能谱CT成像瞬时切换技术对于肺结节的临床价值

目前的研究已证实能谱CT成像技术可用于评价病灶性质的判断。对于肺结节,能谱CT成像技术有助于肺结节良恶性的鉴别;对于肺癌患者,能谱CT成像技术也可以提供有关定性、分期及疗效监测的信息。本文对目前肺结节的能谱CT成像技术的临床应用进行综述;包括肺结节的能谱CT成像扫描技术、肺结节的鉴别诊断、肺癌分期、与临床指标的相关性以及其在疗效监测等方面的应用。      

地震地面运动的局部谱密度描述及其估计方法

在介绍地震动描述沿革的基础上，分析了使用时变谱密度，即局部谱密度来刻画具有时频非平稳特性的地震动的必要性。从理论上详细比较了小波变换与其它几种局部谱密度估计方法，指出利用小波变换来估计局部谱密度比其它方法精度更高，速度更快，使得方便高效地将局部谱密度应用在地震工程和结构抗震的诸多领域成为可能。     

Exploratory spectral analysis of hydrological times series

Current methods of estimation of the univariate spectral density are reviewed and some improvements are made. It is suggested that spectral analysis may perhaps be best thought of as another exploratory data analysis (EDA) tool which complements, rather than competes with, the popular ARMA model building approach. A new diagnostic check for ARMA model adequacy based on the nonparametric spectral density is introduced. Additionally, two new algorithms for fast computation of the autoregressive spectral density function are presented. For improving interpretation of results, a new style of plotting the spectral density function is suggested. Exploratory spectral analyses of a number of hydrological time series are performed and some interesting periodicities are suggested for further investigation. The application of spectral analysis to determine the possible existence of long memory in natural time series is discussed with respect to long riverflow, treering and mud varve series. Moreover, a comparison of the estimated spectral densities suggests the ARMA models fitted previously to these datasets adequately describe the low frequency component. Finally, the software and data used in this paper are available by anonymous ftp from fisher.stats.uwo.ca.     

多窗谱分析在Q值估算中的应用

正弦窗谱分析和Slepian窗谱分析是两种常用的多窗谱分析方法.本文利用两种窗函数分别对含噪声的衰减模型进行谱分析对比,并根据谱比法估算了Q值.研究结果表明：正弦窗函数谱分析应用的效果优于Slepian窗谱分析应用的效果,而且多正弦窗谱估计更接近真实的谱.对于深部地层,噪声的影响更加严重,利用多正弦窗谱估计估算的Q值更接近理论的Q值.     

高光谱遥感技术在建 (构) 筑物震害识别中的应用

高光谱遥感作为20世纪空间对地观测技术重大进步的产物,通过其较高的光谱分辨率,为人们提供了丰富的地球表面信息,在各个研究领域得到了快速发展和广泛应用,并取得了卓越的成果。尽管高光谱遥感具有独特的优势,但是针对其在震害评估领域中应用的相关研究较少。本文在总结高光谱遥感的特征、优势及不同领域应用现状的基础上,开展了其在震害评估领域的应用研究。基于ASD地物波谱仪获取的建（构）筑物光谱曲线构建可用于震害分析所需的光谱特征库,对比光谱库中地物曲线之间的差异后,发现高光谱遥感在震害评估领域中的应用是可行的,因不同震害地物之间的光谱特征曲线存在差异,依据这种差异可区分不同的震害信息,从而对震害遥感图像进行精细分类。     

Coherency matrix-based proper orthogonal decomposition with application to wind field simulation

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition （POD） provides a powerful modal transformation tool for stochastic dynamics. In this paper, coherency matrix-based proper orthogonal decomposition （CPOD） is presented as an innovative form of the POD based on cross power spectral density matrices. By introducing a discretizing scheme, the CPOD-based spectral representation method is obtained for use in stochastic simulation. Moreover, some criteria are proposed that allow the truncation order of CPOD to be conveniently determined. A numerical example to illustrate the application of the proposed method for the simulation of a wind velocity field is provided.     

地球物理信号处理的进展和今后方向

本文简要叙述了近年来我国地球物理信号处理的进展和国际动态.其中包括:强干扰背景下微弱地球物理信号的提取;非稳态地震前兆信息的处理;现代谱估计的进展;瞬态谱理论在地球物理资料处理中的应用;畸变信号恢复的研究以及其它有关信号处理的研究.     

