Skid Row As A Geographic Entity∗

Industrial inertia has both spatial and behavioral connotations. In the first place, it implies stability in plant location whereas in the second, it results from managerial behavior which either actively perceives advantages from status quo locations or passively condones such locations through lack of initiative. This paper illustrates the dilemmas facing a British shipbuilding firm which chose to locate at a greenfield site instead of opting for the traditional centers.     

丹霞地貌度假区景观保护利用规划——以江西叫岩度假区为例

度假区共有旅游资源8个主类,共118处资源单体,其中优良级单体18处,资源品位适中。在47个空气负离子含量测点中,浓度在700个/cm~3以上的占51.1%;空气细菌平均数仅为县城的6.2%,显示了度假区环境的优越。在评价测定的基础上,提出了景观保护利用规划的三大原则:生态化、自然化和乡土化原则;确定了四种利用方式:作为观景对象、文化熏陶、活动平台、休憩场所加以利用;阐述了综合评价的四大内容:风景质量、阀值、敏感度以及特殊价值评价;进行了三级分区保护:重点保护区、景观恢复区和适度发展区。     

集装箱环球航线的枢纽区位优化

集装箱航运业中规模经济较为明显。集装箱船舶不断地大型化, 加上巴拿马运河的改造, 在不久的将来环球航线这种充分利用船舶规模经济的航线形式将会重新出现, 最终使世界集装箱航线形成一个全球范围的轴辐网络。以Ashar 提出的赤道环球航线为基础, 通过分析航运成本来作一些修正, 寻找最佳的枢纽港口区位。优化的结果与Ashar 的赤道环球航线略有出入, 例如中国台湾港口具有明显的区位优势。中国港口尤其是黄海、渤海沿岸港口地理位置条件相对较差, 因此急需加强港口建设以应对未来的挑战。     

A Review of “The Impossible Land”

The movements of ideas and content between locations and languages are unquestionably crucial concerns to researchers of the information age, and Twitter has emerged as a central, global platform on which hundreds of millions of people share knowledge and information. A variety of research has attempted to harvest locational and linguistic metadata from tweets to understand important questions related to the 300 million tweets that flow through the platform each day. Much of this work is carried out with only limited understandings of how best to work with the spatial and linguistic contexts in which the information was produced, however. Furthermore, standard, well-accepted practices have yet to emerge. As such, this article studies the reliability of key methods used to determine language and location of content in Twitter. It compares three automated language identification packages to Twitter's user interface language setting and to a human coding of languages to identify common sources of disagreement. The article also demonstrates that in many cases user-entered profile locations differ from the physical locations from which users are actually tweeting. As such, these open-ended, user-generated profile locations cannot be used as useful proxies for the physical locations from which information is published to Twitter.     

新零售背景下连锁店区位选择及其空间关联特征

零售活动的空间关系研究是城市地理学研究的一个热点问题.以上海市内环地区的星巴克、COSTA和瑞幸咖啡三家咖啡连锁公司的门店为研究对象,综合运用多种空间统计方法和实地调研分析三者之间的空间关联特征.结果表明:1)无论是传统零售还是新零售模式下的咖啡门店,其空间分布均大致表现出靠近消费市场的空间导向特征;2)星巴克门店的空...     

Propagating radial waves of travel cost in a grid

To calculate the minimum cost of travel to each location within a geographical area from a specified set of locations, most geographic information systems represent that area as a rectangular grid of discrete cells, each indicating the cost of traversing that cell's particular location. These increments of cost are then accumulated by proceeding from cell to adjacent cell in a manner that resembles the propagation of waves. Because this propagation is limited to the eight directions associated with each cell's eight neighbors, however, it is often misdirected, and travel costs are therefore often overestimated. This article discusses the context, precedent, design, implementation, performance, and implications of a new algorithm that eliminates such problems in a straightforward manner. It does so by retaining the octangular propagation mechanism of earlier algorithms while keeping track of the particular locations at which propagated waves of accumulating travel cost either refract or diffract. The approach also holds promise for significant improvement in areas ranging from dispersion modeling and shape analysis to interpolation and the delineation of cost-minimizing paths.     

