Seasonal variations of spectra of wind speed and air temperature in the mesoscale frequency range

Seasonal variations of the spectra of wind speed and air temperature in the mesoscale frequency range from 1.3 × 10^-4 to 1.5 × 10^-3 Hz (10 min to 2 h periods) have been studied through observations over land for one year. Spectrographs [time series of isopleths of spectral densities, f · S(f) vs f] of wind speed and air temperature contain occasional peaks that are attributed to short-lived mesoscale atmospheric activity with narrow frequency bands. Significant spectral peaks of wind speed were found in 19% of the total observations in winter, and in 15–16% in the other seasons; for air temperature, they occured in 12% of observations in autumn, and in 16–19% in the other seasons. The peaks most often occurred in the period range from 30 min to 1 h; most had durations less than 24 h. Mesoscale fluctuations of wind speed and air temperature were highly correlated, and in most cases, phase differences were 90–180 ° with air temperature leading wind speed. Significant spectral peaks of wind speed often occurred during northerly seasonal cold winds in winter, and accompanied tropical and/or mid-latitude cyclones in the other seasons. When the peaks occurred, wind speed was usually relatively high and the atmospheric surface layer was unstable.     

Joint multifractal description of the relationship between wind patterns and land surface air temperature

Land surface air temperature (SAT), registered at 1.25–2 m above the ground, is influenced by wind patterns. As a consequence, some phenomena such as urban heat islands and the formation of ground-level air pollutants are affected. Detailed understanding of the effects of wind circulations on SAT is convenient to improve the knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the joint multifractal analysis has been applied to describe time series recorded at Cordoba (southern Spain) from 2001 to 2008 revealing the presence of seasonal patterns related with warm and cold winds blowing from the SW (later spring and summer) and NE (later autumn and winter), respectively, that provoke different heterogeneity in SAT values. In addition, the extreme high SAT values seem to be related with summer SW winds. However, the presence of rare low SAT values produced by NE winds is less relevant.     

Effects of regional temperature,wind speed and soil wetness on spatial structure of surface air temperature

Summary Climate parameters are usually collected on some grid or pattern that is supposed to represent the unobserved neighborhood. Spatial dependence is a measure of the extent to which observed data represent the unobserved neighborhood. Geostatistical analyses provide procedures for measuring spatial dependence. In this study, semivariograms were estimated from hourly observations of screen-height air temperature obtained from a dense meteorological observation network. The range and spatial component normalized by the sill were estimated from the semivariogram in order to obtain information on the spatial structure of the air temperature. Zones of spatial correlation were delineated, using the range of the semivariogram. Scales of spatial correlation depended on the regional mean air temperature and regional wetness at the ground. The range or spatial scale for data collected in winter was larger than those in summer. The range under wet conditions was larger than under dry conditions. Effects of regional wind speed on range were different, depending on the regional mean air temperature. The normalized spatial component was used as an index for measuring continuities on the interpolation surface. The normalized spatial component generally increased as the range increased.With 5 Figures     

Estimation of contemporary observed variations of air temperature and wind speed in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere

Carried out is the statistical analysis of contemporary observed variations of air temperature and wind speed in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere based on the data on global surface air temperature for 1850–2013 obtained from the University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit (HadCRUT4) and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (1948–2013). Revealed are the long-term trends of air temperature and wind speed at different constant-pressure levels. Established is the anticipatory role of the zonal atmospheric circulation in the long-term variability of air temperature in the lower troposphere averaged for the zone of 30°–70° N. According to the results of correlation analysis, in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere the contribution of the wind speed to air temperature variability makes up not less than 60%.     

Spectra of surface wind speed and air temperature over the ocean in the mesoscale frequency range in JASIN-1978

Based on the data from an array of buoys during the JASIN-1978 field experiment made in an area northwest of Scotland, power spectra of surface wind speed and air temperature over the ocean in the mesoscale frequency range were studied. The averaged composite spectrum of wind speed for the whole period shows the existence of a spectral gap in the frequency range from 10^–4 to 5 × 10^–3 Hz. However, significant peaks in this range are often seen in particular spectra under certain weather conditions. Mesoscale spectral peaks of wind speed occur in 14 segments of the data record, approximately 10% of the total duration of the observations. In 4 of these segments, the mesoscale spectral peaks of both wind speed and air temperature occurred simultaneously. Several wave patterns of mesoscale atmospheric disturbances when mesoscale spectral peaks were seen are derived from phase differences between buoys. Significant mesoscale peaks in spectra appear in relatively strong winds and unstable or near-neutral atmospheric conditions, and none in stable atmospheric conditions. A criterion of wind speed and atmospheric stability is found for the mesoscale spectral peak appearance.     

