吉林蛟河地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的Sr-Nd-Hf-Os同位素特征与岩石圈地幔时代

吉林省蛟河市境内大石河新生代玄武岩中含有丰富的地幔橄榄岩包体,详细的岩石学与矿物学研究显示,这些包体的主要岩石类型为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩-方辉橄榄岩,未发现石榴石橄榄岩。岩相学及地球化学资料显示它们都是经历过熔体抽取而形成的岩石圈地幔残留。矿物平衡温度计算发现,本区的这些地幔橄榄岩包体来自地下40～60km 深度,且下部以二辉橄榄岩为主,而上部以贫单斜辉石的二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩为主,显示明显的岩石圈地幔分层现象。Sr-Nd-Hf 同位素资料反映这些地幔包体均表现为亏损性质,而 Re-Os 同位素资料确定上述岩石圈地幔形成于中元古代,明显老于上覆地壳的新元古宙时代,反映壳幔年龄上的解耦。因此我们推测,该区曾经历过华北克拉通类似的早期岩石圈地幔的整体丢失事件,然后形成于其它地区的中元古宙岩石圈地幔在本区增生。     

Siderophile element abundances in the upper mantle: evidence for a sulfide signature and equilibrium with the core

Measurements of the intrinsic oxygen fugacities of samples from the Earth's upper mantle have shown that the characteristic oxidation state ranges from values close to Fe-Ni metal saturation to more oxidized values. Tectonic processes can account for the progressive and variable oxidation of a mantle that was originally in equilibrium with metal, so that the oxygen fugacity data give strong support to the possibility of protocore -protomantle equilibrium. The data for apparently overabundant siderophile elements in the mantle are reviewed and 2 groups (Group A = Ge, Au, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir, Re, Os; Group B = Sn, Sb, Ag, Ga, Cu, As, Co, Ni, W, Mo) are recognized. Group A abundances result from an overprinting, by a late-accreting chondritic component, of a mantle that had suffered major extraction of the indigenous complement by core-forming metal (Chou, 1978). Group B, however, are ≈- 10 × more abundant than Group A and may be distinguished as a group by their greater chalcophile tendencies. This is highlighted, for example, by the large Cl-normalized Sn/Ge ratio of the mantle, which is unexpected as a result of metal-silicate fractionation alone, but can be accounted for if some Sn. together with sulfur was retained in the mantle during core separation. Industrial experience in the equilibrium of molten Fe and silicate slags shows that sulfur is not overwhelmingly partitioned into metal so that the concept of partial (≈-20% of original accreting component) retention of sulfur and Group B elements in the mantle has experimental and theoretical support. Following core separation, progressive loss of sulfide from the mantle is indicated by the anomalously high Ni (at a given Mg-number) in Archaean basalts and siliceous, Mg-poor sediments. It is also a feature of oceanic and continental basalts that some U/Pb fractionation must have occurred in the mantle source regions following core separation, and this is most satisfactorily achieved if Pb is partially removed from U in a sulfide phase.     

辽西中生代晚期岩石圈地幔的性质:来自玄武岩和地幔捕虏体的证据

辽西中生代玄武岩中幔源气榄岩捕虏体的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究表明，中生代岩石圈地幔是由古老富集型的岩石圈地幔和新增生的岩石圈地幔所组成。前者以角闪尖晶二辉橄榄岩为代表，它经历了富钠质的地幔交代作用。橄榄岩类捕虏体富含轻稀土元素，并具有较高的ω(^87Sr)/ω(^86Sr)比值；后者以二辉石岩为代表，具典型堆积结构，与本区尖晶石二辉橄榄岩相比，具有较高的稀土元素丰度。在矿物成分和稀土元素丰度上，本区辉石岩捕虏体类似于中国东部新生代玄武岩中幔源辉石岩捕虏体，这意味着辉石岩捕虏体可能是上地幔中更早期的岩浆堆积体。     

The building blocks of continental crust: Evidence for a major change in the tectonic setting of continental growth at the end of the Archean

