鸭绿江口的潮汐特征

对1985年和1996年鸭绿江口6个站位的水位数据进行调和分析,结果显示,鸭绿江口的潮汐以半日潮为主,M2 分潮占优.此外,潮高日不等和涨落潮历时不等的现象较为显著,与实测水位结果一致;由口门向上游方向潮差逐渐减小,落潮历时增大,涨潮历时减小,且落潮历时长于涨潮历时.最下游枢岛验潮站的平均海平面为0.08 m;最上游丹东站为1.14 m(1985);从下游至上游平均海平面呈现增大趋势,主要原因是鸭绿江口为向上游迅速束窄的狭长形喇叭口,大面潮水涌入后水位被束窄抬升所致.利用调和常数计算的潮位与观测数据基本吻合,表明研究区观测期间水位主要受潮汐作用的控制.     

山东半岛海洋牧场潮汐特征分析

利用山东半岛15个海洋牧场的水深观测数据,比较了不同资料长度下调和分析结果的差异,并分析了包括调和常数、潮汐类型、潮差和潮汐日不等现象在内的潮汐特征的空间变化。结果显示,主要分潮调和常数估计误差随资料长度的增加逐渐减小,调和常数估计的准确性不断提高。潮汐特征的分析表明:(1)各海洋牧场中M2分潮的振幅最为显著,平均振幅为0.87m。(2)各海洋牧场潮汐类型均为以M2分潮为主导的半日潮潮型,山东半岛东部沿海海洋牧场的潮汐类型为不规则半日潮,东南沿海海洋牧场的潮汐类型则为规则半日潮。(3)各海洋牧场平均潮差与最大可能潮差空间变化趋势相同。平均潮差和最大可能潮差的最大值均出现在日照国美投礁型海洋牧场,分别为3.48m和5.70m;平均潮差和最大可能潮差的最小值出现在荣成烟墩角游钓型海洋牧场,分别为0.82m和2.27m。(4)各海洋牧场潮高不等现象均不显著,威海瑜泰游钓型海洋牧场、威海西港游钓型海洋牧场、威海刘公岛游钓型海洋牧场、荣成成山鸿源投礁型海洋牧场、荣成东楮岛游钓型海洋牧场和荣成鸿泰游钓型海洋牧场的潮时不等现象不显著,其他海洋牧场落潮历时均大于涨潮历时,表现为涨潮主导的特征。     

丁字湾近岸海域潮汐、潮流和余流特征研究

利用丁字湾近岸海域2021年的最新观测资料,研究了潮汐、潮流和余流的基本特征和变化规律。得出如下结论：潮汐为正规半日潮,最大潮差405 cm,最小潮差69 cm,平均潮差248 cm,涨潮历时小于落潮历时。潮流为规则半日浅海潮流,最大涨潮流流速为67 cm/s,最大落潮流流速为72 cm/s。涨潮流历时小于落潮流历时。垂向来看,表层流速最大,中层次之,底层最小。海流的旋转谱分析的结果显示M₂分潮的谱峰值最高,运动形式为逆时针旋转流。余流,整体余流流速小于10 cm/s,表层余流最大,中层次之,底层最小。观测期间,长周期的风向和余流流向相反,因此风不是余流的控制因素。     

北部湾潮汐数值预报及其分析

采用二维非线性运动方程和连续方程组，以多个分潮同步输入，做耦合数值模拟，进行潮汐数值预报。结果表明，K1潮波等振幅线分布与历史潮波图明显不同，此线呈舌状向北伸展，特别在湾的南部海域，其中央区振幅很小，10cm等振幅线可以伸至北纬19°以北。O1分潮的分布与K1分潮类似；北部湾北部以全日潮为主，湾的南部潮汐性质指标数2．0的等值线呈舌状向湾内神，两侧为不正规日潮，中间为不正规半日潮。4．0等值线向北推移，在19°N以南中央海区预报结果与前人的结果不同；南部海区中央一带潮差很小，最大可能潮差不超过2m，这种分布与前人结果有较大差异。     

