Seismic response of arch dams considering infinite radiation damping and joint opening effects

Effects of two important factors on earthquake response of high arch dams are considered and combined into one program. These factors are: effects of radiation damping of the infinite canyon and local non-linearity of the contraction joint opening between the dam monoliths. For modeling of rock canyon, the discrete parameters are obtained based on a curve fitting, thus allowing the nonlinear dam system to be solved in the time domain. The earthquake uniform free-field input at the dam-canyon interface is used. An engineering example is given to demonstrate the significant effects of the radiation damping on the structure response.     

Nonlinear earthquake analysis of high arch dam–water–foundation rock systems

A nonlinear finite element model for earthquake response analysis of arch dam–water–foundation rock systems is proposed in this paper. The model includes dynamic dam–water and dam–foundation rock interactions, the opening of contraction joints, the radiation damping of semi‐unbounded foundation rock, the compressibility of impounded water, and the upstream energy propagating along the semi‐unbounded reservoir. Meanwhile, a new equivalent force scheme is suggested to achieve free‐field input in the model. The effects of the earthquake input mechanism, joint opening, water compressibility, and radiation damping on the earthquake response of the Ertan arch dam (240 m high) in China are investigated using the proposed model. The results show that these factors significantly affect the earthquake response of the Ertan arch dam. Such factors should therefore be considered in the earthquake response analysis and earthquake safety evaluation of high arch dams. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于颗粒阻尼器的多鼓型古柱抗震性能研究

为保护地震作用下历史遗迹帕特农神庙多鼓石柱,提出将破损的石鼓替换为填充颗粒的空鼓,以减轻多鼓石柱动力响应。本文基于PFC3D与FLAC3D软件,实现了离散-有限耦合作用,模拟了附有颗粒阻尼器帕特农神庙多鼓型石柱,研究了颗粒阻尼器对帕特农神庙石柱的减震效果,并分析地震强度、频率、阻尼器位置等因素对减震效果的影响。研究结果表明,将颗粒阻尼器替换破损的空鼓,PFC3D与FLAC3D耦合计算结果与试验结果基本一致,减震效果显著,说明耦合分析方法研究颗粒阻尼器抗震性能具有较高的可靠性;地震强度不同时,分层颗粒阻尼器仍可较好地耗散能量;颗粒阻尼器对结构的减震性能受激励频率的影响显著,频率越高,减震效果越好;颗粒阻尼器布置在古柱中上部减震效果优于布置在古柱下部。     

地震作用下场地有限元建模时底部边界条件的影响

用有限元方法对场地进行地震反应分析时需将半无限域的场地有限化。本文针对底部人工边界的设置,采用滞回阻尼假设,推导了同时包含辐射阻尼和材料阻尼的均质场地地表位移放大系数解析式,进而研究了材料阻尼和辐射阻尼的变化对放大系数的影响。有限元建模时相当于忽略了辐射阻尼,计算误差会随着所分析场地阻抗的增加而逐渐增大,在共振区附近,忽略任一种阻尼的影响,都将显著地高估地表动力反应;远离共振区,阻尼的影响会迅速衰退。本文提出了通过增加场地材料阻尼来弥补所忽略的辐射阻尼的思路,并给出了有限元建模时考虑辐射阻尼后新的材料阻尼的确定方法。     

地震动功率谱与反应谱的转换关系

本文详细评述了现今常用的几种加速度反应谱与功率谱的转换关系。对于小阻尼单质点体系而言，考虑到输入地震动是一非平稳的随机过程，又由于其传递函数的窄频带滤波特性，它的加速度反应将是一窄频带的非平稳随机过程。对于峰值系数水平的超越不是独立的，而是成群超越。据此本文考虑非平稳效应和对峰值系数水平的成群效应，对前人的转换关系进行了修正，并基于随机振动理论，给出了对工程上常用的频率平稳、强度非平稳的地震;动模型的功率谱和反应谱的转换关系。此转换关系对于长、短持时的地震动记录和反应谱长、短周期部分以及不同阻尼比的反应谱都能给出精度较高的结果。     