Oceanic arcs are commonly cited as primary building blocks of continents, yet modern oceanic arcs are mostly subducted. Also, lithosphere buoyancy considerations show that oceanic arcs (even those with a felsic component) should readily subduct. With the exception of the Arabian–Nubian orogen, terranes in post-Archean accretionary orogens comprise < 10% of accreted oceanic arcs, whereas continental arcs compose 40–80% of these orogens. Nd and Hf isotopic data suggest that accretionary orogens include 40–65% juvenile crustal components, with most of these (> 50%) produced in continental arcs.Felsic igneous rocks in oceanic arcs are depleted in incompatible elements compared to average continental crust and to felsic igneous rocks from continental arcs. They have lower Th/Yb, Nb/Yb, Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, reflecting shallow mantle sources in which garnet did not exist in the restite during melting. The bottom line of these geochemical differences is that post-Archean continental crust does not begin life in oceanic arcs. On the other hand, the remarkable similarity of incompatible element distributions in granitoids and felsic volcanics from continental arcs is consistent with continental crust being produced in continental arcs.During the Archean, however, oceanic arcs may have been thicker due to higher degrees of melting in the mantle, and oceanic lithosphere would be more buoyant. These arcs may have accreted to each other and to oceanic plateaus, a process that eventually led to the production of Archean continental crust. After the Archean, oceanic crust was thinner due to cooling of the mantle and less melt production at ocean ridges, hence, oceanic lithosphere is more subductable. Widespread propagation of plate tectonics in the late Archean may have led not only to rapid production of continental crust, but to a change in the primary site of production of continental crust, from accreted oceanic arcs and oceanic plateaus in the Archean to primarily continental arcs thereafter.     

Oxidation states of the upper mantle recorded by megacryst ilmenite in kimberlite and type A and B spinel lherzolites

The intrinsic oxygen fugacities of homogeneous, inclusion-free, megacryst ilmenites from the Frank Smith, Excelsior, Sekameng and Mukorob kimberlite pipes in southern Africa, and the alnöitic breccia in the Solomon Islands have been determined. Similar measurements have been made of the type A and B spinel peridotites from San Carlos in Arizona. The type A peridotites are characterised by oxygen fugacities close to the iron-wüstite buffer, similar to those of equivalent peridotite specimens from other continental and island arc environments. In strong contrast, the type B peridotites and all of the ilmenite megacrysts range between the oxygen fugacities defined by the nickelnickel oxide and fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffers. A close relationship between type B peridotites, oxidized metasomatizing fluids in the upper mantle and oxidized, silicaundersaturated magma types is suggested. It is unlikely that a solid elemental carbon phase can be an equilibrium crystallization product of kimberlite magmas if the ilmenite megacrysts represent the redox state of kimberlite melts. The ultimate source of the oxidizing fluids and the development of such a wide dispersion (>4 orders of magnitude) in oxygen fugacities of the upper mantle is not clear, but may involve recycled lithosphere, fluids from the lower mantle or result from the relatively rapid diffusion of H₂, compared with other potential volatile species, in the mantle.     

华北东部橄榄岩岩石化学特征及其岩石圈地幔演化意义

华北东部古生代以来火山岩中捕虏体橄榄岩和苏鲁早中生代构造侵位橄榄岩的岩石化学结果表明: 古生代金伯利岩侵位时仍然存在的难熔、漂浮克拉通地幔在中、新生代时其大部被新生饱满的岩石圈地幔物质取代置换.在100 Ma前(但不早于178 Ma), 新生软流圈物质就已开始沿古老岩石圈内的地幔薄弱带和岩石圈深断裂带对克拉通地幔进行侵蚀、交代和混合作用, 引起岩石圈大幅减薄.这一减薄存在时间、空间的不均匀性, 但在老第三纪达最大.新第三纪以来, 上涌的软流圈物质由于温度下降回落(岩石圈小幅增厚)并转化为新生岩石圈地幔, 实现地幔置换过程.分析的苏鲁造山带橄榄岩是早中生代构造侵位改造过的古老岩石圈地幔物质.      

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH AND ITS TECTOGENESIS

It is assumed that the earth having been formed in a cold state was warmed up by radioactive heat. Its further evolution was determined by differentiation of its constituent material through successive smelting from the mantle of relatively light components and subsequent displacement upward. The most intensive differentiation in the upper “layer” (evidently at depths of from 100 to 200km) causes strong vertical movements of the crust. After that is exhausted slower differentiation of the deeper “layer” (evidently at depths of from 200-300 km) is manifested on the surface in slow oscillatory movements forming platforms. Further heating activates the material of much deeper layers (as deep as 900 km) and causes large masses of basalt to rise to the surface. This ascent of basic material induces post-platform activity (observed in Central and East Asia), extrusions of plateau basalts and, filially, destruction of the continental crust through melting, metasomatic replacement and dissolution into the large volume of superheated basalt. As a result of destruction of the continental crust, large grabens, mediterranean seas and ocean basins have been formed. The development of tectonic processes is profoundly influenced by 1) the formation of deep faults in the crust and upper mantle which determine the routes of material distribution and 2) by the “the -lid-on-the-kettle-with-boiling-water” phenomenon. The last involves periodical accumulation of heat at depth, expansion of the mantle, the opening of deep faults, and quick removal of heat to the surface, together with heated material, along the faults. The periodicity of tectogenesis may be connected with this mechanism. It is assumed that up to now the earth has been warming up. Traces of tension of the crust accompanying the process of formation and expansion of the oceanic deeps are therefore considered to be an expression of a more general tension of whole crus and the upper mantle of the expanding earth. The expansion process expressed in the opening of defaults and uplift of deep-seated material to the surface along faults may be nonuniform, affecting some regions earlier than others, which causes the simultaneous existence of several regions in different stages of development. The author accepts the idea of deep-seated origin of sea-water, which rises from the mantle during subsidence of the oceanic basins and destruction of the continental crust. The author divides the history of the earth into two partly overlapping stages: granitic and basaltic. — Auth English summ.     

