Analysis of dynamic behaviour of piles

The finite element approach has been used to derive element matrices suitable for the analysis of the dynamic behaviour of piles. Using this method, piles with arbitrary cross-section and soil with nonhomogeneous properties can be dealt with.     

A concept of correction functions to account for non-associative characteristics of geologic media

A new and simple concept based on the idea of correcting for non-associative characteristics of (geologic) media is presented. A special form of the concept is adopted and introduced in a critical state plasticity model. An example problem of behaviour of a soil tested under triaxial conditions is included. The concept can permit a simplified treatment of non-associativeness and under certain assumptions can allow use of existing formulations of plasticity by maintaining symmetry of the associated matrices.     

Experimental Studies on Behaviour of Stone Columns in Layered Soils

Stone columns are found to be effective and economical ground improvement technique in soft grounds. Understanding its behaviour when they are installed in stratified soils, in particular when the upper layer consists of weak soil, will be of great practical significance. This paper presents results from a series of laboratory plate load tests carried out in unit cell tanks to investigate the behaviour of stone columns in layered soils, consisting of weak soft clay overlying a relatively stronger silty soil, for various thicknesses of the top layer. Tests were carried out with two types of loading (1) the entire area in the unit cell tank loaded, to estimate the stiffness of improved ground and (2) only the stone column loaded, to estimate the limiting axial capacity. Laboratory tests were carried out on a column of 90 mm diameter surrounded by layered soil, for an area ratio of 15%. It is found that the depth of top weak layer thickness has a significant influence on the stiffness, load bearing capacity and bulging behavior of stone columns.     

Prediction of elastic settlement of rectangular raft foundation — a coupled FE–BE approach

A numerical method of analysis is proposed for computation of the elastic settlement of raft foundations using a FEM–BEM coupling technique. The structural model adopted for the raft is based on an isoparametric plate bending finite element and the raft–soil interface is idealized by boundary elements. Mindlin's half-space solution is used as a fundamental solution to find the soil flexibility matrix and consequently the soil stiffness matrix. Transformation of boundary element matrices are carried out to make it compatible for coupling with plate stiffness matrix obtained from the finite element method. This method is very efficient and attractive in the sense that it can be used for rafts of any geometry in terms of thickness as well as shape and loading. Depth of embedment of the raft can also be considered in the analysis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原位贯入装置标定罐模型试验研究与发展

为明确标定罐模型试验在室内模拟原位测试技术领域中的研究现状,根据国内外大量文献中相关标定罐模型试验的报道,对现今世界上已有的大型标定罐进行了总结,并对比分析了各个标定罐的优缺点以及标定罐的改进历程。介绍了国内外使用最为广泛的两种标定罐体系的相关研究内容,论述了影响标定罐模型试验的相关参数以及影响因素,并归纳了标定罐试验的应用研究结果。分析结果表明,标定罐模型试验在原位测试技术的应用研究具有很好的应用前景,且集边界条件控制、应力状态控制、土样控制等各种特点于一身;通过标定罐试验进行相关的土体参数的推算与验算,与之相应的原位试验进行对比,分析了不同土层的现场经验公式,可为原位试验的评价与分析提供依据。但是,标定罐试验的相关研究还需进一步的加强与扩展,目前主要是砂质土的相关研究,对于黏性土和特殊土尚缺少相关研究;原位测试参数方面也应加强对侧摩阻力、孔隙水压力等相关参数的试验研究。     

Three‐dimensional finite element analyses of passive pile behaviour

Piles may be subjected to lateral soil pressures as a result of lateral soil movements from nearby construction‐related activities such as embankment construction or excavation operations. Three‐dimensional finite element analyses have been carried out to investigate the response of a single pile when subjected to lateral soil movements. The pile and the soil were modelled using 20‐node quadrilateral brick elements with reduced integration. For compatibility between the soil–pile interface elements, 27‐node quadrilateral brick elements with reduced integration were used to model the soil around the pile adjacent to the soil–pile interface. A Mohr–Coulomb elastic–plastic constitutive model with large‐strain mode was assumed for the soil. The analyses indicate that the behaviour of the pile was significantly influenced by the pile flexibility, the magnitude of soil movement, the pile head boundary conditions, the shape of the soil movement profile and the thickness of the moving soil mass. Reasonable agreement is found between some existing published solutions and those developed herein. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fragmenting and isolating neighbourhoods: a way of creating flexible spaces and flexible behaviours?