The effect of coulomb damping on multidegree of freedom elastic structures

This paper is based on the premise that the damping mechanism of a multidegree of freedom structure can be represented by viscous and coulomb dampers. A closed form solution for the structure subjected to a sinusoidal forcing function is presented. The solution is used as the basis of a method for determining relative amounts of viscous and coulomb damping from vibration tests. The method was applied to the results of a series of vibration tests on a five storey reinforced concrete structure and approximate values of viscous and coulomb damping obtained. A comparison of the effect of various combined damping values on the earthquake response of the structure was made. It was concluded that the use of the equivalent viscous damping concept to approximate the combined effect of viscous and coulomb damping results in a low estimate of the elastic response of the structure.     

井水位的振荡与地震波

利用弹性理论和渗流理论研究了井水位振荡试验,给出了一种计算水井含水层频率特性参数（固有振动周期和阻尼系数）的新方法,对５口水井进行了ＳＬＵＧ试验,计算水井含水层的固有振动周期和阻尼系数,分析了水井对地震波响应的规律和内在联系。水井含水层系统对地震波的响应主要取决于水井含水层系统的固有振动周期和振动的阻尼系数,固有振动周期越是接近地震波－瑞利波的振动周期２０ｓ振动的阻尼系数越小,它对地震波的响应越好     

Response of fixed offshore platforms to wave and current loading including soil–structure interaction

Fixed offshore platforms supported by pile foundations are required to resist dynamic lateral loading due to wave forces. The response of a jacket offshore tower is affected by the flexibility and nonlinear behaviour of the supporting piles. For offshore towers supported by clusters of piles, the response to environmental loads is strongly affected by the pile–soil–pile interaction. In the present study, the response of fixed offshore platforms supported by clusters of piles is investigated. The soil resistance to the pile movement is modelled using dynamic p–y curves and t–z curves to account for soil nonlinearity and energy dissipation through radiation damping. The load transfer curves for a single pile have been modified to account for the group effect. The wave forces on the tower members and the tower response are calculated in the time domain using a finite element package (ASAS). Several parameters affecting the dynamic characteristics of the platform and the platform response have been investigated.     

地震动反应谱变异系数分析

利用随机振动理论,分别考虑3种地震动随机过程模型,本文对反应谱变异系数及相关问题进行了深入分析。研究结果表明：在一定范围内,地震动模型、场地条件和结构体系阻尼比对结构加速度反应越零率有明显影响,但这三者对反应谱变异系数的量值影响不大。在工程设计中,可以采用白噪声模型按本文给出公式计算反应谱变异系数。     

基于土-结构体系对建筑结构响应的减震效果评估

提出一种基于土-结构体系地震记录的土-结构相互作用(SSI)的减震评估方法。该方法采用简化的SSI模型,通过系统辨识确定模型参数。将上部建筑结构地震反应的SSI减震效应分解为惯性相互作用和运动相互作用,同时还提出由惯性相互作用和运动相互作用单独降低结构响应的方法。将2011年东北地震太平洋沿岸期间两栋中层建筑用此方法进行分析,结果表明:当建筑物结构响应进入非弹性范围时,惯性相互作用的减震效果降低。     

海洋石油平台的工程地震问题

对于海洋石油平台,结构抗震设计要求提供地震动峰值、反应谱、持续时间以及速度时程等参数,由于海洋石油平台的结构和形式的特殊性,以及海域地震环境特征,考虑海洋石油平台地震动作用时要有不同的方法及侧重点,本文对海洋石油平台地震作用分析中涉及的一些工程地震问题研究进行了讨论,包括设防地震动水准、设定地震、地震动衰减关系、长周期地震动及其相关问题。     