临近地下室外墙影响下的考虑土拱效应的挡土墙主动土压力研究

当挡土墙附近存在临近建筑地下室外墙时,其挡土墙土压力与传统的Rankine理论基于无限半空间体假定不符,因而在这种新的工程背景下需要采用合适的理论来计算挡土墙土压力及其作用点高度。已有的研究表明,这种条件下土体的变形趋势可分为上、下两大部分：上部土体变形类似于Terzaghi的活动门试验,土体沿着墙体下滑,而下部土体则沿着土楔形体而变形。因而将土拱效应用于求解挡土墙土压力的计算分成了上、下两大部分考虑。假定土拱形状为圆弧,基于主应力旋转概念分别给出了上、下两部分的侧向土压力系数,运用水平微分层析法基于静力平衡思想给出了两部分的水平向主动土压力分布公式。最后通过坐标平移的方式给出了主动土压力合力及其作用点高度的表达式。算例表明,计算结果与数值计算结果较为接近,其结果对实际工程有一定的参考价值。     

地幔动力系统与演化最新进展评述

评述了９０年代以来地幔动力学研究的一些最新的观测和理论模拟的进展,探讨该领域的几个主要热点问题,包括地幔内部转换带和核幔边界的物理化学性质与演化,俯冲板片热结构及其与地幔的相互作用,热点物理化学性质与地幔柱动力学模拟,地幔对流系统及其对表层地质过程的影响等。这些结果是在多学科交叉研究的背景下取得的。地震层析的结果超越了８０年代取得的大尺度地幔结构,得到了越来越精细的结构,如俯冲板片的结构,６６０ｋｍ间断面的起伏,ＣＭＢ的超低速层和各向异性等。俯冲板片在某些区域平躺在上地幔底部,造成６６０ｋｍ间断面的凹陷。已有明显的迹象表明,俯冲板片至少在某些区域达到了地幔底部,说明下地幔是驱动地表板块运动的地幔对流不可分隔的一部分。全地幔对流模式对地幔中存在不同的地幔地球化学源区的看法提出重大挑战,计算机模拟三维球坐标地幔对流已经成为现实,新的研究正试图把地表板块加入到对流的模拟之中,并再造板块运动的动力学演化史。最后,对这些领域的最新进展提出自己的分析和看法,认为地球动力系统演化研究所面临的难题是地球内部动力状态演变的历史记录问题。而这样的记录,尤其是早期记录,只能从地球表面的造山带和盆地记录中去寻找。认为建立地质记录与?     

造山带中富集型上地幔的成因——以萨尔托海蛇绿岩块为例

发育于造山带中的蛇绿岩,其剖面下部的地幔橄榄岩部分是造山带地区富集型上地幔的直接标本。其地球化学特点是:主要元素Al_2O_3、TiO_2、CaO、Na_2O、K_2O强烈亏损,而REE,痕量元素和87Sr/86Sr则强烈富集;同时,143Nd/144Nd<0.511836,亦表明它们属于一个富集型的源区。 形成富集型上地幔的主要机制是地幔交代作用,富含不相容元素的低熔岩浆和富Ca-LREE流体与已亏损的地幔橄榄岩发生脉状交代和渗透交代反应,从而造成上地幔中不相容元素的富集。造山带富集型上地幔形成的构造环境是:洋壳从扩张脊向两侧运移并最终拼入造山带这段时间内。富集型上地幔不但存在于大陆区,而且亦存在于造山带地区,它可能是一种全球性的地球内部的化学作用。     

地球初期壳幔演化的物理过程

原始地幔处于全球性的高温熔融状态,其上层的冷却演化过程可大致分为3个阶段：高熔点矿物结晶沉降阶段、岩浆不混溶阶段和固化成壳阶段。在此过程中,原始地幔逸出挥发性物质,形成了地球的超临界流体圈。通过岩浆不混溶作用所形成的富Si—Al质岩浆最终固化为原始大陆壳。超临界流体圈的分解,分别形成酸性H2O圈和CO2大气圈。     