The paper discusses changes that have occurred in Poznań neighbourhoods over the last decades. All issues discussed in the article are in the context of two kinds of flexibility: flexibility of neighbourhood spaces (city-planning meaning) and flexibility of neighbourhood behaviour (sociological meaning). A flexible neighbourhood space is understood here as one allowing various groups of inhabitants conflict-free and liberal use to pursue their individual lifestyles, but also a possibility of entering collective life. Flexible neighbourhood behaviours are such life strategies which are chosen by an individual without restraints resulting from a strictly developed area, formal commands, or cultural rituals. The aim of the paper is to seek an answer to the question of the extent to which fragmented and isolated neighbourhoods turn into a rigidly defined common territory and the extent to which they are a space allowing flexible behaviour patterns, and what social behaviours can be found in those areas. I examine this issue in two perspectives: city-planning (flexibility of neighbourhood spaces) and sociological (flexibility of neighbourhood behaviour).     

储油罐环形加筋防护墙变形特征及其影响因素

储油罐环形加筋防护墙是由填土、筋体、格栅返包式面板组成的一个环形整体复合结构,具有明显的空间特性及其与储油罐之间复杂的相互作用,相关研究理论明显滞后于工程应用。由于环形加筋防护墙无法忽略其空间特性的影响,通过Plaxis 3D三维有限元软件进行数值模拟,采用小应变土体硬化模型作为加筋土体本构模型,研究储油罐环形加筋防护墙墙体的变形特征及加筋材料的受力特征,探讨墙体高度、厚度、墙面坡度及土工格栅刚度、加筋间距等因素对墙体变形特征的影响。结果表明:防护墙墙面侧位移随着防护墙高度、厚度和墙面倾斜角度的减小而减小,但墙体厚度过小和加筋间距过大将导致防护墙倾覆趋势增大,过小的土工格栅刚度会导致墙侧位移过大,因此需严格控制以上设计参数;加筋防护墙墙体的修筑将加大储油罐边缘处地基沉降,储油罐内燃油的装载状态不影响加筋防护墙地基沉降情况,但油罐地基最大沉降差随着储油罐内装载燃油的增多而减小;根据格栅最大拉应力位置所推测的加筋防护墙破坏面经过墙趾曲线,墙后土压力受墙面坡度影响巨大,设计时应根据坡度选择合适的设计方法。     

模糊聚类在不均匀场地土分类归并中的应用

在含有砂性土、淤泥质粘土的吹填土场地建设大型储罐,采用高能级强夯置换进行地基处理。由于吹填土在块石强夯置换后,流塑状的淤泥质粘土被置换或被扰动,砂性土被振密或挤密。根据多种检测手段获得的墩间土指标,具有较大的离散性,墩间土土性分布在空间上极不均匀,难以对复合地基沉降变形作出预估分析。采用模糊聚类方法,对获得的所有测点土性指标和分布区域进行聚类归并后,得出按不同平面区域分布的场地土类别,在一定置信度上,保证了归并后的指标合理性,使储罐基础的沉降变形预估更符合实际情况。     

河岸带表土层氮素非饱和入渗运移规律模拟

自制土槽装置,室内模拟氮素在河岸带表土层中非饱和入渗的过程.通过观测土槽中不同点位渗流水体出流时间的先后顺序以及各点水体中TN、NH₄+-N浓度随入渗时间的变化,探讨氮素在河岸带表土层中非饱和入渗的运移规律.试验结果表明:在河岸带表土层非饱和入渗过程中,水分水平运移速度小于垂直运移速度,NH₄+-N的运移滞后于水分的运移;在土壤"干"-"湿"-"干"过程中,各点TN、NH₄+-N浓度值随时间先急剧增加再缓慢减少然后趋于稳定.另外,河岸带表土层对非饱和入渗氮素的截留效果较好,试验11 h时,在1.08m的坡长距离上,距土表面12 cm深度TN、NH₄+-N浓度比进水分别下降74.23%和68.02%.     