水东湾潮流特征分析及三维数值模拟

基于水东湾海域利用现状及水环境综合整治工作的迫切需要,对其海洋水文要素开展野外调查,以清晰理解其潮流特征,并据此进行潮流三维数值模拟.调查结果显示,水东湾观测期间的实测潮差在2.6~2.9 m之间,平均潮差约2.8 m,湾口潮差最大,湾顶海域潮差最小,涨潮历时略长于落潮,属不正规半日潮;各观测站位的最大流速相差较大,最高值出现在湾口深槽,为134 cm/s,最低值出现在湾顶浅海海域,为31 cm/s,最大流速水平分布基本上呈现为从湾口向湾顶递减态势.模拟结果显示,水东湾内潮流基本沿潮汐通道呈往复流动,涨潮流向介于280°~300°之间,流速在0.28~1.36 m/s范围内变化;落潮流向介于128°~180°之间,流速在0.56~1.44 m/s范围内变化,流矢受地形限制显著.     

南海潮汐特征的初步探讨

本文以英版潮汐表上刊出的调和常数为主,选取了320个站资料,计算了南海的潮汐性质、潮差,半日潮和日潮的同潮时线、潮差,并用等高线法,绘制了M₂、S₂、K₁、O₁分潮图,从而较好地展现了潮汐的分布规律.在南海北部,汕头以南海区发现了一个新的半日分潮(S₂)无潮点.海区的潮波运动,以前进波为主,由北向南传播,到了沿岸海湾,因受地形等影响变成驻波.与以往文献比较,更准确地揭示了本海区的潮汐特征.     

海南岛莺歌海近岸的潮汐不对称与潮致余流研究

潮汐不对称与潮致余流在河口海岸区的物质输运中扮演着重要角色。已往的研究表明,在驻波占主导的河口海湾中,涨落潮的历时不对称与流速不对称有较为良好的对应关系。而潮致余流主要由地形与潮波的非线性作用所致。本研究以海南岛莺歌海附近为代表,结合实际观测与数值模型,研究复杂地形的开阔近岸区的潮汐不对称与潮致余流。结果表明,在莺歌海近岸区,涨落潮历时不对称皆表现为涨潮历时短于落潮历时,而流速不对称则出现复杂的空间变化。对流速不对称的机制分解表明,研究区的流速不对称主要由K₁、O₁与M₂的相互作用,以及潮余流与各潮汐分潮的相互作用所控制。其中前者产生涨潮流速大于落潮流速的涨潮优势,而后者则与余流的方向相对应,出现多个涨潮优势与落潮优势的区域。总体而言,研究区的流速不对称由余流与各潮汐分潮的相互作用所决定。这表明,采用涨落潮历时的不对称来确定潮汐不对称的方法在开阔近海区可能并不适用。对潮致余流的研究表明,研究区的欧拉余流远大于斯托克斯余流。欧拉余流表现为多个顺时针与逆时针的涡流。涡流分布与地形具有较好的对应关系,潮流沙脊区多发育顺时针涡流,而深槽区则以发育逆时针涡流为主。摩擦力在涡流的发育中起着重要作用。     

山东沿海潮汐的时空特征分析

综合利用山东沿海长期验潮站和短期验潮站获取的逐时观测潮位资料,采用最小二乘原理的调和分析方法得到山东沿海验潮站的潮汐调和常数。根据调和常数计算沿岸海域潮汐特征值,分析山东沿海潮汐的时空特征。结果表明:山东沿海潮汐类型以规则半日潮和不规则半日潮为主;山东沿海平均潮差在0.35~3.06 m范围内,平均大潮差、平均小潮差、最大可能潮差与平均潮差变化基本一致;在山东沿海的黄河口及莱州湾附近海域呈现出明显的潮高日不等现象;涨、落潮历时日不等存在区域性分布;平均高潮间隙在1.7~11.7 h之间变化。     

大连新港附近海域的水动力环境特征分析研究

为了解近年大连新港附近海域的水动力环境特征,基于大连新港附近海域一个潮位观测站和3个海流观测站的同步连续潮位和海流实测数据,分别采用潮汐调和分析与海流矢量分析的方法,获得常江咀验潮站13个主要分潮的调和常数,并详细分析研究了该海域的潮汐和海流特征。研究结果表明:该海域平均潮位为0. 68 m,最高潮位为2. 91 m,最低潮位为-1. 1 m,平均潮差为2. 73 m,最大潮差为3. 71 m,平均涨潮历时6 h 6 min,平均落潮历时6 h 18 min;潮汐性质为规则半日潮,最大可能潮差为5. 2 m;海流具有明显的往复流特征,垂向流速有逐渐减小的趋势,观测站位一般呈现表层最大、中层次之、底层最小的特点。对该海域的水动力环境特征的研究能够为该海域的水体环境保护及海洋灾害预警与防治提供基础数据,为政府部门制定相关的海洋防灾减灾决策提供技术支撑。     