Chemical equilibration of the Earth's core and upper mantle

The oxygen fugacity (fO₂) of the Earth's upper mantle appears to lie somewhat above that of the iron-wüstite buffer, its fO₂ is assumed to have been similar to the present value at the time of core formation. In the upper mantle, the Fe-rich liquid protocore that would form under such conditions of fO₂ at elevated temperatures would lie predominantly in the system Fe-S-O. Distribution coefficients for Co, Cu, Ni, Ir, Au, Ir, W, Re, Mo, Ag and Ga between such liquids and basalt are known and minimum values are known for Ge. From these coefficients, upper mantle abundances for the above elements can be calculated by assuming cosmic abundances for the whole Earth and equilibrium between the Fe-S-O protocore and upper mantle. These calculated abundances are surprisingly close to presently known upper mantle abundances; agreements are within a factor of 5, except for Cu, W, and Mo. Therefore, siderophile element abundances in the upper mantle based on known distribution coefficients do not demand a late-stage meteoritic bombardment, and a protocore formed from the upper mantle containing S and O seems likely.As upper mantle abundances fit a local equilibrium model, then either the upper mantle has not been mixed with the rest of the mantle since core formation, or else partition coefficients between protocore and mantle were similar for the whole mantle regardless of $\text{P}$, $\text{T}$, and fO₂. The latter possibility seems unlikely over such a $\text{P-T}$ range.     

地球物理学及大地构造学中关于地壳均衡的新模型(英文)

讨论了一些有关地壳均衡概念的模型。业已证明 ,这些模型既不能用以正确评估地球的平衡状态 ,也不能用以解释构造成因。介绍一种新的地壳均衡模型 ,它与地球的某一种旋转方式相适应。地球体与球的偏差 ,被用来作为地球平衡的判据。地球被认为是在偏差趋近于零的那些点上得到平衡的。地球体与球体之间标志的差异 ,是由地球外壳中地质作用的方向所确定的。所提出的是大地地壳均衡模型 ,是地壳中构造形成新旋转假说的基础。     

Petrology and origin of the shergottite meteorites

Shergottites contain cumulus pigeonite and augite, probably without cumulus plagioclase and crystallized under relatively oxidizing conditions. Shergotty and Zagami may differ in the relative proportions of cumulus pyroxenes and crystallized intercumulus liquid, but the compositions of pyroxenes and liquid are similar in both meteorites. Absence of olivine in melting experiments suggests that the shergottites crystallized from fractionated derivatives of primary liquids. Low-Ca pyroxene and augite apparently began to crystallize from these primary liquids prior to plagioclase. Shergottites can be readily distinguished from other achondrite groups by their mineralogies, crystallization sequences and inferred source region compositions. However, the source regions of the shergottites may be related to those of other achondrite types by addition or loss of volatile components.The bulk composition of the Earth's upper mantle overlaps that of permissible shergottite source regions. Shergottites and terrestrial basalts display similarities in oxidation state and concentrations of trace and minor elements with a wide range of cosmochemical and geochemical affinities. Accretion of similar materials to produce the terrestrial upper mantle and the shergottite parent body or accretion of the Earth's upper mantle from planetesimals similar to the shergottite parent body may account for many of their similarities. Models of the origin of the Earth's upper mantle which attribute its oxidation state, its siderophile element abundances and its volatile element abundances to uniquely terrestrial processes or conditions, or to factors unique to the origin and differentiation of large bodies, are unattractive in light of the similarities between shergottites and terrestrial basalts.     

中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层成因及唐山地震机理研究

文中首先给出了中国大陆上地幔高导层埋深图 ,对其物理成因作了解释。然后给出了中国大陆壳内高导层分布埋深图 ,因人们对壳内高导层的成因有多种看法 ,所以文中进行了讨论 ,并认为卤水成因说更有说服力。文中对壳内与上地幔高导层构造成因作了简要阐述。最后 ,由于壳内和上地幔高导层分布埋深与强地震的分布有密切的关系 ,所以作为实例 ,文中给出了唐山地区地壳结构 ,阐述了地壳内深部流体在地震中的作用 ,并给出了主要证据。     

福建明溪上地幔热结构及流变学特征

通过对采自福建明溪的幔源包体样品的详细研究,建立了该区上地幔的地温线,探讨其流变学特征。所获地温线高于大洋地温线,但稍低于中国东部和澳大利亚东南部地温线。由该地温线推导的壳幔边界为３８ｋｍ左右,但尖晶石二辉橄榄岩在３２ｋｍ左右即已开始出现,表明存在上地幔物质的底侵作用。同样,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和石榴子石二辉橄榄岩包体平衡温度有所重叠,表明两者不是截然分开,其间存在有５￣１０ｋｍ的过渡带。包体的变形特     

Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field,Washington

Strontium, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and O isotope compositions for 30 Quaternary lava flows from the Mount Adams stratovolcano and its basaltic periphery in the Cascade arc, southern Washington, USA indicate a major component from intraplate mantle sources, a relatively small subduction component, and interaction with young mafic crust at depth. Major- and trace-element patterns for Mount Adams lavas are distinct from the rear-arc Simcoe volcanic field and other nearby volcanic centers in the Cascade arc such as Mount St. Helens. Radiogenic isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf) compositions do not correlate with geochemical indicators of slab-fluids such as (Sr/P) _n and Ba/Nb. Mass-balance modeling calculations, coupled with trace-element and isotopic data, indicate that although the mantle source for the calc-alkaline Adams basalts has been modified with a fluid derived from subducted sediment, the extent of modification is significantly less than what is documented in the southern Cascades. The isotopic and trace-element compositions of most Mount Adams lavas require the presence of enriched and depleted mantle sources, and based on volume-weighted chemical and isotopic compositions for Mount Adams lavas through time, an intraplate mantle source contributed the major magmatic mass of the system. Generation of basaltic andesites to dacites at Mount Adams occurred by assimilation and fractional crystallization in the lower crust, but wholesale crustal melting did not occur. Most lavas have Tb/Yb ratios that are significantly higher than those of MORB, which is consistent with partial melting of the mantle in the presence of residual garnet. δ ¹⁸O values for olivine phenocrysts in Mount Adams lavas are within the range of typical upper mantle peridotites, precluding involvement of upper crustal sedimentary material or accreted terrane during magma ascent. The restricted Nd and Hf isotope compositions of Mount Adams lavas indicate that these isotope systems are insensitive to crustal interaction in this juvenile arc, in stark contrast to Os isotopes, which are highly sensitive to interaction with young, mafic material in the lower crust.     

Petrogenesis of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the northern part of Qinhai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau

Based on electron probe analyses of the minerals and bulk composition of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks from Yumen and Hoh Xil lithodistricts, Qinghai-Xizang plateau, the forming conditions including the temperature and pressure of those rocks are studied in this paper. According to the thermodynamic calculation results of mineral-melt equilibrium, the depth of the asthenosphere superface (about 75 – 130 km) for the northern part of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau during the Cenozoic is suggested. Finally, this paper indicates that the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the northern part of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau mainly consist of shoshonite series. Their forming temperature is 630 – 1039°C and forming pressure is between 2.3 – 4.0 GPa. The rocks were formed in the intracontinental orogenic belt, of which the primary magma was originated from a particular enrichment upper mantle and accreted crust-mantle belt or directly from asthenospheric superface as a result of partial melting of pyrolite. The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49234080), the Geological Sectional Foundation of MGMR (No. 8506201, 8506207) and the Science Foundation of Northwest University (97NW23).     

苏北榴辉岩中金红石矿床的形成机制探索

通过对钛的迁移形式和条件的研讨,结合苏北地区的地质背景、有关矿物流体包裹体的化学成分、榴辉岩中有关矿物的化学成分、金红石的赋存状态、含金红石榴辉岩主要矿物组合等情况,认为该类金红石矿床的形成机制可描述为:华北、扬子两大板块碰撞、俯冲,将苏北地区地壳浅部的基性岩等带入上地幔的高温、高压、强还原富氢环境,岩石中部分钛呈氢化物活化。此后,由于地壳运动,榴辉岩折返、抬升,地幔深部的钛氢化物与岩石中活化的钛氢化物随榴辉岩一同迁移至地壳浅部,由于氧逸度大增,压力、温度大降,还原性气体逃逸、氧化,逐渐演化为相对氧化性的环境,钛氢化物被氧化成金红石、沉淀富集成矿。     

利用原生岩浆定量反演原岩微量元素丰度的方法

利用同源不同程度平衡部分熔融作用形成的两种原生岩浆岩的微量元素浓度，提出了一种定量反演原岩微量元素丰度的方法。反演前不需要做任何人为假设，为定量研究源区的微量元素地球化学提供了一个有力的手段。对汉诺坝新生代橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩的成因及地幔源区特征作了讨论。反演结果显示本区地幔相对球粒陨石有过明显的ＲＥＥ富集过程，并且不同的ＲＥＥ富集程度存在显著的差异。