are also analysed. The influences of the permeability of media on thermal responses are discussed.     

大理岩冲击加载试验碎块的分形特征分析

应用分形几何的方法对冲击加载试验中大理岩破碎块度分布进行统计分析。结果表明,大理岩的冲击破碎块度分布具有分形特征,采用破碎分形维数对岩石破碎过程进行定量描述,可以合理地反映大理岩冲击破碎的程度;大理岩的平均破碎块度与冲击加载速率有着较强的相关性,随着加载速率的提高迅速减小;建立了能量吸收与破碎分维的关系,从能量吸收的角度可以较好地解释破碎分维的变化规律。破碎分维是评价岩石冲击破碎块度分布的理想指标,可较为全面地反映岩石冲击破碎的全过程。     

TECHNICAL NOTE. Model study of H-piles subjected to combined loading

A series of model tests on H-piles subject to lateral and vertical loading have been performed so that the experimental data could be used to calibrate a finite element programme. Experiments on model H-piles in dry silca sand were performed to determine the influence of lateral displacements on the vertical load-carrying capacity of the piles. The results from the nonlinear finite element computer program were compared to the experimental results and were found to be conservative. The experimental results showed greater pile capacities and lower bending moments than were predicted by the finite element program.     

Stability of a circular tunnel in cohesive-frictional soil subjected to surcharge loading

The stability of circular tunnels in cohesive-frictional soils subjected to surcharge loading has been investigated theoretically and numerically assuming plane strain conditions. Despite the importance of this problem, previous research on the subject is very limited. At present, no generally accepted design or analysis method is available to evaluate the stability of tunnels/openings in cohesive-frictional soils. In this study, continuous loading is applied to the ground surface, and both smooth and rough interface conditions are modelled. For a series of tunnel diameter-to-depth ratios and material properties, rigorous lower- and upper-bound solutions for the ultimate surcharge loading are obtained by applying finite element limit analysis techniques. For practical use, the results are presented in the form of dimensionless stability charts with the actual tunnel stability numbers being closely bracketed from above and below. As an additional check on the solutions, upper-bound rigid-block mechanisms have been developed and the predicted collapse loads from these are compared with those from finite element limit analysis. Finally, an expression that approximates the ultimate surcharge load has been devised which is convenient for use by practising engineers.     

高临界循环荷载水平下钻孔桩的抗拔性状分析

为了研究抗拔桩在循环加载过程中桩身的性状,选取杭州萧山某工地两根抗拔桩作为试桩进行循环加载试验。在抗拔桩桩身埋设钢筋应力计,测量循环加载过程中桩身应力的变化情况;在桩身预埋钢管,测量桩顶及桩端上拔量。通过对桩身应力及桩顶、桩端上拔量的分析,研究循环加载对抗拔桩承载力及上拔量的影响。综合分析抗拔桩承受循环荷载时的桩顶、桩端上拔量、桩身轴力以及桩侧摩阻力分布可知,当抗拔桩承受循环荷载时,且临界循环荷载水平较大（接近或者达到1）,抗拔桩经过2～3次循环加载后就发生破坏,其研究结果可供其他类似工程参考。     

Free vibration of a soil pile system subjected to static axial loading

The lateral free vibration behavior of a typical pile embedded in a uniform soil is presented. The pile was modeled by elements having a continuous distribution of stiffness and mass along its length and the soil resistance was assumed to be of the linear Winkler type. The Wittrick-Williams algorithm was used to solve the non-linear eigenvalue problem of the soil pile system that developed from treating the problem as a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. The continuous formulation used in the free vibration problem enabled us to consider the weight of the superstructure acting at the top of the pile to be a lumped mass that influences the mass of the system as is done conventionally. The axial static loading due to the weight of the superstructure, which when included affects the formulation of the dynamic stiffness matrix of the system was also considered. The effects of the weight on the superstructure, pile boundary conditions, and the soil modulus, on the frequency of the lateral free vibration problem were determined from a parametric study undertaken.     

提速条件下粉土铁路路基动态稳定性研究

路基的动态响应及稳定直接决定了提速列车运行的舒适度和安全性。通过室内循环三轴试验,模拟了路基在湿度变化与提速列车动荷载作用下的动态特性。根据试验结果,结合既有线提速路基的动应力变化规律发现：在最优含水率附近,当压实系数为0.90,提速情况下路基可保持稳定状态;若压实系数为0.85,在动应力不超过70 kPa时,路基稳定性较好,但随着动应力水平增加和加载频率增大,路基的累积变形加剧并产生动强度破坏。列车提速使路基的弹性变形增大,但对路基的回弹模量影响较小。路基湿度增加导致临界动应力、回弹模量显著降低,而回弹应变、循环累积应变迅速增加,有可能导致路基产生动强度破坏,因此,雨季时应限速行车。