不同类型俯冲带地震水平向地震动阻尼修正系数对比研究

基于日本KiK-Net、K-Net地震台网和太平洋地震工程中心（PEER）的14 713条地震动记录,比较了俯冲带地区浅壳上地幔地震、板内地震和板间地震的水平向地震动加速度反应谱阻尼修正系数（DMF）和位移反应谱阻尼修正系数（DMF）的差异,并进行了5%置信水平下的假设检验,探究了俯冲带地区不同地震类型对DMF的影响。结果显示:在大多数谱周期,不同地震类型的DMF存在统计意义上的显著差异;在低阻尼比中短周期时,加速度谱DMF和位移谱DMF基本相同;在高阻尼比长周期时,不同地震类型的加速度谱DMF差异大于位移谱DMF差异。研究表明:俯冲带地震水平向地震动DMF需要考虑不同地震类型的影响。     

Free‐vibration analysis of a three‐dimensional soil–structure system

A procedure which involves a non‐linear eigenvalue problem and is based on the substructure method is proposed for the free‐vibration analysis of a soil–structure system. In this procedure, the structure is modelled by the standard finite element method, while the unbounded soil is modelled by the scaled boundary finite element method. The fundamental frequency, and the corresponding radiation damping ratio as well as the modal shape are obtained by using inverse iteration. The free vibration of a dam–foundation system, a hemispherical cavity and a hemispherical deposit are analysed in detail. The numerical results are compared with available results and are also verified by the Fourier transform of the impulsive response calculated in the time domain by the three‐dimensional soil–structure–wave interaction analysis procedure proposed in our previous paper. The fundamental frequency obtained by the present procedure is very close to that obtained by Touhei and Ohmachi, but the damping ratio and the imaginary part of modal shape are significantly different due to the different definition of damping ratio. This study shows that although the classical mode‐superposition method is not applicable to a soil–structure system due to the frequency dependence of the radiation damping, it is still of interest in earthquake engineering to evaluate the fundamental frequency and the corresponding radiation damping ratio of the soil–structure system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

随机阻尼对结构抗风抗震动力响应的影响

本文讨论了结构系统阻尼的随机性,运用运动微分方程和二阶摄动地具有随机阻尼的结构系统在地震荷载作用下的动力响应进行了计算,给出随机阻尼对结构响应的影响。结果表明,随机阻尼对结构的位移、速度和加速度的物确存在,特别是阻尼的变异系数较大对结构的动力响应影响更为明显,应引起结构设计者的足够重视。     

不同类型俯冲带地震竖向地震动阻尼修正系数对比研究

俯冲带地区竖向地震动的阻尼修正系数在工程结构抗震设计中起着重要作用。由于俯冲带地区的板块构造复杂,俯冲带地区的地震可划分为浅壳上地幔地震、板内地震和板间地震3种类型。为研究不同类型俯冲带地震的竖向地震动阻尼修正系数间是否具有显著差异而需要分别建立不同的阻尼修正系数模型,采用日本俯冲带地区的地震动数据,通过假设检验和构造差异指标的方式对不同类型地震的竖向加速度和位移反应谱的阻尼修正系数进行两两比较。结果显示:不同地震类型的竖向地震动阻尼修正系数在众多谱周期上存在统计意义和工程实际意义上的显著差异。该研究表明:研究俯冲带地区竖向地震动阻尼修正系数时需要考虑地震类型的影响。     

基于Marc二次开发实现粘弹性人工边界和振型分解反应谱法

新版《水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范》（NB35047-2015）中规定:"抗震设防类别为甲类的混凝土坝应考虑远域地基的辐射阻尼效应"。针对通用商业有限元软件Marc在振型分解反应谱法中的不足,且缺少时程分析法中模拟地基辐射阻尼效应的粘弹性人工边界,采用Fortran语言编制相应的独立程序及二次开发程序,以便在Mrac软件中精确实现新规范要求下的混凝土坝抗震安全评价。数值算例和工程实例分析结果验证了基于Marc二次开发实施思路和自编程序的正确性;重力坝抗震薄弱部位主要为坝体断面突变处,考虑无限地基的辐射阻尼效应后,坝体地震动力响应明显下降。     