2018年6月上海近海海域潮流特征分析

采用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对2018年6月上海近海海域9个站位的同步潮流资料进行分析.分析结果表明:该海域潮流涨落潮不等现象显著,大部分站位的落潮流历时长于涨潮流历时,长江口内(C1～C3)落潮流最大流速远大于涨潮;该海域基本以半日潮为主,同时存在规则半日潮和不规则半日潮,考虑到该海域浅海分潮流具有较大的比重,...     

Strong tidal currents observed near the bottom in the Suruga Trough,central Japan

Current measurements carried out at the depth of 4 m above the sea bottom near the northern edge of the Suruga Trough in the early fall of 1985 indicated the existence of strong semidiurnal tidal currents, which were considered to be associated with internal tides. In order to examine the spatial structure of the bottom intensified tidal flow, more detailed current observations were carried out at three or four depths at two stations along the main axis of the Suruga Trough during about 70 days from August to October 1988. We obtained the following results: (1) the variations of the current velocity caused by the semidiurnal and diurnal internal tides are evident in all of the records, and the orientation of the major axis of each tidal ellipse nearly coincides with that of the main axis of the trough; (2) the semidiurnal internal tide is dominant over the diurnal internal tide at 4 m above the sea bottom at both stations; (3) at the northern station the semidiurnal internal tide is dominant over the diurnal internal tide, whereas they are nearly equal at the southern station except at 4 m above the sea bottom; (4) the biharmonic internal tides with 1/3 day and 1/4 day periods, are found near the sea bottom and the major axis of the tidal ellipse is perpendicular to the orientation of the main axis of the Suruga Trough.     

Internal tides in Uchiura Bay

Long-term temperature measurements of the subsurface layer near Uchiura-Bay head were made in summer 1978 and 1979 to further investigate the characteristics of the internal tides in more detail. The temperature measurements indicate that the internal tides were present at all times during the observational period. The semidiurnal internal tides are usually dominant over the diurnal, but at times the diurnal internal tides have comparable amplitudes with the semidiurnal. When the semidiurnal internal tides are predominant, the fundamental period of the longitudinal internal seiche in Uchiura Bay estimated from the observed density structure is close to the semidiurnal period. However, the reason for the occasional amplification of the diurnal internal tides is not clear.     

Stochastic Modeling of Short Term Variations of Sea Level in Eastern Canada

Hourly sea level records from three stations in eastern Canada (Québec-Lauzon, Harrington-Harbour and Halifax) are analyzed both in frequency domain from 1970 to 1979 and in time domain during 1973. At the three stations, the deterministic model explains 90 to 96% of the total variability of sea level. The semidiurnal and diurnal tides contribute largely to its variations. The residual series, less than 10% of the initial variations of sea level, contain irregular values including extreme values of seiches and storm surges. Such random variations are analyzed and modeled following the method described by Box and Jenkins (1976). The long period variations (2 to 30 days) can be attributed to meteorological forcing (atmospheric pressure and winds). The short period variations (some hours to one day) can be attributed to longitudinal seiches, semidiurnal and diurnal atmospheric tides, and inertial oscillations. The water discharge from the St. Lawrence River contributes 29% of the monthly residual sea level at Qué     

M2 tidal currents near the continental shelf margin in the East China Sea

Time series of velocity and water temperature were measured at three stations on the continental shelf, on the shelf margin and on the slope off the northwest Tokunoshima in December 1980 to study influences of the slope on tides.Tidal currents with semidiurnal periods were dominant at the stations on the shelf and shelf margin. However, semidiurnal components in temperature fluctuations were dominant at the stations on the shelf margin and the slope. We estimated horizontal currents due to semidiurnal internal tides from the vertical distribution of water density and temperature, assuming that the temperature fluctuations were caused by the vertical displacement of water particles due to semidiurnal internal tides. The tidal ellipses at the station on the shelf and the phase relation of the tidal currents between the two stations on the shelf and shelf margin indicated that the M₂ surface tide on the shelf was a Sverdrup wave propagating to the northwest.Semidiurnal tidal currents on the slope were also caused by tides of surface and internal modes. Furthermore, the axis of the tidal ellipse was not perpendicular to the co-tidal line estimated by Ogura (1934) but rather parallel to the isobaths on the slope, which shows a striking effect of the bottom topography on the tidal currents.     