UK-based terrorists' antecedent behavior: A spatial and temporal analysis

Background and purposeTerrorism is a real and present danger. The build-up to an attack includes planning, travel, and reconnaissance which necessarily require the offender to move through their environment. Whilst research has examined patterns of terrorist attack locations, with a few exceptions (e.g. Rossmo & Harries, 2011), it has not examined the spatial behavior of the terrorists themselves. In this paper, we investigate whether the spatial mobility patterns of terrorists resemble those of criminals (and the wider population) and if these change in the run up to their attacks.MethodUsing mobile phone data records for the ringleaders of four different UK-based terrorist plots in the months leading up to their attacks, we examine the frequency with which terrorists visit different locations, how far they travel from key anchor points such as their home, the distance between sequential cell-site hits and how their range of movement varies as the planned time to attack approaches.ConclusionsLike the wider population (and criminals), the sample of terrorists examined exhibited predictable patterns of spatial behavior. Most movements were close to their home location or safe house, and they visited a relatively small number of locations most of the time. Disaggregating these patterns over time provided mixed evidence regarding the way in which their spatial activity changed as the time to the planned attack approached. The findings are interpreted in terms of how they inform criminological understanding of the spatial behavior of terrorists, and the implications for law enforcement.     

The international automobile trade of the Republic of Korea during the 1980s: the North American connection

This article investigates the spatial dimension of exports of automobiles from the Republic of Korea (ROK), the market for which has been dominated since 1986 by the United States (US). Two theories are reviewed which have been advanced to explain the pattern and nature of trade, comparative and competitive advantage. This paper examines these theories and assesses their explanatory utility in the light of the evidence from the ROK. The ROK trade patterns in the automobile industry are used to assess these theories and it is suggested that the results are applicable to other locations and industrial sectors.     

Errors in focal depth determination and the depth of seismicity in Iran and Turkey

Summary. It is the supposed presence of intermediate depth earthquakes in areas of continental collision which supports the existence of subducting slabs in regions such as the Zagros mountains of Iran. Mounting field evidence from that region suggests that intermediate focal depths allocated by tele-seismic locations are wrong. No pP depth control exists for earthquakes in the Zagros and all teleseismic locations use P phases alone.
This paper examines the effect of random noise in arrival-time data on the variances calculated for origin time and hypocentral depth. These can be simply related to the distribution of recording stations and it can be shown that in any one region the smaller shocks will tend to have greater errors in depth than the larger. However, this effect cannot alone account for all the probable mislocation in depth of some small shocks in the Zagros. The discrepancy may, however, be explained by the difference in the quality of arrival-time data between large and small events. It is also shown that crustal earthquakes will have greater errors in depth than earthquakes of equivalent size in the mantle. If reliably read, PKP phases can help contribute to the accuracy of hypocentral depth. The conclusion is that although errors in origin time and depth are well correlated for teleseismic locations of all earthquakes, the value of the errors themselves may be small for the bigger shocks, and this may explain why standard bulletin locations seem to give very reasonable focal depths for the biggest events in Iran. Thus the focal depths of the smaller earthquakes (which include all the published deeper ones in the Zagros) are unreliable, while the focal depths for the largest events are likely to be much better.     

Dislocation Pedagogy

This article describes an experiment in learning with a course on “research and philosophies of place and space” in which students were repeatedly dislocated from an environment familiar to them and replaced in key locations about the city with local place experts as their guide. The article begins with a review of the meaning of place and the opportunities offered by the City of Kingston for reflective engagement. It briefly hints at some of the social trends devaluing place learning and the consequently political nature of this pedagogy. Finally, it summarizes the lessons learned in five of the ten classes.     

Locating regional seismic events with global optimization based on interval arithmetic

More than 1000 seismic events in northern Europe at distances of up to 400  km from the detecting network are located using an optimization method in which the global minimum of the traveltime function residuals is searched for using an Interval Arithmetic (IA) method. Epicentres are determined using P waves detected by the Finnish national seismic network: up to 15 stations were used in the analysis. The IA results coincide with locations provided by the University of Helsinki bulletins with a median location bias of 7.6  km.
  A second data set of 59 explosions in the Siilinjärvi mine in central Finland was examined in detail, because the locations of the explosions were known exactly. In this case, the median difference of IA locations was 3.8  km from the average location of mine explosions, while all 59 events were located within 9  km of the 'true' epicentres. The corresponding median error of the University of Helsinki locations was smaller (3.2  km), but some Helsinki locations were well over 10  km from the mine. The convergence towards the global optimum using interval arithmetic was fast when compared with the conventional least-squares approaches for epicentre determinations.     