The high‐frequency limit of usable response spectral ordinates from filtered analogue and digital strong‐motion accelerograms

The range of response frequencies for which spectral ordinates obtained from accelerograms may be considered reliable is limited by several factors, primary among them being the effects of filters that are routinely applied to remove noise from the records. Considerable attention has been focused on the low‐frequency limit of the usable spectral ordinates because of various engineering applications requiring long‐period spectral accelerations or displacements but only recently have rational approaches to selecting the high‐frequency limit been proposed. Since there are applications for which the high‐frequency spectral ordinates are important, the approaches to this issue presented in the recent studies are reviewed and their application to the ground‐motion database from Europe and the Middle East is explored. On the basis of the results of these analyses, it is concluded that a large proportion of this dataset can be used to provide reliable estimates of response spectral ordinates at much shorter periods than may have previously been considered feasible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The search for weak harmonic signals in a spectrum with application to gravity data

When considering the search for discovery or amplitude estimation of a spectral line with a probabilistic approach, great attention must be paid to the meaning of each step. We give the probability law for the amplitude of a spectral peak in the presence of random noise appearing in a periodogram and discuss the effective probability of the existence of the corresponding wave. We find that the estimated amplitude of a spectral peak is biased and should be corrected when the signal-to-noise ratio is small. As a first application to gravity data, it results in a re-estimation of the gravimetric amplitude factors (delta factors) provided by least-squares tidal analysis. We also estimate the probability of observing a spectral line above a given level in the spectrum of a purely random noise. This allows us to compute for given spectrum the number of peaks expected to overcross the classical levels used in statistical analysis (like nσ, where σ is the standard deviation of the temporal noise distribution and n is an integer with typical values equal to 2 or 3). A specific application to real data is investigating the gravity spectrum derived from a 5 year record of the French superconducting gravimeter and we show that the predicted statistics are indeed in agreement with the observations. We also show the statistical consequence of using longer observing periods to obtain the spectral estimations. The problem of detecting translational motion of the Earth's solid inner core (Slichter modes) in a gravity spectrum is analyzed and the probabilities of having a triplet of random peaks thresholding specific levels in a given frequency window are computed. We show that, in the case of a typical gravity spectrum (1 year of hourly data and a frequency window of 0.03 cycle h⁻¹), the probability of having a random set of three peaks exceeding a level of 3 σ, is very high. This emphasizes the need for a very careful analysis of spectral lines before inferring the existence of a true physical signal.     

Vibroseis deconvolution: A comparison of pre and post correlation vibroseis deconvolution data in real noisy data

Vibroseis is a source used commonly for inland seismic exploration. This non-destructive source is often used in urban areas with strong environmental noise. The main goal of seismic data processing is to increase the signal/noise ratio where a determinant step is deconvolution. Vibroseis seismic data do not meet the basic minimum-phase assumption for the application of spiking and predictive deconvolution, therefore various techniques, such as phase shift, are applied to the data, to be able to successfully perform deconvolution of vibroseis data.This work analyzes the application of deconvolution techniques before and after cross-correlation on a real data set acquired for high resolution prospection of deep aquifers. In particular, we compare pre-correlation spiking and predictive deconvolution with Wiener filtering and with post-correlation time variant spectral whitening deconvolution. The main result is that at small offsets, post cross-correlation spectral whitening deconvolution and pre-correlation spiking deconvolution yield comparable results, while for large offsets the best result is obtained by applying a pre-cross-correlation predictive deconvolution.     

接收函数提取的多正弦窗方法

接收函数方法是研究地壳、上地幔速度结构的重要方法之一.稳定、可靠的提取接收函数的方法是实现的基础.频率域反褶积是一种常用的提取接收函数的方法,在加窗截断数据时,单一窗函数会降低信号的饱和度并造成频率泄露.为解决这一问题,引入了正交数据窗函数,对信号多次采样实现互补,保证了数据信息饱和度并有效抑制频谱泄露.多正弦窗是一种最小偏差正交窗函数,具有解析表达式,应用方便.在此文中,我们用多正弦窗来提取接收函数,且把震前噪声作为计算接收函数的一部分,增强了接收函数的稳定性.对观测数据的试验效果显示,多正弦窗频率相关估计方法提取的接收函数稳定性好,精度高,是一种提取高质量接收函数的方法.     

大跨度桥梁风场模拟方法对比研究

本文将基于线性滤波器的ARMA模型应用于大跨度桥梁的风场模拟,推导出自回归(AR)阶数P和滑动回归(MA)阶数q不等情况下,ARMA模型用于模拟多变量稳态随机过程的公式,将ARMA风场模拟方法与目前广泛应用于大跨度桥梁风场模拟的谐波合成法应用于一座实际大跨度斜拉桥的风场模拟,通过对比研究得出一些有意义的结论,并证实了ARMA法能够在保证模拟精度的前提下,大大提高风场模拟的效率。     

Non-stationary spectral moments of base excited MDOF systems

The paper deals with the evaluation of non-stationary spectral moments of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) line systems subjected to seismic excitations. The spectral moments of the response are evaluated in incremental form solution by means of an unconditionally stable step-by-step procedure. As an application, the statistics of the largest peak of the response are also evaluated.     