自行走隧道掘进机行进对地表沉降的理论分析

通过对自行走式隧道掘进机在地下爬坡过程中引起的地表变形进行了研究,结果表明：掘进机行进轨迹的纵向沉降曲线与随机介质理论预计的沉降曲线接近;在自行走掘进机埋深较浅时,横断面沉降曲线与Peck理论正态分布曲线误差较大,周向增阻结构嵌入土体能够造成地表土体的隆起。     

油罐地基压缩层厚度的研究

变形控制是在软土上建造油罐的一个重要环节，而如何确定压缩层厚度一直是影响沉降计算的一个关键因素。本文列出了根据不同取法所算得的压缩层厚度以及相应的沉降量，并把现场实测值与其进行比较，以此来研究对于油罐地基，怎样确定其压缩层厚度才比较合理。     

Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert

Soil compaction and substrate modification produced during large-scale armored military maneuvers in the early 1940s were examined in 1981 at seven sites in California’s eastern Mojave Desert Recording penetrometer measurements show that tracks left by a single pass of an M3 “medium” tank have average soil resistance values that are 50% greater than those of the surrounding untracked soil in the upper 20 cm At one site, measurements made along short segments of track that have been visually eliminated by erosion and deposition processes show a 73% increase in penetrometer resistance over adjacent, undisturbed soils Dirt roadways at three former base camp locations could not be penetrated below 5–10 cm because of extreme compaction Soil bulk density was not as sensitive an indicator of soil compaction as was penetrometer resistance Density values in the upper 10 cm of soil are not significantly different between tank tracks and undisturbed soils at most sites, and roadways at two base camps show an average increase in bulk density of only 12% over adjacent soils. Trench excavations across tank tracks show that physical modifications of the substrate can extend vertically beneath a track to a depth of 25 cm and outward from a track’s edge to 50 cm These soil disturbances are probably major factors that encourage accelerated soil erosion throughout the manuever area and also retard or prevent the return of vegetation to pre-disturbance conditions     

Vertical deformation of rigid foundations of arbitrary shape on layered soil media

A numerical procedure is described for the analysis of vertical deformation of smooth, rigid foundations of arbitrary shape on homogeneous and layered soil media. The contact area at the interface of the foundation and soil medium is approximated by square subdivisions. The response of the system is then obtained from the superposition of the influence of the individual subdivisions. The flexibility influence coefficients are based on equivalent smooth, rigid circular areas with the same contact area as the square subdivisions. For foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space, the flexibility coefficients are given analytically by the integrated forms of the Boussinesq's solution. For a layered soil medium, the flexibility coefficients are determined from an axisymmetric finite element analysis which is essentially two dimensional. Thus, there is no necessity for a full three-dimensional finite element analysis. Comparison with solutions obtained using the integral transform technique for smooth, rigid rectangular foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space shows good agreement. Parametric solutions are presented for the response of rectangular foundations on some ‘typical’ soil profiles. The use of a simplified method to estimate the settlement of rectangular foundations on a layered soil medium by superposing solutions for homogeneous, elastic strata is discussed.     

基于FBG技术的饱和膨胀土失水致裂过程试验研究

为了解饱和膨胀土在失水条件下,干缩裂隙发育过程中土体内的应变状态、分布以及变化规律,设计了一个长40cm、宽5cm、深3cm的一维模型槽,将3条FBG传感光栅串埋入饱和膨胀土试样中,对膨胀土不同位置的应变进行了测量,得到了土体失水干缩致裂过程中,各个FBG传感器的应变状态及其变化规律,并分析了首条干缩裂隙及其附近土体的应变分布特征及其时空演化规律。试验结果表明:随着土体含水率的降低,土体首先呈现出整体收缩,之后应变状态发生分异,呈现出拉张区和收缩区交替出现的分布规律; 位于最大收缩区的边缘,当FBG传感器的应变由压缩状态转变为拉伸状态,并且拉应变及其变化速率相对较大的区域将产生首条裂隙。可见,本文所采用的高空间分辨率FBG传感技术为分析膨胀土裂隙发育全过程、揭示膨胀土失水致裂机理,以及膨胀土裂隙性特征的研究提供了新的思路和技术手段。     

Study on soil–cement grout interface shear strength of soil nailing by direct shear box testing method

An important design parameter in cement-grouted soil nailed structures is the shear strength at the interface between the grouted nail and the surrounding soil. Both field and laboratory pull-out tests are normally used to investigate this interface shear strength. However, these tests have some limitations. In this study, direct shear box tests are adopted to investigate the interface shear strength behaviour between a completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil and a cement grout plate. Tests were carried out in a large direct shear test apparatus over a range of constant normal stress, soil moisture content, and soil–cement grout interface surface waviness. The laboratory test procedures are briefly described and the main test results are presented, followed by a discussion of the shear behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface. The interface shear behaviour is compared with the shear strength behaviour of the same soil tested under comparable conditions. It is shown that the shear stress–displacement behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface is similar to that of the soil alone. The test results indicate that the interface shear strength of the CDG and cement grout material depends on the normal stress level, the soil moisture content, and the interface surface waviness.     