EVIDENCE OF A RESPONSE-BIAS EXPLANATION OF NONEUCLIDEAN COGNITIVE MAPS*

Two groups of subjects with varying amounts of experience with the city in which they lived judged from memory distances between familiar locations. The distance judgments were processed by a multidimensional scaling algorithm (MULTISCALE) that estimates the parameters of a power function transformation of the response scale and the coordinates of the locations in k-dimensional euclidean space. The results for both subject groups suggested that inaccuracies of distance cognition do not reflect the noneuclidean nature of urban cognitive maps but are caused by response bias.     

基于社会属性的北京市居民居住与就业空间集聚特征

制度转型期,中国城市居民社会空间发生了新的变化,居民居住和就业空间组织也变得更为复杂,并引起了广泛关注。基于2010 年问卷调查数据,采用缓冲区、最近邻层次聚类和Ripley K函数等空间分析方法对北京城市不同社会属性居民的居住和就业空间分布特征进行实证分析。研究发现：① 总体上,北京城市居民居住和就业空间圈层分异明显。在各圈层内部,不同人群的居住和就业空间分布比例亦存在相对差异;职住空间错位程度表明距市中心15 km左右是城市就业功能和居住功能主导地位转化的分界线;职住平衡度整体上呈现出由内圈层到外圈层递减的趋势,但高收入阶层和年轻白领的职住平衡度相对较低。② 不同人群居住与就业空间集聚特征存在明显差异。一般平民居住和就业均呈散点状集聚;年轻打工族居住和就业集聚区域紧邻,主要集聚在四环以内的城市东部区域;高收入阶层居住呈现“小集中、大分散”集聚特征,就业集聚区多集中在四环以内的城市东部和西北部区域;年轻白领居住集聚区呈现城市西部条带状和东部散点状相结合特征,就业集聚区主要在中关村和CBD为中心的两条轴状区域。③ 不同人群居住和就业空间集聚的尺度特征较为相似,呈现随距离增加“先增后减”变化趋势,但距离阈值存在差异。表现为高收入群体居住空间可选范围较小,一般平民就业空间可选范围较小,而年轻白领居住和就业空间可选范围均较大。     

Geo-referencing with semi-automatic gazetteer expansion using lexico-syntactical patterns and co-reference analysis

Geo-referencing is a key task for geographical information retrieval because it allows unstructured or textual documents (i.e., Web pages) to be associated with geographical locations, which are then used by geo-search engines to index documents and search information by spatial criteria. This work proposes a strategy to extract geo-references from textual documents that combine natural language-processing techniques and co-reference solving heuristics, which in turn can be used to expand a geographical gazetteer. Implicit geographical entities (i.e., those entities referred to by pronouns) are recognized and incorporated into the gazetteer that is updated and used for geo-referencing tasks. Experiments show the promise of the approach to geo-referencing Web pages when dealing with implicit and/or indirect geo-references.     

Utilising volunteered geographic information to assess resident's flood evacuation shelters. Case study: Jakarta

Research on disaster response frequently uses volunteered geographic information (VGI), due to its capability to provide near real-time information during and after a disaster. It is much less commonly used in spatial planning related to disaster management. However, VGI appears to have considerable potential for use in spatial planning and offers some advantages over traditional methods. For example, VGI can capture residents' preferences in a much faster, more timely, and more comprehensive fashion than is possible with, for example, questionnaires and surveys. This research investigates the usefulness of VGI for planning flood evacuation shelters. Using Jakarta, Indonesia, as a case study, we use VGI to capture the locations of flood evacuation shelters based on residents' preferences during flood periods in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 and compare these with the locations of official shelters. Floods frequently affect Jakarta and the city administration uses VGI in flood emergency responses. Moreover, Jakarta has been identified as having the largest number of active Twitter users among cities worldwide. Thus, Jakarta is an appropriate place to study the use of VGI for planning evacuation shelters. VGI generated by Twitter users was used to identify the shelter locations preferred by Jakarta residents, and more precisely the flood evacuees. Of 171,046 tweets using keywords relating to flood evacuation, the content of 306 tweets indicated that they had been sent from inside or near evacuation shelters. The spatial pattern showed that those tweets were sent from 215 locations, mostly located near flooded areas. The analysis further showed that 35.6% of these shelter locations preferred by residents intersected with the locations of official evacuation shelters. As a general conclusion, our study demonstrates the advantages of using VGI for spatial planning, which mainly relates to the ease of capturing community preferences over a large area.     