Relation between the structure of particles of the dispersion layer and its spectral optical thickness in an optically thin environment

Summary The paper focuses on the applicability of simple optimizing methods to determining the aerosol structure based on the measured values of the spectral optical thickness of aerosol δ(λ). The necessary conditions leading to a stable solution are assessed. By applying the particle distribution function in the form of summations of modified gamma functions we obtain the simple form of δ(λ). It is not suitable for proving Gaussian functions. The application of approximate methods to determine the aerosol structure from spectral optical thickness of atmospheric aerosol is based on measurements of the direct spectral solar radiation flux density which formed a part of the radiation experiment conducted in Zingst (Germany) on the coast of the Baltic Sea in 1987. on leave from the Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences     

Goodness-of-fit tests for the spatial spectral density

Detection and modeling the spatial correlation is an important issue in spatial data analysis. We extend in this work two different goodness-of-fit testing techniques for the spatial spectral density. The first approach is based on a smoothed version of the ratio between the periodogram and a parametric estimator of the spectral density. The second one is a generalized likelihood ratio test statistic, based on the log-periodogram representation as the response variable in a regression model. As a particular case, we provide tests for independence. Asymptotic normal distribution of both statistics is obtained, under the null hypothesis. For the application in practice, a resampling procedure for calibrating these tests is also given. The performance of the method is checked by a simulation study. Application to real data is also provided.     

Modal response analysis of multi‐support structures using a random vibration approach

A formulation is developed for modal response analysis of multi‐support structures using a random vibration approach. The spectral moments of the structural response are rigorously decomposed into contributions from spectral moments of uncoupled modal responses. An advantage of the proposed formulation is that the total dynamic response can be obtained on the basis of mode by mode uncoupled analyses. The contributions to the total response from modal responses under individual support ground motions and under cross‐correlated pairs of support ground motions can be recognized explicitly. The application and performance of the formulation is illustrated by means of an example using a well‐established coherency spectrum model and widely known power spectra models, such as white noise and Kanai–Tajimi. The first three spectral moments of displacement, shear, and bending moment responses are computed, showing that the formulation produces the same results as the exact solution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling spatially correlated spectral accelerations at multiple periods using principal component analysis and geostatistics

Regional seismic risk assessments and quantification of portfolio losses often require simulation of spatially distributed ground motions at multiple intensity measures. For a given earthquake, distributed ground motions are characterized by spatial correlation and correlation between different intensity measures, known as cross‐correlation. This study proposes a new spatial cross‐correlation model for within‐event spectral acceleration residuals that uses a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and geostatistics. Records from 45 earthquakes are used to investigate earthquake‐to‐earthquake trends in application of PCA to spectral acceleration residuals. Based on the findings, PCA is used to determine coefficients that linearly transform cross‐correlated residuals to independent principal components. Nested semivariogram models are then fit to empirical semivariograms to quantify the spatial correlation of principal components. The resultant PCA spatial cross‐correlation model is shown to be accurate and computationally efficient. A step‐by‐step procedure and an example are presented to illustrate the use of the predictive model for rapid simulation of spatially cross‐correlated spectral accelerations at multiple periods.     

Force and Displacement Based Vulnerability Assessment for Traditional Buildings

Vulnerability assessment for historic buildings is usually carried out using capacity based approaches and prediction of losses is obtained by using normal or lognormal distributions for expected levels of macro seismic intensity or peak ground accelerations. Several authors have outlined the limitations of such approach. The paper presents a method to correlate analysis of seismic vulnerability using a failure mechanisms approach to observed in situ damage. The various aspects of the procedure are highlighted with application to a real case. It is shown how once the typologies within a sample have been identified, fragility curves for each of them can be derived and predictive cumulative damage curve obtained for samples for which direct survey of damage data is lacking. Finally the paper shows how the failure mechanism approach can be used to derive damage scenarios both in terms of spectral acceleration and spectral displacement     

能谱CT在中心气道鳞癌与腺样囊性癌鉴别诊断中的应用研究

目的:通过对中心气道原发鳞状细胞癌(SCC)与腺样囊性癌(ACC)的CT能谱扫描及多参数定量测量,探讨CT能谱成像在二者鉴别诊断中的初步应用价值。方法:选取未经任何治疗、行宝石能谱CT检查的中心气道SCC、ACC患者26例,SCC组14例,ACC组12例。符合增强条件者于平扫及动脉期行能谱扫描,将原始数据进行能谱分析,选取肿瘤实性部分作为测量感兴趣区,测量其平扫时40keV的CT值、钙含量和水含量;增强扫描动脉期40keV的CT值、碘含量、水含量,并计算平扫及动脉期相应能谱曲线斜率。采用独立样本t检验分析平扫及动脉期各参数在各组间有无统计学意义。结果:平扫时,SCC组40keV对应CT值、能谱曲线斜率、钙含量均大于ACC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),水含量在两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。增强扫描动脉期:SCC组40keV下CT值、能谱曲线斜率、碘含量均高于ACC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),水含量间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:CT能谱成像可作为中心气道原发SCC与ACC鉴别诊断的一种新方法,具有一定临床应用价值。