Temporal and spatial variability of sea level and volume flux in the Murderkill Estuary

The instantaneous sea level determined at two sites in the Murderkill Estuary, a tributary of Delaware Bay, results from the superposition of temporal variability operating over different time and spatial scales. Over the relatively short tidal time scales, the semidiurnal tides that represent the dominant tidal constituents in lower Delaware Bay show a modest increase in tidal amplitudes from the bay mouth (Lewes, Delaware), up to Bowers Beach (the mouth of the Murderkill Estuary). However, as the tides propagate into the Murderkill Estuary, the semidiurnal constituents undergo heavy attenuation, resulting in a 48% reduction in tidal amplitude from Bowers to Frederica (approximately the extent of saline intrusion). The diurnal tide, on the other hand, experiences only a 25% reduction in amplitude. The limited tidal asymmetry that is observed may be a result of interaction between flows in the tidal channel and the adjacent salt marsh. At longer time scales, the subtidal sea level experiences no attenuation. The Murderkill Estuary thus behaves like a low pass filter to preferentially damp out high frequency sea level forcing from lower Delaware Bay. The subtidal volume flux in the Murderkill is highly coherent with the time rate of change of sea level, indicating that the Murderkill basically co-oscillates with Delaware Bay in a standing wave fashion over the subtidal time scale. This remote coupling controls more than 90% of the variance in subtidal sea level in the estuary. The surface slopes in the lower bay and the Murderkill Estuary are closely correlated with winds along the orientation of the two waterways, consistent with the effect of local wind on subtidal sea level.     

南海东北部内潮的模态结构和传播

The evolution of energy, energy flux and modal structure of the internal tides(ITs) in the northeastern South China Sea is examined using the measurements at two moorings along a cross-slope section from the deep continental slope to the shallow continental shelf. The energy of both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs clearly shows a～14-day spring-neap cycle, but their phases lag that of barotropic tides, indicating that ITs are not generated on the continental slope. Observations of internal tidal energy flux suggest that they may be generated at the Luzon Strait and propagate west-northwest to the continental slope in the northwestern SCS. Because the continental slope is critical-supercritical with respect to diurnal ITs, about 4.6 kJ/m~2 of the incident energy and 8.7 kW/m of energy flux of diurnal ITs are reduced from the continental slope to the continental shelf. In contrast, the semidiurnal internal tides enter the shelf because of the sub-critical topography with respect to semidiurnal ITs.From the continental slope to the shelf, the vertical structure of diurnal ITs shows significant variation, with dominant Mode 1 on the deep slope and dominant higher modes on the shelf. On the contrary, the vertical structure of the semidiurnal ITs is stable, with dominant Mode 1.     

Numerical simulations of the internal tide in a submarine canyon

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the generation and propagation of the semidiurnal internal tide in a submarine canyon with dimensions similar to those of the Monterey Canyon are carried out using a primitive equation model. Forcing with just sea level at the offshore boundary in an initially horizontally homogeneous ocean with realistic vertical stratification, internal tides are generated at the canyon foot and rim, and along portions of the canyon floor. The results compare favorably with observations, both indicating enhancement of energy along the canyon floor propagating at an angle consistent with linear internal wave theory. Due to the earth's rotation, internal tide energy is distributed asymmetrically in the cross-canyon direction, favoring the southern side. The effect of canyon floor slope is explored, with the finding that small changes in the slope result in large changes in the amount and distribution of the internal tide energy. Canyons whose floors are subcritical with respect to the semidiurnal frequency along their entire length have very little baroclinic energy, whereas canyons that are near-critical along much of their length, such as the Monterey Canyon, develop strong internal tides that propagate shoreward. Canyons that are near-critical at their mouths but supercritical further inshore generate the most internal tidal energy overall, although little of it makes it onto the continental shelf shoreward of the canyon head. The effects of internal tides within the canyons can be seen outside the canyons as well. Water is transported from depth onto the adjacent continental shelf along the canyon rims. This tidal pumping can be responsible for alongshore internal tide propagation and tidal-period surface currents with relatively small horizontal scales of variability.     