A non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element model for the prediction of vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving

This paper presents a non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element approach for the prediction of free field vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving. Both the non‐linear constitutive behavior of the soil in the vicinity of the pile and the dynamic interaction between the pile and the soil are accounted for. A subdomain approach is used, defining a generalized structure consisting of the pile and a bounded region of soil around the pile, and an unbounded exterior linear soil domain. The soil around the pile may exhibit non‐linear constitutive behavior and is modelled with a time‐domain finite element method. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the exterior unbounded soil domain is calculated using a boundary element formulation in the frequency domain based on a limited number of modes defined on the interface between the generalized structure and the unbounded soil. The soil–structure interaction forces are evaluated as a convolution of the displacement history and the soil flexibility matrices, which are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation from the frequency to the time domain. This results in a hybrid frequency–time domain formulation of the non‐linear dynamic soil–structure interaction problem, which is solved in the time domain using Newmark's time integration method; the interaction force time history is evaluated using the θ‐scheme in order to obtain stable solutions. The proposed hybrid formulation is validated for linear problems of vibratory and impact pile driving, showing very good agreement with the results obtained with a frequency‐domain solution. Linear predictions, however, overestimate the free field peak particle velocities as observed in reported field experiments during vibratory and impact pile driving at comparable levels of the transferred energy. This is mainly due to energy dissipation related to plastic deformations in the soil around the pile. Ground vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving are, therefore, also computed with a non‐linear model where the soil is modelled as an isotropic elastic, perfectly plastic solid, which yields according to the Drucker–Prager failure criterion. This results in lower predicted free field vibrations with respect to linear predictions, which are also in much better agreement with experimental results recorded during vibratory and impact pile driving. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of spatial variability of soil friction angle on sheet pile walls’ structural behaviour

The uncertainty in terms of soil characterisation is studied to assess its effect on the structural behaviour of extended structures as sheet pile walls. A finite element model is used. This integrates a numerical model of the soil–structure interaction together with a stochastic model that allows characterising the soil variability. The model serves in propagating the variability and the system parameter uncertainties. Discussion is mainly focused on two points: (1) testing the sensitivity of the structural behaviour of a sheet pile wall to different geotechnical parameters and (2) assessing the influence of spatial variability of soil properties on the structural behaviour by identifying the most sensitive geotechnical parameter and the most significant correlation length values. The findings showed that in assessing the sheet pile wall’s structural behaviour, there are spatial variability parameters that cannot be considered negligible. In this study, soil friction angle is found to be an important parameter.     

超深层水泥搅拌桩在油罐地基处理中的应用

本文结合使用超深层水泥搅拌桩进行地基处理的一个大型油罐工程的监测,分析、探讨了深层水泥搅拌桩的一些特性,确认使用该方法处理厚层软土地基是可行的。     

冻土侧限压缩试验仪的研制及应用

随着寒区高等级道路工程等基础设施的建设,迫切需要对冻土压缩特性和静止土压力系数（K₀系数）开展试验研究,但目前缺乏开展相关研究的专用仪器。本文基于融土侧限压缩试验的原理,结合冻土力学性质受温度控制的特性,自主研发了冻土侧限压缩试验仪。该仪器采用冷却罐内冷液循环和冷却罐外恒温箱实现二级控温,控温范围为-50℃至90℃,控温精度达±0.1℃;采用全数字伺服测控器实现温度闭环控制;采用高性能负荷框架结构,刚度大、重量轻,保证仪器在大荷载下平稳运行。利用该仪器对冻结饱和标准砂进行侧限压缩试验,试验结果验证了仪器可靠性。本仪器能准确快捷地测定冻土静止土压力系数和压缩性参数,是研究冻土力学特性并服务于寒区岩土工程建设的有力工具。