Centrifuge modeling of seismic response of layered soft clay

Centrifuge modeling is a valuable tool used to study the response of geotechnical structures to infrequent or extreme events such as earthquakes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted at 80g using an electro-hydraulic earthquake simulator mounted on the C-CORE geotechnical centrifuge to study the dynamic response of soft soils and seismic soil–structure interaction (SSI). The acceleration records at different locations within the soil bed and at its surface along with the settlement records at the surface were used to analyze the soft soil seismic response. In addition, the records of acceleration at the surface of a foundation model partially embedded in the soil were used to investigate the seismic SSI. Centrifuge data was used to evaluate the variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude and confining pressure, and to assess their effects on site response. Site response analysis using the measured shear wave velocity, estimated modulus reduction and damping ratio as input parameters produced good agreement with the measured site response. A spectral analysis of the results showed that the stiffness of the soil deposits had a significant effect on the characteristics of the input motions and the overall behavior of the structure. The peak surface acceleration measured in the centrifuge was significantly amplified, especially for low amplitude base acceleration. The amplification of the earthquake shaking as well as the frequency of the response spectra decreased with increasing earthquake intensity. The results clearly demonstrate that the layering system has to be considered, and not just the average shear wave velocity, when evaluating the local site effects.     

桥梁高阻尼橡胶支座力学性能试验研究

目前高阻尼橡胶支座在国内桥梁工程建设中使用尚处于起步阶段。本文对高阻尼橡胶支座的力学性能进行了系统的试验研究,研究了该支座的竖向刚度、水平刚度、阻尼比及水平剪切大变形等。该支座的推广应用,将使桥梁结构在地震(中震、大震)时降低地震作用力,对整体结构能进行限位,有效地控制桥梁结构的地震反应,达到桥梁结构隔震减震的目的,弥补我国桥梁结构中现在所用支座之不足,同时可降低成本,节省使用空间,便于施工。     

台湾某钢框架大楼采用阻尼器补强结构减震效果评析

阻尼器是一种效果良好的减震装置,将阻尼器安装于结构中能够适时为结构体系提供阻尼力,从而减小地震作用对结构的破坏。黏滞阻尼器对振动的反应比较敏感,在结构受到较小振动时就可以发挥其减震效果,其阻尼力会随着振动周期和使用状态温度的不同而变化。当地震发生时,安装在结构中的阻尼器会消减地震作用,降低传导到主结构体系的地震能量,减小结构相对位移。本文介绍了黏滞阻尼器的工作原理和安装有黏滞阻尼器的结构体系的阻尼比的计算方法,对减震结构的减震效果的评析方法做出探讨,并以一安装有黏滞阻尼器的台湾某既有钢框架结构为例,分析了(1)该结构在遭受地震作用时的地震反应;(2)该结构体系在不同地震作用水平时的阻尼比,包括主体结构阻尼比和黏滞阻尼器阻尼比;(3)结构安装黏滞阻尼器后的减震效果。实例对本文的减震评析方法和减震效果进行了说明和分析,计算及分析结果表明利用黏滞阻尼器加固既有结构能够取得较好的减震效果,本文所提减震效果评析方法是一种实用有效的评析方法,对类似工程的减震评析具有一定的参考价值。     

Material damping for lumped-parameter models of foundations

In foundation dynamics two mechanisms of energy dissipation exist, wave radiation and material damping. Elastic continuum models of the soil capture only the radiation effect. To incorporate material damping, use is made of the fact that the dynamic-stiffness relationships of all elastic foundations may be simulated by discrete assemblages of springs, dashpots and masses. (Such lumped-parameter models are exact for simple cone models of the soil and approximate for more involved cases.) By application of the correspondence principle directly to the discrete elements of the lumped-parameter model, it is possible to introduce Voigt viscoelasticity. Each original spring is augmented by a dashpot, and each original dashpot is augmented by a mass, attached in a special way. Going a step further, more realistic non-linear-hysteretic damping is represented by replacing the augmenting dashpots and masses by frictional elements. The analysis, which is effected solely in the time domain, is illustrated by an example from earthquake engineering.