Surface heating in relation to air temperature,wind and turbulence in an urban street canyon

Wind and temperature measurements from within and above a deep urban canyon (height/width = 2.1) were used to examine the thermal structure of air within the canyon, exchange of heat with the overlying atmosphere, and the possible impacts of surface heating on within-canyon air flow. Measurements were made over a range of seasons and primarily analysed for sunny days. This allowed the study of temperature differences between opposing canyon walls and between wall and air of more than 15°C in summer. The wall temperature patterns follow those of incoming solar radiation loading with a secondary daytime effect from the longwave exchange between the walls. In winter, the canyon walls receive little direct solar radiation, and temperature differences are largely due to anthropogenic heating of the building interiors. Cool air from aloft and heated air from canyon walls is shown to circulate within the canyon under cross-canyon flow. Roofs and some portions of walls heat up rapidly on clear days and have a large influence on heat fluxes and the temperature field. The magnitude and direction of the measured turbulent heat flux also depend strongly on the direction of flow relative to surface heating. However, these spatial differences are smoothed by the shear layer at the canyon top. Buoyancy effects from the heated walls were not seen to have as large an impact on the measured flow field as has been shown in numerical experiments. At night canyon walls are shown to be the source of positive sensible heat fluxes. The measurements show that materials and their location, as well as geometry, play a role in regulating the heat exchange between the urban surface and atmosphere.     

高频探空温度和风速的质量控制方法研究

针对中国高分辨率探空资料,本文提出了一种计算气候学界限值的方法以满足业务中对资料进行质量控制的需求.首先在垂直方向上将整个大气划分为64层,将落在每层范围内的观测数据都收集到一起进行排序并计算百分位,在此基础上通过比较不同百分位廓线值来获得气候学界限值.除了业务台站,本文还使用了TIPEX-Ⅲ的探空数据来验证本方法在科...     

Estimation of liquid water content effects on the air temperature measurements in the clouds based on the wind tunnel experiments

Presented are the results of experiments carried out in the wind tunnel and aimed at the investigation of characteristics of high-frequency aircraft thermometer constructed for studying the atmosphere from the board of the aircraft-laboratory. It is demonstrated that the values of recovery coefficient of the thermometer obtained both in the wind tunnel and after numerical experiments practically coincided with the values that have been measured before, during the flight testing. The flow with the specified values of liquid droplet content that was created in the wind tunnel, enabled to determine both the degree of effects made by the cloud on the measured temperature and its fluctuations and the value of the coefficient for introducing the correction to the temperature and its fluctuations in the cloud. It is shown that the taking account of effects made by liquid water content on the measured temperature is absolutely necessary for the correct interpretation of aircraft-based results of studying the thermodynamic structure of clouds.     

Physiographic factors of seasonal distribution of linear trends in air temperature on the Azov-Black sea coast

The seasonal distribution of linear trends in air temperature on the coast of the Black and Azov seas in 1936-2010 is analyzed using the quantile regression method. Monthly mean and median values of temperature as well as 10% and 90% quantiles of average daily values of temperature are considered to describe changes in extreme positive and negative temperature anomalies. It is demonstrated that besides tendencies that are common for all meteorological stations, local features and physiographic location of the stations are of great importance for the distribution of temperature trends.     

Mean wind speed profiles in the air basin of Moscow

Results of measurements of mean wind speed profiles and direction during two years in the center of the city of Moscow are presented. These measurements were performed with a Doppler acoustic profiler (sodar), which was used for continuous monitoring of the wind speed within the height range from 40 to 250–500 m. The averaged seasonal mean profiles are presented along with other observational data, including diurnal cycle parameters, wind speed and direction frequencies at chosen levels, and frequencies and duration of strong winds and calm weather.     

黄河流域蒸散发与气温和降水以及风速的相关性分析

黄河流经我国干旱半干旱地区,其流域蒸散发变化对当地的生态安全和经济发展尤其重要。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析产品（ERA5）定量分析了1979-2020年黄河流域蒸散发的时空变化特征,并结合气温、降水和风速数据,对黄河流域蒸散发与3种气候因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：黄河流域蒸散发在1979-2020年呈波动下降趋势,空间分布差异明显,源区附近蒸散发上升,上游的干旱区附近蒸散发基本不变,而中游和下游地区主要呈现下降趋势。1979-2020年黄河流域气温持续上升,降水呈波动下降趋势,风速呈上升趋势。对黄河流域蒸散发与气候因子的相关性分析表明,蒸散发与气候因子的相关性空间差异较为明显,蒸散发与气温、风速呈负相关,与降水呈正相关的区域占流域的较大部分;而在复相关性方面,黄河流域大部分地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性较强,其中以流域上游的干旱区附近复相关性最强。研究黄河流域不同地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性可为黄河流域水资源的开发管理和区域气候调节提供科学参考。     

Variations of carbon dioxide,air temperature,and horizontal wind within and above a maize crop

The mean and short-term fluctuations of carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature, and horizontal wind speed were measured simultaneously within and above a maize crop. Although fluctuations were large at each of the 10 measurement heights, the largest were at the 180-cm level, the densest part of the crop. These short-term fluctuations indicated the broad range of environmental conditions to which plants are exposed (and which plants create or modify) in the field. The statistics of the distributions of these meteorological elements are discussed and the deviations from steady-state conditions are examined by determining linear trends. Finally, variance spectra showed the periodicity of the variations of these meteorological elements.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture in cooperation with N.Y. State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, No. 1205. CBRI Contribution No. 966.     