兰州市职住空间组织特征

以兰州市为实证研究对象,基于2010年兰州市内1 500份家庭调查问卷数据基础上,利用地理信息系统技术,对兰州市居民的职住空间组织特征进行实证研究。研究发现兰州市居民的居住地和就业地之间的平均距离为2.34 km,有一半居民的通勤距离在1 km内,和北京、上海、广州等东部大城市相比,兰州市的通勤距离比较短,还没有出现类似东部大城市的职住分离比较突出的现象。兰州市作为多中心、带状组团城市,各组团内部就业与居住基本平衡,居民通勤多以本组团内部的通勤行为为主,没有出现大规模的跨区通勤,各组团居民的通勤行为具有“近多远少”特点。各组团职住空间特征存在明显的差异,城关区和安宁区的平均通勤距离较短,七里河和西固区的平均通勤距离较长。职住空间组织特征与城市中居住功能和就业功能的空间差异有关。城关区属于单向外来通勤流为主的区域、七里河区属于双向通勤流比较平衡的区域、安宁区和西固区属于单向外出通勤流为主的区域。     

Mapping eastern equine encephalitis virus risk for white-tailed deer in Michigan

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is often fatal to humans and horses. Some species including white-tailed deer and passerine birds can survive infection with the EEE virus (EEEV) and develop antibodies that can be detected using laboratory techniques. In this way, collected serum samples from free ranging white-tailed deer can be used to monitor the presence of the virus in ecosystems. This study developed and tested a risk index model designed to predict EEEV activity in white-tailed deer in a three-county area of Michigan. The model evaluates EEEV risk on a continuous scale from 0.0 (no measurable risk) to 1.0 (highest possible risk). High risk habitats are identified as those preferred by white-tailed deer that are also located in close proximity to an abundance of wetlands and lowland forests, which support disease vectors and hosts. The model was developed based on relevant literature and was tested with known locations of infected deer that showed neurological symptoms. The risk index model accurately predicted the known locations, with the mean value for those sites equal to the 94th percentile of values in the study area. The risk map produced by the model could be used refine future EEEV monitoring efforts that use serum samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer to monitor viral activity. Alternatively, it could be used focus educational efforts targeted toward deer hunters that may have elevated risks of infection.     

埃默里冰架北缘海洋水文特征的变化

利用中国第24次南极科学考察队（2007/2008）观测的CTD资料,分析了埃默里冰架北缘的温度、盐度、密度的空间分布,并与中国第22次南极科学考察队（2005/2006）观测的CTD资料进行了比较。比较后发现埃默里冰架北缘海域的最新变化是跃层深度明显变深,冰架北缘的东部海洋上层有明显的次表层暖水存在,但该暖水仅仅位于冰架北缘的最东端及其附近的站位,具有明显的局地性。此外,海洋的表层温度、盐度、密度都形成了明显的东西向梯度。这种梯度应与海表层浮冰的密集度有着密切的关系,是海-冰-气三者相互作用的结果。     

Spatial Dispersion of Intra-Urban Juvenile Delinquency

Abstract

Studies of the spatial distribution of juvenile delinquency have generally been of a correlational nature. It is felt that geostatistical techniques such as centrography can offer complementary insights into spatial patterns of urban delinquency. The spatial dispersion of delinquent activity of Phoenix, Arizona for 1968 was assessed centrographically to determine differences in the dispersion of groups within selected delinquent populations. Greatest differences in dispersion were found when both offense and residence locations of delinquents were arrayed by ethnic group membership. For most groups of delinquents, it was found that the dispersion of residence locations was greater than was the dispersion of offense locations. Suggestions are made for classroom adaptation of the spatial methodology presented.     

The geometry of space-time prisms with uncertain anchors

Space-time prisms envelop all spatio-temporal locations that moving objects may have visited between two of their known spatio-temporal locations, given a bound on their travel speed. In this context, the known locations are often the result of observations or measurements, and they are called ‘anchor points’. The classic space-time prism, in isotropic two-dimensional space, as well as in transportation networks, assumes that the measurements of these anchor points are exact. Whereas, in many applications, we can assume that time can be measured fairly precisely, this assumption is unrealistic for the spatial components of measured locations (we think of Global Positioning System (GPS) errors, for instance). In this paper, we extend the classical prism from anchor points to circular ‘anchor regions’ that capture the uncertainty or error on their measurement. We define the notion of a space-time prism with uncertain anchor points, called uncertain prism, for short. We study the geometry of uncertain prisms in an arbitrary metric space to make this concept as widely applicable as possible. We also focus on the rims of uncertain space-time prisms, which demarcate the area that a moving object can have visited between two anchor regions (given some local speed limitations).