南麂岛附近海域潮汐和潮流的特征

以2008年冬季在浙江近海南麂岛附近投放的4个底锚系观测的水位和流速资料为依据,分析了潮汐和潮流特征。水位谱分析结果显示半日分潮最显著,全日分潮其次;近岸的浅水分潮比离岸大。水位调和分析结果表明:潮汐类型均为正规半日潮,近岸处的平均潮差大于3m,最大可能潮差大于6m,潮汐呈现出显著的低潮日不等和回归潮特征。流速谱分析结果显示半日分潮流最强,全日分潮流其次,且比半日分潮流小得多;近岸浅水分潮流比远离岸显著。流速调和分析结果表明:潮流类型均为正规半日潮流,靠近岸的两个站浅水分潮流较显著;最显著的半日分潮流是M2分潮流,其最大流速介于0.32～0.48m/s之间,全日分潮流均很弱,最大流速小于0.06m/s。M2分潮流均为逆时针旋转,椭圆率越靠近海底越大;最大分潮流流速分布为中上层最大、表层略小、底层最小;最大分潮流流速方向的垂向变化很小,底层比表层略为偏左;最大分潮流流速到达时间随深度的加深而提前,底层比中上层约提前30min。潮流椭圆的垂向分布显示这里的半日分潮流以正压潮流为主;日分潮流则表现出很强的斜压性。     

黄海在有无潮作用下对“布拉万”不同响应的数值模拟研究

黄海是典型的强潮驱动的陆架浅海。为了研究黄海对台风的响应特点,本文利用区域海洋模式(Regional Ocean Modeling Systems,ROMS)分别模拟了在有潮和无潮作用下黄海对台风"布拉万"的响应过程。结果表明,不管潮存在与否,"布拉万"经过黄海后都引起了海表面降温和流速的近惯性振荡响应,这种响应主要分布于黄海中部较深区域,带通滤波提取的近惯性流速具有垂向第一模态特征。同时,研究发现强背景潮流能显著地影响黄海对"布拉万"的响应过程。主要结论如下:一方面,由于潮的存在,近岸垂向混合均匀的较暖水体与远岸较冷水体之间会形成潮混合温度锋面,"布拉万"过后,暖水发生了明显的离岸扩张,尽管路径右侧的混合层降温更显著,但是左侧即黄海西岸的暖水扩张更明显;另一方面,潮的存在减弱了布拉万产生的近惯性振荡响应,半日潮流在黄海仍然占据主导地位。在混合层中潮流的作用减弱了"布拉万"产生的近惯性能量,但也使其更易穿过跃层传入黄海内部。     

Numerical experiments of internal tides in Suruga Bay

Numerical experiments were performed to explain the observed results of the internal tides in Uchiura Bay. The experiments for the generation of the internal tides in Suruga Bay indicate that the internal tides, generated at the slopes in the bay, are not as large an amplitude as those observed in Uchiura Bay. However, when the semidiurnal internal tides incident through the mouth of Suruga Bay are considered, they are amplified. The amplitude at the head of Uchiura Bay is 6–12 times larger than that at the mouth of Suruga Bay under the summer density structure. Under the fall density structure, the amplitude ratio is approximately 4–6. The amplification of the semidiurnal internal tides in Uchiura Bay is considered to be due to resonance of the longitudinal internal seiche of Uchiura Bay. On the other hand, the calculated diurnal internal tides are not as large as those observed. Therefore, the diurnal internal tides are thought to already have these large amplitudes at the mouth of Suruga Bay. Therefore, from the observations and numerical experiments, it is concluded that the internal tides observed in Uchiura Bay are mostly the internal tides originating from the outer region of Suruga Bay, and the semidiurnal tides are the internal seiche which is resonantly amplified.