论塔层风 、温廓线

本文改进了Zilitinkevich的工作,得到在塔层内动力学上合理的风廓线.并近似推求了不稳定层结下边界层高度h的表达式,使风、温廓线能用于不同层结.由近地层理论从近地层风、温求出通量后,即可推求塔层风、温分布.325m气象塔资料证明这一廓线达到一定的精度.     

在空气污染研究中应用风廓线参数之探讨

本文使用对数律和幂指数律公式,计算了年平均和不同稳定度、不同风速等级下的丘陵山地的风指数(α)和综合粗糙度(Z_0)值,对公式及计算结果的适用性进行了探讨。结果表明,对于地面边界层(SBL),此两公式在丘陵山区条件下均有较好的适用性。可利用某地年平均地面风速(V_(10))和数次实测烟囱口高度的风速(V_烟),应用对数律或幂指数律推算该地各高度上的风速。对于丘陵山区,对数律可适用于地面以上300m层次内。     

浙江省高分辨率气温空间分布图的计算与绘制

以浙江省及周边74个气象站1961—2000年常规气温观测资料为基础,利用月平均气温物理经验统计模型,完成了浙江省100m×100m分辨率月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温空间分布的制图,分析了拟合气温的局地分布规律,并从多个角度对拟合结果进行了验证。结果表明,月平均气温的绝对误差平均值为0.09～0.59℃,平均最高气温误差为0.09～0.80℃,平均最低气温误差为0.10～0.58℃。拟合结果较好地反映了浙江山地月气温的宏观分布趋势和局地分布特征,为浙江山地气候资源的合理开发与利用提供了科学依据。     

Fluctuations of surface air temperature in the Eastern Mediterranean

Summary  Changes in surface air temperature during the last century are widely discussed among researchers in the field of climatic change. Using various techniques, we investigate trends and periodicity of surface air temperature series from eight meteorological stations in the Eastern Mediterranean. For the analysis, we use the Mann-Kendall rank test, low-pass filtering, autocorrelation spectral analysis and maximum entropy spectral analysis. The latter two tests are compared. The study is based on series over one hundred years in length for four stations, and over fifty years in length for the other four. Increasing and decreasing surface temperature trends were found. These trends, however, are only significant for Malta, Jerusalem, and Tripoli at the 99% confidence level (positive trend) and for Amman at the 95% confidence level (negative trend). We also found inter-decadal variations in surface air temperature, including a fairly regular quasi 20-year oscillation, although its amplitude varied between different cycles. A period of warming began around 1910 at all stations. During the 1970s, the annual mean temperature series exhibit warming, but this warming was not uniform, continuous or of the same order at all the stations. The results of the Autocorrelation Spectral Analysis and the Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis are similar, pointing to the reliability of the results. The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) exists at all stations during both increasing and decreasing trends. Similarly, a broad maximum from 3–8 years (related to El Ni?o) is found at Malta, Athens, Jerusalem, Beirut, and Latakia. An inverse relationship between El Ni?o and the North Atlantic Oscillation with surface air temperature over the Eastern Mediterranean is found at a highly significant confidence level. Received November 15, 1999 Revised August 29, 2000     

自动站小时气温数据的质量控制系统研究

逐小时自动站数据对于气象灾害预警、决策服务及预报预测等十分重要。以国家级自动站小时观测气温数据为基础,分析研究了小时气温数据的疑误形式,针对各种疑误数据,利用国家级台站建站以来的日最高、日最低以及4时次(北京时02点、08点、14点、20点)定时观测气温数据,研制形成了适用于中国自动站(区域站和国家站)逐小时气温数据质量控制系统,并将此系统应用到2006-2010年中国27000多自动站小时气温观测数据中。结果表明：区域站的正确率、可疑率、错误率分别为99.43 %、2.24 ‰和3.45 ‰,国家站则分别为99.82 %、1.27 ‰和0.49 ‰;区域站和国家站数据的可疑率相当,但国家站错误率明显比区域站低一个量级。通过历史数据质量控制结果的分析,证明自动站气温质量控制系统设计合理,可以判断出错误和可疑数据,具有可用性。     

四川盆地大气边界层风温场特征

应用四川及部分周边地区边界层气象资料,分析研究了四川盆地大气边界层的风温场特征,结果表明,盆西各季以偏东北风为主,盆东则多以偏东南风为主,使其边界层风场由盆东向盆西南北呈倒槽式的气旋流场,盆地边界层内风速小,地面小风和静风频率较高,大气层结以中性为主,多辐射逆温,逆温强度一般不大（山谷地带除外）,混合层高度较低。这些特征的季节性变化不明显,主要与特殊的地形条件相联系。